These are antibiotics having a macrocyclic
lactone ring with attached sugars. Erythromycin
is the first member discovered in the 1950s,
Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin
are the later additions. Antimicrobial spectrum is narrow,
includes mostly gram-positive and a few gramnegative
bacteria, and overlaps considerably with
that of penicillin G. Erythromycin is highly active
against Str. pyogenes and Str. pneumoniae, N.
gonorrhoeae, Clostridia, C. diphtheriae and
Listeria, but penicillin-resistant Staphylococci
and Streptococci are now resistant to erythromycin
also.
All cocci readily develop resistance
to erythromycin, mostly by acquiring the
capacity to pump it out. Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
have been found to produce an erythromycin
esterase. Alteration in the ribosomal binding
site for erythromycin by a plasmid encoded
methylase enzyme is an important mechanism of
resistance in gram-positive bacteria. All the above
types of resistance are plasmid mediated. Change
in the 50S ribosome by chromosomal mutation
reducing macrolide binding a
THIS PRESENTATION ABOUT ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DETAILING THE COMPLETE INFORMATION ABOUT THE DRUGS USED WITH ITS MECHANISM OF ACTION, STRUCTURAL ACTIVITY AND DOSES.
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
THIS PRESENTATION ABOUT ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DETAILING THE COMPLETE INFORMATION ABOUT THE DRUGS USED WITH ITS MECHANISM OF ACTION, STRUCTURAL ACTIVITY AND DOSES.
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
Anti Malarial Drugs of medicinal chemistryPranjal Saxena
This slide contain information about Anti Malarial Drugs and their description with the synthesis of Chloroquine and pamaquine
SAR of quinolines
Miscellaneous agents of anti Malarial
Natural compounds from the bark of the cinchona tree, most notably quinine was observed to exhibit antimalarial activity.
Until the development of synthetic derivatives (ie. 4-aminoquinoline antimalarials), quinine continued to be the first choice to treat malaria.
Quinine is associated with side effects such as diarrhœa.
4-aminoquinoline antimalarials such as amodiaquine and chloroquine largely replaced quinine because of reduced unpleasant side effects.
The life cycle of the parasite and the immunological defence mechanisms against the parasite are complex.
Part of the parasite’s life cycle involves invasion of red blood cells (erythrocytes).
The haemoglobin within the red blood cell is broken down by the parasite and is used as a source of amino acids.
The 4-aminoquinolines act at the erythrocytic stage of the parasite.
Doxycycline is a compound used in prophylaxis against plasmodial parasites.
Other compounds associated with treating malaria include halofantrine and lumefantrine, often used in combination with other drugs.
Broad spectrum antibiotics chloramphenicol, anaerobic,soil bacteria. Description includes Physicochemical Properties,Mechanism of action-50S ribosome ,Inhibits Bacterial protein synthesis,Resistance,Interactions,Indications of chloramphenicol-Pyogenic meningitis.
Anaerobic infections.
Intraocular infections.
Enteric fever
Drug of choice in some conditions.
Urinary tract infections
Topically In conjunctivitis & external ear Infections. Snehal chakorkar
Tetracyclines,Biological sources,History,Sturctures,SAR,Mechanism of action,Spectrum of activity,Important structural units and the three acidity constants in the tetracycline molucule,amphoteric nature,epimerisation, chelation with metals,toxicity and uses.
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
Anti Malarial Drugs of medicinal chemistryPranjal Saxena
This slide contain information about Anti Malarial Drugs and their description with the synthesis of Chloroquine and pamaquine
SAR of quinolines
Miscellaneous agents of anti Malarial
Natural compounds from the bark of the cinchona tree, most notably quinine was observed to exhibit antimalarial activity.
Until the development of synthetic derivatives (ie. 4-aminoquinoline antimalarials), quinine continued to be the first choice to treat malaria.
Quinine is associated with side effects such as diarrhœa.
4-aminoquinoline antimalarials such as amodiaquine and chloroquine largely replaced quinine because of reduced unpleasant side effects.
