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Hydrology
- 1. HYDROLOGY Standard 3 S6E3. Studentswill recognize the significant role of water in Earth process.
- 2. Chapter 11 The Water Planet. Chapter11. 1 Water Continually Cycles.
- 3. 1) Brainstorm: Whereon Earth can you find water naturally? • Example: Rivers
- 4. 2. Now getwith the people and compare answers. You may steal or give away answers.
- 5. Divide your answersinto two sections a) Fresh Water b) Salt water Fresh water Salt Water
- 6. Answer this? • Isthere more fresh water or salt water on the Earth?
- 7. Most of Earth’swater is in its oceans and seas (97%)
- 8. Only 3% ofEarth’s water is fresh water.
- 9. Most fresh wateris frozen in glaciers and in the North and South Poles
- 10. The water onEarth’s surface is called the hydrosphere.
- 11. Water is constantlymoving between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere through a process called the water cycle
- 12. A heavy rainfallmay leave many puddles on your street today.
- 13. Tomorrow the puddlesmay slowly shrink and vanish under a warm sunny sky.
- 14. • Several days later,clouds may again gather in the sky and produce rain that creates new puddles.
- 15. • These eventsillustrate the process known as the water cycle.
- 17. • The watercycle happens because of four repeating processes: transpiration, evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
- 19. • The watercycle, also called the hydrologic cycle, is the continuous movement of water between the surface of Earth and the troposphere.
- 20. • Transpiration is theprocess in which some water within plants evaporates into the atmosphere. Water is first absorbed by the plant’s roots, and then later exits by evaporation through pores in the plant.
- 21. Evaporation • Evaporation isthe process in which liquid water changes into invisible water vapor (water in the form of gas). Heat from sunlight makes evaporation happen.
- 22. Condensation • Condensation isthe process in which water vapor changes into liquid water. Condensation occurs as air with water vapor in it cools. Clouds are evidence of condensation. Clouds are formed when water vapor cools and condenses into tiny liquid water droplets.
- 23. Precipitation • Precipitation occurswhen water or a form of ice falls from the atmosphere to Earth’s surface. Precipitation forms when water droplets in clouds grow and become too heavy to stay in the atmosphere.
- 25. • 1. Whatpercentage of water on Earth is salt water (Ocean & Sea) and freshwater? • 2. Where is most of the freshwater found and in what form? • 3. What are the 3 repeating processes of the water cycle? • 4. How many miles is between the ground and the troposphere. • 5.What process changes liquid water into water vapor? • 6. What causes evaporation to happen? • 7. What process changes water vapor into liquid water? • 8. What is the water on Earth constantly moving between? • 9. What is the evidence of condensation? • 10. What is water called in the form of gas?
- 26. Quiz • 1. Whatprocess changes water vapor into liquid water? • 2. What is the evidence of condensation? • 3. What is water called in the form of gas? • 4. What causes evaporation to happen? • 5.What process changes liquid water into water vapor?
- 27. • 1. Whatprocess changes water vapor into liquid water? Condensation • 2. What is the evidence of condensation? Clouds • 3. What is water called in the form of gas? Water Vapor • 4. What causes evaporation to happen? Heat from the Sun • 5.What process changes liquid water into water vapor? Evaporation
- 28. Chapter 11.2 Fresh WaterFlows and Freezes on Earth
- 29. • I. Waterflows and collects on Earth’s surface – A) The force of gravity pulls water downward.
- 30. • B. Whenprecipitation falls on a high ridge that forms a divide, it flows away in different directions.
- 31. • C) Allthe water flowing downward on one side of a divide flows into a drainage basin.
- 32. • D) Waterin a drainage basin forms streams and rivers or sinks into the ground.
- 33. • E. Mostwater eventually flows to the sea.
- 34. II. Surface Water collects inponds and lakes. – A) Water collects in low areas to form ponds and lakes. In some places, the land surface dips below the level of underground water.
- 35. B) Water enterslakes and ponds as precipitation and may have water so deep that no sunlight reaches the bottom.
- 36. C) A pondis generally filled with plants.
- 37. D) In placeswith cold winters, the cool water layers of lakes switch places with warm water. This is known as turnover
- 38. E) Eutrophication is anincrease in the nutrient level of a lake or pond, caused by a build up of dead organism or by pollution, such as nitrogen from fertilizers and phosphates from detergents.
