class presentation on water analysis

1. PREP: by: ABU UMEER ( EN-22/2018-19)
Analysis of Environmental Contaminants
EN-523
Dr. Sadia Khan
Associate Professor (B. Sc. (H), M. Sc., M. Phil, PhD)
Department of Environmental Engineering
NED University of Engineering and Technology
Master of Engineering (Weekend)
Water Analysis

2. Water is a vital part of both our environment and our
body systems. Water intake is crucial to our survival, and
drinking ample amounts of water has been tied to good
health
Also, water can be a specific remedy to some of the more
troubling and inconvenient health problems, such as
obesity and many types of cancer
THEVALUE OF WATER
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3. TWO ASPECTS
1. WHAT SUBSTANCES WE ARE INTERSTED AND WHY?
2. WHAT METHODS DO WE USE TO MEASURE AND HOW IT
WORKS?
WATER ANALYSIS
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4. TSS
Organic or inorganic in nature.
Does not settle down with gravity.
High TSS, decrease efficiency of water treatment
More TSS, more Cl- required.
Causes turbidity in water.
Limit: <300ppm.
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5. TSS cont…
•Sources:
Silts, clay,
decaying
plants
decaying
animals,
micro
organisms,
industrial
waste and
sewage.
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6. TDS
• Determine general quality of water.
• Any mineral, salt, metal, cation, anion, dissolved in water.
• Organic matter.
• Inorganic salts of Ca, Mg, Na, HCO3, Cl, NO3, SO4.
• Reduce efficiency of water heater ( boilers)
• Standard: <500ppm (U.S.A), <1000ppm (W.H.O), <300ppm excellent quality
water.
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7. TDS
• SOURCES:
Sewage,
urban
runoff,
industrial
waste,
rocks,
water
treatment
chemical,
nature of
plumbing
systems.
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8. TDS cont…..
Effects:
bitter taste of water,
bad smell.
Precipitate formation
on plumbing fixture
corrosion in
plumbing system05-Mar-19 EN-22/2018-19 .ME(W) 8

9. Turbidity
• Turbidity is the expression of optical property
that changes light.
• Reduction in clarity of water.
• Change in absorption and transmission of light.
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10. SOURCES:
Suspended solids,( clay, salts),
plantation,
micro organisms,
algae.05-Mar-19 EN-22/2018-19 .ME(W) 10

11. • High turbidity Effects:
decrease water
quality
increase risk of
gastro intestinal
tract infection.
Taste and odor
prob,
increase cost of
water
treatment,
less
photosynthesis.
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12. HARDNESS
Due to multivalent
cations Mg+2/Ca+2,
CO3-2, CL-, HCO3.
•Carbonate hardness.
(temporary) CO3/HCO3-.
•Non Carbonate
hardness. (permanent),
Cl-/SO4-
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13. Health effects:
Osteoporosis,
kidney stone,
Hyper tension,
Increase soap consumption.
Rough skin.05-Mar-19 EN-22/2018-19 .ME(W) 13

14. ALKALINITY
•Buffering capacity of water/ ability to neutralize the acid.
•Due to CO3-, HCO3-, OH-,
•Related to PH of solution.
•Alkalinity reacts with the +ve ions in water
•Importance:
•determine capacity of streams to neutralize rainfall and
waste water (Acidity)
•Decrease metal toxicity CO3-2/HCO3- take out metals from the
solution.

15. cause
precipitation that
corrodes pipes and
water distribution
system.
Not harmful to humans
but related to hardness
and excessive dissolved
solids.
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16. DISSOLVED OXYGEN
 Molecules of O2 dissolved in water /not the bubble/O2 of water
itself.
Atmospheric Oxygen mix with water during high turbulence by
diffusion.
Oxygen produce by aquatic plants during photosynthesis.
Higher D.O = less pollution.
Higher D.O = good taste of drinking water.
High D.O speeds up corrosion in water pipes.
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17.  Salty water holds less oxygen,
 cold water hold more oxygen.
i.e. 7mg/l at 36C and 14.6mg/l at 0c
 Increase Elevation = less oxygen in water.
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18. BOD( Biological Oxygen Demand)
• Amount of Oxygen utilized by micro organisms in the stabilization of
waste water for 5 days at 20C.
1 Oxidation.
COHNS+O2+Bacteria--------- CO2 + H20+NH3+end product+E.
(waste oxidized to end products to obtain energy for cell)
2 Synthesis
COHNS+O2+Bacteria-------- E ------ C5H7NO2(new cell)
( waster converted new cell)
3 Endogenous Respiration.
C5H7NO2+5O2--------- 5CO2+NH3+2H2O------
new cell consumed their own cells to obtain energy.
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19. COD (CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND)
• The amount of Oxygen required to degrade/oxidize the organic
matter/pollutants present in W.W.
• Potassium chromate (oxidizing agent) is used to convert pollutant into
CO2+H2O under acidic conditions)
• Ammonia and nitrates are not included as K2CR2O7 does not oxidize
ammonia.
• Silver compounds --------- encourage oxidation.
• High COD ----------- higher the polluted waste water.
• Not all compound are oxidized by COD/BOD.
• Acetate --------- only by BOD
• Cellulose -------- only by COD.
• COD > BOD.
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20. References:
• Class work, notice board.
• https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/2edvol3d.pdf
• http://blogs.worldbank.org/water/how-test-water-quality-chemical-
tests-limited-budgets
• Google images.
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