The life cycle of the parasite and the immunological defence mechanisms against the parasite are complex.
Part of the parasite’s life cycle involves invasion of red blood cells (erythrocytes).
The haemoglobin within the red blood cell is broken down by the parasite and is used as a source of amino acids.
The 4-aminoquinolines act at the erythrocytic stage of the parasite.
Doxycycline is a compound used in prophylaxis against plasmodial parasites.
Other compounds associated with treating malaria include halofantrine and lumefantrine, often used in combination with other drugs.
Broad spectrum antibiotics chloramphenicol, anaerobic,soil bacteria. Description includes Physicochemical Properties,Mechanism of action-50S ribosome ,Inhibits Bacterial protein synthesis,Resistance,Interactions,Indications of chloramphenicol-Pyogenic meningitis.
Anaerobic infections.
Intraocular infections.
Enteric fever
Drug of choice in some conditions.
Urinary tract infections
Topically In conjunctivitis & external ear Infections. Snehal chakorkar
Tetracyclines,Biological sources,History,Sturctures,SAR,Mechanism of action,Spectrum of activity,Important structural units and the three acidity constants in the tetracycline molucule,amphoteric nature,epimerisation, chelation with metals,toxicity and uses.
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
macrolide antibiotics with detailed description of classification and individual drug with mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effect, uses for undergraduates and post graduates
INTRODUCTION
Erythromycin is the first member of group, and was isolated from a strain of Streptomyces erythreus in 1952.
Rest drugs are semi-synthetic derivatives of erythromycin known as newer macrolides
Some other drugs are dirithromycin, oleandomycin and troleandomycin.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Macrolide antibiotics are bacteriostatic agents and inhibit the protein synthesis by binding reversibly to 50s ribosomal subunit of sensitive microorganism and interfere with translocation step in the protein synthesis.
Gram positive bacteria's are 100 times more sensitive than gram negative bacteria's by these drugs.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
It is bacteriostatic at low concentration & bactericidal at high concentration
Bactericidal property depends on the concentration, organism concerned and its rate of multiplication
ANTI MICROBIAL SPECTRUM
It is narrow spectrum antibiotic. These antibiotics are more active against gram positive cocci and inactive against most of the aerobic and enteric gram negative bacilli.
In addition, Campylobacter, Legionella, Branhamella catarrhalis, G. vaginalis and Mycoplasma (which are not affected by pencillin are also highly susceptible to erythromycin)
ANTI MICROBIAL SPECTRUM
Moderately sensitive to H. influenza, B. pertussis, C. trachomatis, N. meningitidis and Rickettsiae
Ineffective against Enterobacteriaceae, other gram negative bacilli.
ERYTHROMYCIN
This drug is acid labile, given as enteric coated tablets. Poorly absorbed when given empty stomach and has poor tissue penetration.
DOSE: 250-500mg QID with half life of 1.5 hrs
Indications: a drug of choice in atypical pneumonia, whooping cough and cancroids and as an alternative to penicillin in streptococcal pharyngitis, tonsillitis, mastoiditis.
SIDE EFFECTS: Epigastric distress causing nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Allergic reactions such as fever and skin eruption.
CLARITHROMYCIN
These drugs are acid stable, good absorption occurs when given empty stomach and has good tissue penetration.
Dose: 250-500mg BD with half life of 3-6 hrs at low dose and 3-9 hrs at high dose.
Indications: upper and lower RTI, sinusitis, otitis media, atypical pneumonia, skin infections. And H. pylori infection and first line drug in combination regimens in AIDS infection
Side effects: same as erythromycin but better gastric tolerance, reversible hearing loss at high doses.
AZYTHROMYCIN
These drugs are acid stable, good absorption occurs when given empty stomach and has good tissue penetration
Dose: 500mg OD with half life >50 hrs.
Indications: pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, otitis media pneumonias, chronic bronchitis. In the prophylaxis and treatment of AIDS infections.
Side effects: nausea vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain.
