This document provides a history of limnology, the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, from its early origins to current applications. It describes how early limnologists in the 17th-18th centuries began observing and documenting freshwater organisms and physical properties of lakes. It then outlines key advances in the 19th-20th centuries, including understanding lakes as integrated systems influenced by their watersheds. Current limnology focuses on both fundamental dynamics of nutrients and temperature as well as applied questions about environmental impacts on fish, invertebrates, and water resources.

2. I. LIMNOLOGI
PENGANTAR

3. Ragam jenis perairan
Perbedaan
Fisik, Kimia,
dan Biologi

4. Limnologi?
Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang hubungan struktural
dan fungsional berbagai organisme di perairan daratan
yang dipengaruhi oleh dinamika fisika, kimia dan faktor
biotik
• Think about –ology?
What does biology
mean?

5. A Short History of Freshwater
Science
(aka, Limnology)

6. Early Limnology: Lake Morphology

7. Early Limnology: Temperature Profiles

8. Early Limnology: Crazy Microorganisms

9. Early Limnology: Nuisance Algal Blooms

10. Advances in the last 200 years
Freshwater
Systems as
MICROCOSMS
Freshwater
Systems as
INTEGRATORS
OR

11. Sejarah limnologi
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1674)
• Menjelaskan alga hijau (Spirogyra) pada danau Berkelse
• Menjelaskan siklus musiman alga, rantai makanan
• Biologi-Limnologi

12. Sejarah limnologicont.
Fatio de Duillier (1730)
• Dinamika ombak
• Limnologi fisika
Horace B. Saussure
• Observasi temperatur di danau dalam (1779-1796)
 Sir John Leslie
 Menjelaskan tentang cahaya, panas, suhu air dan pengaruh
angin (1812-1814)

13. Sejarah Limnologi cont.
Francois A. Forel (1841-1912)
• Pencetus Limnologi
• Le Leman : Monographie Limnologique
• Menjelaskan tentang goelogi, fisika dan kimia Danau
Leman

14. Stephen Forbes (1844-1930)
Forbes SA. 1887. The lake as a microcosm. Bull of the Peoria
Scientific Association, Reprinted Bulletin of the Illinois State Natural
History Survey 15: 537-550.

15. Sejarah limnologi cont.
Johannes Muller (1845)
• Zooplankton
Van Hensen (1887)
• Plankton

16. Raymond L. Lindeman (1915-1942)
Cedar Bog Lake, MN

17. Lindemann RL. 1942. The trophic-dynamic aspects of ecology.
Ecology 23: 399-418.

18. Margaret B. Davis
Rogers Lake, CT

19. Davis MB. 1969. Climate changes in southern Connecticut recorded
by pollen deposition at Rogers Lake. Ecology 50: 409-663.

20. Davis MB. 1969. Climate changes in southern Connecticut recorded
by pollen deposition at Rogers Lake. Ecology 50: 409-663.
Depth (m)
Age (yrs  1000)

21. Streams and Rivers as
Nature’s Plumbing

22. Gene E. Likens and Herb Bormann

23. The Hubbard Brook Experimental
Forest, NH
1 km

24. The Small Watershed Concept

25. Sample input… …and output

26. Whole-Watershed
Manipulations

27. Effect of Forest Removal on
Stream Temperature

28. Effect of
Forest
Removal on
Nutrient
Export

29. Advances in the last 150 years
Freshwater
Systems as
MICROCOSMS
Freshwater
Systems as
INTEGRATORS
AND

30. Dasar ilmu Limnologi

31. Physical Limnology
• Unique properties of water -
important role in penetration,
distribution of light, heat
• Water movements (waves,
currents)
• Geology of basin (origin,
morphology, leaching minerals)

32. Chemical Limnology
• Inorganic , organic compounds
• Closely allied to geology (leaching)
• Distribution often related to water
movements

33. Biological Limnology
• Base is photosynthesis - primary
productivity
• Regulated by, and may regulate,
physical and chemical factors

34. Limnology
• Everything becomes
interconnected
• Add in further complications
resulting from human relations
and impacts
• Very complicated science

35. Properties of Water
• Unique characteristics of water
regulate the chemical, physical,
and metabolic activities in
freshwater systems

36. Cakupan Limnologi
Berdasarkan jenis perairan
• Lotik (perairan mengalir)
• Letik (perairan tergenang)
Dibedakan atas kecepatan air mengalir

37. Cakupan limnologi cont.

38. Manfaat Limnologi
 Dasar ilmu perikanan
 Pendugaan perubahan kondisi
lingkungan
 Pengelolaan sumberdaya air tawar

39. Limnologi saat ini
• Dasar versus limnologi terapan
• Limnologi dasar: dinamika nutrien, stratifikasi suhu, keragaman
makro-invertebrata
• Limnologi terapan: bagaimana pengaruh lingkungan luar terhadap
parameter limnologi termasuk ikan, makro-invertebrata

40. Limnologi saat ini cont.
Danau Findley, New York
Studi tentang spesies
exotic dan eutrofikasi

41. Limnologi saat ini
Danau Findley, New
York, Analisa watershed