- 39. F) Eutrophication causesan increase in the amount of algae and other organisms in the water.
- 40. • Eutrophication This leadsto oxygen depletion in the water and the death of fish and other animals.
- 41. III. Most freshwater on Earth is frozen A) Two –thirds of the fresh water on Earth is in the form of ice, mostly in huge ice sheets that cover land near the poles.
- 42. B) These arecontinental glaciers. Valley glaciers build up in mountainous areas and flow slowly down between mountains.
- 43. C) Sometimes achunk of a glacier breaks off to form an iceberg that floats in the ocean.
- 44. • Only about 1/8of the total volume and weight of an iceberg floats above the water
- 45. 11.2 Quiz 1. Whatpulls the water down hill? 2. Where does all the water eventually flow to? 3. When the water flows down a divide, where does it go? 4. When does lake turnover occur? 5. How much of the world’s fresh water is ice?
- 46. 6. How muchof an iceberg floats above water? 7. What is it called when a chunk of a glacier breaks off 8. What are the large ice sheets called? 9 List one difference between a pond and a lake 10 List another difference between a pond and a lake.
- 47. • • • • • • • • • • • ANSWERS 1. Gravity 2. Seaor Ocean 3. Drainage Basin 4. Spring and Fall 5. 2/3 6. 1/8 7. Ice burg 8. Glaciers. 9 & 10. Pond is smaller Pond is shallow Pond has plants.
- 48.
- 49. Fresh water flowsunderground. • I. Water fills underground spaces. – A) Some water sinks into the ground. Plants use some of it, and the rest sinks deeper into earth and is held underground as groundwater.
- 50. • B) Eitherground materials are permeable, and water can flow through them; or they are impermeable, and water cannot flow through them.
- 51. • C) sandstone,is permeable.
- 52. • Gravel ispermeable
- 53. • Sand ispermeable.
- 54. • Soil isalso permeable.
- 55. • D) Watersinks into Earth until it reaches an impermeable layer.
- 56. • E) Thewater table is the top of the area that is saturated with water.
- 57. • F) Anunderground layer of permeable rock or sediment that contains water is an aquifer.
- 58. • G) Inan aquifer, groundwater is stored in permeable material located over or beside impermeable rock that prevents the water from draining away.
- 59. • H) Aquifersfilter and clean water and provide a water source for people on Earth.
- 60. • II. Undergroundwater can be brought to the surface. – A) People collect groundwater from springs and wells.
- 61. • B) Aspring is a place where the surface of the land dips below the water table and water bubbles up from the ground.
- 62. • C) Awell is a hole drilled into the ground to reach groundwater.
- 63. • D) Anartesian well is a well in which water flows to the surface naturally because of pressure exerted below the surface.
- 64. • E) Ahot spring is a place where water heated underground reaches the surface.
- 65. • F) Ageyser is a special kind of hot spring that shoots water into the air.
- 66. In between freshand salt water. • III. Somewhere in between fresh and salt water is brackish water. – A) Brackish water is found in an estuary
- 67. • B) Anestuary is the area where a river empties into and ocean. – 1. The water in an estuary is a mixture of fresh and salt water.
- 68. 11.3 Quiz Who amI? • Word Box • • • • • Well Geyser Water table Freshwater Brackish Artesian Well permeable Aquifer saltwater Spring impermeable groundwater Estuary
- 69. • 1. Iam water that is a mixture of salty and fresh water. • 2. I am the type of material that lets water flow through me. • 3. I am water that is held underground.
- 70. • 4. Iam an underground layer of water that is held in permeable rock. • 5. I am a well in which water flows upward because of pressure beneath the surface. • 6. I am material that does not allow water to pass through.
- 71. • 7. Iam a layer of water trapped between impermeable rock and permeable material. • 8. I am a type of spring that due to pressure, I shoot water into the air. • 9. I am an area where fresh water meets the ocean.
- 72. • I amthe type of water that you depend on for survival.
- 73. Oceans (Ch 13.1) S6E3.C Describe the composition, location and surface topography of the ocean Essential Question Where does the salt in the ocean come from?
- 74. 1. Location ofOcean water • A. Altogether, the oceans cover approximately 70% of Earth’s surface area.
- 75. • B) Earthis the only planet in the solar system that contains substantial amounts of water.
- 76. • C. Earth’sfive oceans are named the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic, and Arctic.