ROXITHROMYCIN
These drugs are acid stable, good absorption occurs when given empty stomach and has good tissue penetration
DOSE: 150mg BD with half life of 12 hrs.
Indications: alternative to erythromycin for respiratory, skin
This ppt contains information on the classification, structures, uses and SAR related to macrolide antibiotics, lincomycins and chloramphenicol. It was prepared according to PCI syllabus for B.Pharma graduates
Anthelmintics are drugs that either kill (vermicide)
or expel (vermifuge) infesting helminths.
Helminthiasis is prevalent globally , but is more
common in developing countries with poorer
personal and environmental hygiene. Multiple
infestations in the same individual are not
infrequent. In the human body, g.i.t. is the abode
of many helminths, but some also live in tissues,
or their larvae migrate into tissues.
They harm the host by depriving him of food, causing
blood loss, injury to organs, intestinal or
lymphatic obstruction and by secreting toxins.
Helminthiasis is rarely fatal, but is a major cause
of ill health.
The choice of drug for each worm infestation
is based not only on efficacy, but also on lack
of side effects/toxicity, ease of administration
(preferably single dose) and low cost. Development
of resistance has not been a problem in
the clinical use of anthelmintics.
Clindamycin. a potent lincosamide antibiotic is similar in
mechanism of action (inhibits protein synthesis
by binding to 50S ribosome) and spectrum of
activity to erythromycin.
Oral absorption of clindamycin is good. It
penetrates into most skeletal and soft tissues,
but not in brain and CSF; accumulates in neutrophils
and macrophages. It is largely metabolized and
metabolites are excreted in urine and bile. The
t½ is 3 hr.
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic discovered in 1956
as a penicillin substitute which assumed special
significance due to efficacy against MRSA,
Strep. viridans, Enterococcus and Cl. difficile.
Bactericidal action is exerted on gram-positive
cocci, Neisseria, Clostridia and diphtheroids.
However, in hospitals where it has been
extensively used for surgical prophylaxis, etc.
URINARY ANTISEPTICS
Some orally administered AMAs attain antibacterial
concentration only in urine, with little or
no systemic antibacterial effect. Like many other
drugs, they are concentrated in the kidney tubules,
and are useful mainly in lower urinary tract
infection. They have been called urinary
antiseptics because this may be considered as
a form of local therapy. Nitrofurantoin and
methenamine are two such agents; infrequently
used now. Nalidixic acid can also
be considered to be a urinary antiseptic.
Relative or complete lack of effect of antimicrobial agent against a previously susceptible microbe/pathogen.
It is an evolutionary principal that organism adopt genetically to change in their environment.
since the doubling time of bacteria can be as short as 20 mnt, there may be many generations in even a few hours, providing ample opportunity for evolutionary adaptation.
The phenomenon of resistance imposes serious constraints on the options available for the treatment of many bacterial infections.
The resistance to chemotherapeutic agents can also develop in protozoa, in multicellular parasites and in population of malignant cells.
Today there are different strains of S. aureus resistant to almost every form of antibiotic in use.
These are a group of semisynthetic antibiotics
derived from ‘cephalosporin-C’ obtained from
a fungus Cephalosporium. They are chemically
related to penicillins; the nucleus consists of
a β-lactam ring fused to a dihydrothiazine ring,
(7-aminocephalosporanic acid). By addition of
different side chains at position 7 of β-lactam
ring (altering spectrum of activity) and at position
3 of dihydrothiazine ring (affecting pharmacokinetics),
a large number of semisynthetic compounds
have been produced. These have been
conventionally divided into 4 generations.
All cephalosporins are bactericidal and have the
same mechanism of action as penicillin, i.e.
inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
However, they bind to different proteins than
those which bind penicillins. This may explain
differences in spectrum, potency and lack of
cross resistance.
Currently cephalosporins are one of the most
commonly used antibiotics. Among them they
cover a wide range of gram-positive and gram negative bacteria including some anaerobes but
not B. fragilis, or MRSA, enterococci, mycobacteria
and chlamydia.
These are a class of antibiotics having a nucleus of four cyclic rings. The tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic; inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomes in susceptible organism.
Subsequent to such binding, attachment
of aminoacyl-t-RNA to the acceptor (A) site of
mRNA-ribosome complex. The carrier involved
in active transport of tetracyclines is absent in
the host cells. Moreover, protein synthesizing
apparatus of host cells is less susceptible to
tetracyclines. These two factors are responsible
for the selective toxicity of tetracyclines for
the microbes.
Constipation is generally defined as infrequent and/or unsatisfactory defecation fewer than 3 times per week.
Patients may define constipation as passing hard stools or straining, incomplete or painful defecation. It's a symptom NOT a disease.
Constipation has many causes and may be a sign of undiagnosed disease.
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
Peptic Ulcer Disease Affects All Age Groups. Can occur in children, although rare. Duodenal ulcers tends to occur first at around the age 25 and continue until the age of 75. Gastric ulcers peak in people between the ages of 55 and 65. Men Have Twice The Risk as Women Do
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Maxilla, Mandible & Hyoid Bone & Clinical Correlations by Dr. RIG.pptx
Macrolide antibiotics
1. Macrolide AntibioticsMacrolide Antibiotics
VINAY GUPTAVINAY GUPTA
DEPT OF PHARMACOLOGYDEPT OF PHARMACOLOGY
UP UNIVERSITY OF MEDICALUP UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL
SCIENCES,SCIENCES,
SAIFAI, ETAWAH (UP) INDIASAIFAI, ETAWAH (UP) INDIA
3. General StructureGeneral Structure
They all contain three characteristics parts in the molecule:
A highly substituted macrocyclic lactone: aglycone.
A ketone group.
An amino desoxysugar: glycon, and in some of the macrolides, a
neutral desoxysugar which are glycosisically attached to the
aglycone ring.
O
O
O
CH3
R1
H3C
CH3
CH3
O
H3C
OH
H3C
CH3
OH
O
O
HO
CH3
N
CH3
CH3
O OH
CH3
CH3
OR2
1 3
5
9
12
1`
1``
Erythromycin
Glycon
Aglycone
4. The lactone ring usually has 12, 14, or 16 atoms12, 14, or 16 atoms and is
often unsaturated & conjugated with the ketone groupketone group.
Having a dimethyl amino group on the glycon part,
macrolide antibiotics are weak bases and different salts
with pKa range of 6.0-9.0pKa range of 6.0-9.0 can be formed on the amino
group.
Macrolides are water-insolublewater-insoluble molecules.
Macrolides are stable in aqueous solutions at or below
room temperature. They are unstable in acidic or basic
conditions or at high temperatures.
5. Mechanism of Antimicrobial ActivityMechanism of Antimicrobial Activity
Macrolides attach to the 50s portion of bacterialbacterial
ribosomesribosomes and inhibit the protein synthesisinhibit the protein synthesis
(interferes with Translocation).(interferes with Translocation).
Suppression of RNA-dependent protein synthesis
They block the enzymes that catalyse the transfer of
the new amino acid residue to the peptide chain, that
is, prevent elongation in prokaryotic cells.
Macrolides typically display bacteriostaticbacteriostatic activity,
but may be bactericidal when present at high
concentrations against very susceptible organisms
6. Macrolides – Adverse EffectsMacrolides – Adverse Effects
Gastrointestinal – up to 33 %
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspepsia
Most common with erythro; less with new agents
On oral therapy – mild to severe epigastric pain.
High doses may cause reversible hearing impairment.
Hypersenstivity.
Thrombophlebitis – IV Erythro and Azithro
(Dilution of dose; slow administration)
7. Chemical Instability of MacrolideChemical Instability of Macrolide
AntibioticsAntibiotics
O
O
CH3
CH3
O
H3C
CH3
O
O
CH3
1 3
12 6
89
O
H3C
HO
H3C
Anhydroerythromycin
6,9;9,12-spiroketal
O OH
CH3
CH3
OR2
1``
O
HO
CH3
N
CH3
CH3
1`
• Macrolides are unstable under acidic conditions and
undergo an intramolecular reaction to form an inactive
cyclic ketal.