- 77. 2. Composition ofthe Ocean Water • A) When scientist refer to the salinity of the ocean, they are mainly referring to the amount of dissolved salt in the water (Sodium Chloride) and the amount of other elements.
- 78. • B) Waterthat contains dissolved solids, such as salts, is heavier than the same amount of water with no dissolved solids. In other words salt water has a greater density than fresh water.
- 79. • C) Gases,such as oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, are also dissolved in the ocean water.
- 80. • D) Animalsin the water get oxygen because oxygen is dissolved in the water.
- 81. 3. The OceanFloor (Topography)
- 82. • A) ContinentalShelf – – A continental shelf is the flat or gradually sloping land that extends underwater from the edge of a continent to a continental slope.
- 83. • B) Continentalslope – A continental slope is land that drops down steeply at the edge of a continental shelf
- 84. • C) SubmarineCanyons – – Cut through the continental shelf and slope
- 85. • D) Oceantrenches are narrow, steepsides clefts in the ocean floor.
- 86. • E) Anabyssal plain is a wide, flat area of the ocean floor that is covered with a thick layer of sediment
- 87. • F) Amid-ocean ridge is a chain of mountains that run through an ocean basin.
- 88. • G) VolcanicIslands are underwater volcanoes tall enough to reach above the surface
- 89. • H) Seamountsare underwater mountains.
- 91. Ocean Currents • S6E3.D Students will explain the cause of the waves, currents and tides. • Chapter 13.2
- 92. Ocean Currents. • A)Great rivers of water, called ocean currents, flow through the world’s oceans. There are two types of ocean currents: Surface currents and Deep currents.
- 93. Surface Currents • A)Strong winds cause surface currents
- 94. Surface Currents • B)Earth’s rotation curls surface currents • C) Surface currents rotate clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counter clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
- 95. Deep Currents • A)Deep currents are caused by differences in water density.
- 96. Deep Currents • B)Dense water sinks bringing oxygen down from the surface. This is called Downwelling. The oxygen allows animals to live in the deep ocean.
- 97. Deep Currents –Cont’d • C) Upwelling is the movement of water up to the surface. Because this process brings up nutrients fro the deep ocean, large numbers of ocean animals live in areas where upwelling occurs.
- 98. Currents interact withclimate and weather. • Currents help distribute heat around the Earth by moving warm water away from the equator and cool water away from the north and south poles.
- 99. Waves • S6E3. DStudents will explain the cause of the waves, currents and tides. • Chapter 13.3
- 100. 1. Causes ofWaves • • • • A) strong wind B) earthquakes C) landslides D) underwater volcanic eruptions.
- 101. Diagram of aWave Wave height
- 102. A wave inthe ocean has the same basic shape as many other waves • The crest is the high point of the wave • The trough is the low point of the wave • Wave height is the vertical distance between the top of the crest and the bottom of the trough. • Wavelength is the distance between one wave crest and the next.
- 103. Waves • A) wavestransport energy NOT water
- 104. Waves cause Currents •A) Longshore Current – Moves water parallel to the shore. • B) Rip Current – Are narrow streams of water that break through sandbars and drain rapidly back to sea. Rip currents occur when high winds or waves cause a larger-than-usual amount of water to wash back from the shore.
- 105. Tides • S6E3. DStudents will explain the cause of the waves, currents and tides. • Chapter 13.4
- 106. Tides • Tides are changesin ocean water levels that take place in a regular pattern. Tides are controlled mostly by the pull of gravity between the moon and Earth.
- 107. • The forceof gravity due to the moon pulls ocean water away from Earth’s surface. As earth rotates, water is pulled up onto the shore at parts of Earth that face directly toward or away from the moon, causing high tides.
- 108. Spring Tide • Duringthe new moon and the full moon, the moon, the sun and the Earth are lined up. • The gravity of the Sun and the gravity of the Moon combine to pull Earth’s waters in the same directions. • The result is a smaller tidal bulge and tidal dip, called a spring tide.
- 110. Neap Tides • Duringthe first and third quarter moons , the Sun and the Moon are not lined up with Earth. • The gravity pulls from a different direction. • The result is a smaller tidal bulge and tidal dip, called a neap tide.
- 111. Tidal Range • Tidalrange is the difference in height between a high tide and the next low tide.
- 112. • At thesame time, ocean water is pulled away from the shorelines of points on Earth that are not pulled by the moon at that moment. These areas experience low tides.