8. Chemical Instability….Chemical Instability….
The cyclic ketal is is the cause of intestinal cramp
which is reported after the use of erythromycin.
Water-insoluble salts and enteric coated dosageenteric coated dosage
forms of macrolides have less such a side effect.
Water insoluble forms cannot take part in the
reactions which occur in aqueous solutions.
Stearate saltStearate salt is an example of insoluble salts of
erythromycin.
9. Therapeutic AgentsTherapeutic Agents
ErythromycinErythromycin
ErythromycinErythromycin is a naturally-occurring macrolide derived
from Streptomyces erythreus – problems with acid
lability, narrow spectrum, poor GI intolerance, short
elimination half-life.
Structural derivatives include clarithromycinclarithromycin and
azithromycin, roxithromycin (Newerazithromycin, roxithromycin (Newer macrolides)-
-Broader spectrum of activity
-Improved PK properties – better bioavailability, better
tissue penetration, prolonged half-lives
-Improved tolerability
10. Pharmacokinetics
Erythromycin baseErythromycin base
Absorption incomplete but adequate from intestine.
Inactivated by gastric HCL, hence given as :
Enteric coated tablets or ester (stearate, ethyl succinate )
Food delays absorption.
Not metabolized and actively secreted in bile ( major route of
excretion ).
Only 2-5 % is excreted in active form in urine.
Widely distributed into most tissues, except the brain and CSF.
Cross the placental barrier.
Protein binding – 70- 80 %
Half – life approx. 1.5 hr.Half – life approx. 1.5 hr.
Dose: 250-500mg/BD/oralDose: 250-500mg/BD/oral max. 4gm/daymax. 4gm/day
30-60mg/kg/day30-60mg/kg/day childrenschildrens
11. Clinical ApplicationClinical Application
of Erythromycinof Erythromycin
It is used to treat -
The upper part of the respiratory tract infections,
Soft tissue G(+) infections,
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Clamidia infections.
Gonorrhoea & syphilis.
It is a good choice for penicillin-sensitive cases.
13. ClarithromycinClarithromycin
Pharmacokinetics
Acid stable
Food delays absorption.
Metabolized by the liver to 14- hydroxy clarithro. ( active )
Widely distributed, except brain and CSF
Protein binding 40 – 70 %
Half- life clarithromycin 4 – 6 hr.
Dose: 250mg/BD/oralDose: 250mg/BD/oral 500mg/BD/in severe cases500mg/BD/in severe cases
7.5mg/kg/BD/oral7.5mg/kg/BD/oral childrenschildrens
Advantage over erythromycinAdvantage over erythromycin
Lower frequency of GI intolerance
Half life is about 3 times to erythromycin.
14. AzithromycinAzithromycin
Azalide, a semisynthetic macrolide with a15 membered ring.
Stable under acidic conditions, because it doesn’t form cyclic
ketal.
In the treatment of urogenital infections caused by N. gonorrhoeae
and Chlamidia trachomatis.
Longer half-life.
O
O
CH3
HO
H3C
CH3
O
H3C
OH
CH3
OH
O
O
HO
CH3
N
CH3
CH3
O OH
CH3
CH3
OCH3
1 3
5
12
1`
1``
N
CH3
H3C
H3C
Azithromycin
15. AzithromycinAzithromycin
PharmacokineticsPharmacokinetics
Rapidly absorbed from GIT
Food delays absorption
Widely distributed ( extensive tissue distribution ), except CSF
Protein binding 51%
Undergo some hepatic metabolism ( inactive )
Biliary route is the major route of elimination
Only 6% is excreted unchanged in the urine
Half- life approx. 2-4 days.
Dose:Dose: 500mg/OD/oral500mg/OD/oral
10mg/kg/BD10mg/kg/BD ChildrensChildrens
Advantage over erythromycin & clarithromycin
Once daily dosing
No inhibition of cytochrome P- 450
16. Macrolide Spectrum of
Activity
Gram-Positive Aerobes – erythromycin and
clarithromycin display the best activity.
(Clarithro>Erythro>Azithro)
Gram-Negative Aerobes – newer macrolides
with enhanced activity.
(Azithro>Clarithro>Erythro)(Azithro>Clarithro>Erythro)
17. Spectrum of Antibacterial ActivitySpectrum of Antibacterial Activity
Macrolides are similar to penicillins regarding their
spectrum of activity.
They are effective against penicillin-resistant strains.
Macrolides are effective against most of the G(+)
bacteria, cocci or bacillus, they have antibiotic activity
against G(-) cocci ,especially Neisseria Spp too.
Macrolide antibiotics are effective against
Mycoplasma, Clamidia, Campylobacter and Legionella
in contrast to penicillins.
They are less effective against G(-) bacteria, though
some strains of H. influenza and Brucella are sensitive
to the antibacterial activity of this class of antibiotics.
19. Erythromycin
A. Gram (+) bacteria
Staph. Aureus
S. pneumoniae
S. pyogens
C. diphtheria
B. Gram (-) bacteria
T. pallidum
C. Intracellular org.
L. pneumophila
M. pneumoniae
C. trachomatis
Indications
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Diphtheria, Tetanus
Clamidia infections.
Gonorrhoea & syphilis.
Spectrum of Antibacterial ActivitySpectrum of Antibacterial Activity
Clarithromycin
A. Gram (+) bacteria
Staph. Aureus
S. Pneumoniae
S. Pyogens
B. Gram (-) bacteria
H. influenzae
H. Pylori
M. catarrhalis
C. Intracellular org.
M. pneumoniae
L. Pneumophila
Indications
Pharyngitis / tonsilitis
Otitis, sinusitis
Adjunct in treatment of
duodenal ulcer (H. pylori)
Azithromycin
A. Gram (+) bacteria
Staph. Aureus
S. Pneumoniae
S. Pyogens
B. Gram (-) bacteria
M. catarrhalis
H. influenzae
C. Intracellular org.
L. Pneumophila
M. pneumoniae
Chlamydia species
Indications
Pharyngitis/ tonsilitis,
otitis, sinusitis, Uncomplicated
genital chlamydial infections
20. Macrolides
Drug Interactions
Erythromycin and Clarithromycin ONLY– are
inhibitors of cytochrome P 450 system in the liver;
may increase concentrations of:
Theophylline Digoxin, Disopyramide
Carbamazepine Valproic acid
Cyclosporine Terfenadine, Astemizole
Phenytoin Cisapride
Warfarin Ergot alkaloids
21. Vancomycin
Tricyclic glycopeptide - Streptomyces orientalis.
Inhibits synthesis of cell wall phospholipids and
prevents cross-linking of peptidoglycans at an earlier
step than B-lactams.
Active against gram positive bacteria, highly resistant
Strep. pneumo, Clostridia, Enterococcus, Staph. epi
and MRSA.MRSA.
Synergy with aminoglycosides.
Used in treatment of MRSA and highly resistant Strep.
species.
22. Bacteria by Site of InfectionBacteria by Site of Infection
Mouth
Peptococcus
Peptostreptococcus
Actinomyces
Skin/Soft Tissue
S. aureus
S. pyogenes
S. epidermidis
Pasteurella
Bone and Joint
S. aureus
S. epidermidis
Streptococci
N. gonorrhoeae
Gram-negative rods
Abdomen
E. coli, Proteus
Klebsiella
Enterococcus
Bacteroides sp.
Urinary Tract
E. coli, Proteus
Klebsiella
Enterococcus
Staph saprophyticus
Upper Respiratory
S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
M. catarrhalis
S. pyogenes
Lower Respiratory
Community
S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
K. pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila
Mycoplasma, Chlamydia
Lower Respiratory
Hospital
K. pneumoniae
P. aeruginosa
Enterobacter sp.
Serratia sp.
S. aureus
Meningitis
S. pneumoniae
N. meningitidis
H. influenza
Group B Strep
E. coli
Listeria
23. Dirithromycin
• A more lipophyl prodrug with high oral absorption.
• Unstable 9N,11O oxazine ring which easily hydrolysis to
erythromyclamine.
O
O
CH3
HO
H3C
CH3
CH3
O
H3C
O
H3C
CH3
OH
O
O
HO
CH3
N
CH3
CH3
O OH
CH3
OCH3
HN O
O
CH3
Dirithromycin
1 3
6
7
8
9
11
10
12
24. Erythromyclamin is another semisynthetic derivative of
erythromycin with 9-amino instead of 9-keto group.
It has the same antibacterial effects as erythromycin.
Less oral absorption than erythromycin has lead chemists to
prepare more lipophyl prodrug, dirithromycin.
Dirithromycin is protected against gastric acid with the enteric
coated form.
It is readily absorbed orally, but has low plasma concentration
because of high volume of distribution.
Infections of the upper and lower parts of respiratory system
with only one oral dose.
26. Macrolide Spectrum of
Activity
Gram-Positive Aerobes – erythromycin and
clarithromycin display the best activity
(Clarithro>Erythro>Azithro)
• Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus
• Streptococcus pneumoniae (only PSSP) – resistance is
developing
• Group and viridans streptococci
• Bacillus sp., Corynebacterium sp.
27. Macrolide Spectrum of Activity
Gram-Negative Aerobes – newer macrolides
with enhanced activity
(Azithro>Clarithro>Erythro)
• H. influenzae (not erythro), M. catarrhalis,
Neisseria sp.
• Do NOT have activity against any
Enterobacteriaceae
28. Macrolide Spectrum of Activity
Anaerobes – activity against upper airway anaerobes
Atypical Bacteria – all macrolides have excellent
activity against atypical bacteria including:
• Legionella pneumophila
• Chlamydia sp.
• Mycoplasma sp.
• Ureaplasma urealyticum
Other Bacteria – Mycobacterium avium complex
(MAC – only A and C), Treponema pallidum,
Campylobacter, Borrelia, Bordetella, Brucella.
Pasteurella
29. Macrolides
Pharmacology
Absorption
Erythromycin – variable absorption (F = 15-45%);
food may decrease the absorption
• Base: destroyed by gastric acid; enteric coated
• Esters and ester salts: more acid stable
Clarithromycin – acid stable and well-absorbed
(F = 55%) regardless of presence of food
Azithromycin –acid stable; F = 38%; food
decreases absorption of capsules
30. Macrolides
Pharmacology
Distribution
Extensive tissue and cellular distribution – clarithromycin and
azithromycin with extensive penetration
Minimal CSF penetration
Elimination
Clarithromycin is the only macrolide partially eliminated by the
kidney (18% of parent and all metabolites); requires dose
adjustment when CrCl < 30 ml/min
Hepatically eliminated: ALL
NONE of the macrolides are removed during hemodialysis!
Variable elimination half-lives (1.4 hours for erythro; 3 to 7
hours for clarithro; 68 hours for azithro)
31. Macrolides
Adverse Effects
• Gastrointestinal – up to 33 %
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspepsia
Most common with erythro; less with new agents
• Cholestatic hepatitis - rare
> 1 to 2 weeks of erythromycin estolate
• Thrombophlebitis – IV Erythro and Azithro
Dilution of dose; slow administration
• Other: ototoxicity (high dose erythro in patients with RI);
QTc prolongation; allergy
Editor's Notes
This slide shows 3 organisms that are found in patients with community acquired pneumonia: Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. These organisms are relatively less important in other respiratory track infections but should under at least some circumstances be taken into consideration as causes of community acquired pneumonia.