This document discusses macrolide antibiotics, including their classification, mechanism of action, mechanisms of resistance, and examples like erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and telithromycin. Macrolides are a class of natural products consisting of a large macrocyclic lactone ring with attached deoxy sugars. They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and blocking polypeptide chain elongation. Resistance can develop via ribosomal methylation, drug-inactivating enzymes, or efflux pumps. The macrolides discussed have similar spectra but differ in absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and indications.
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
These are antibiotics having a macrocyclic
lactone ring with attached sugars. Erythromycin
is the first member discovered in the 1950s,
Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin
are the later additions. Antimicrobial spectrum is narrow,
includes mostly gram-positive and a few gramnegative
bacteria, and overlaps considerably with
that of penicillin G. Erythromycin is highly active
against Str. pyogenes and Str. pneumoniae, N.
gonorrhoeae, Clostridia, C. diphtheriae and
Listeria, but penicillin-resistant Staphylococci
and Streptococci are now resistant to erythromycin
also.
All cocci readily develop resistance
to erythromycin, mostly by acquiring the
capacity to pump it out. Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
have been found to produce an erythromycin
esterase. Alteration in the ribosomal binding
site for erythromycin by a plasmid encoded
methylase enzyme is an important mechanism of
resistance in gram-positive bacteria. All the above
types of resistance are plasmid mediated. Change
in the 50S ribosome by chromosomal mutation
reducing macrolide binding a
Definition
History
Chemistry
Properties
Classification & its Generation
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Indication
Contraindication
Therapeutic use
Adverse effect
Resistance
Comparison with penicillin
Market preparation
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
These are antibiotics having a macrocyclic
lactone ring with attached sugars. Erythromycin
is the first member discovered in the 1950s,
Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin
are the later additions. Antimicrobial spectrum is narrow,
includes mostly gram-positive and a few gramnegative
bacteria, and overlaps considerably with
that of penicillin G. Erythromycin is highly active
against Str. pyogenes and Str. pneumoniae, N.
gonorrhoeae, Clostridia, C. diphtheriae and
Listeria, but penicillin-resistant Staphylococci
and Streptococci are now resistant to erythromycin
also.
All cocci readily develop resistance
to erythromycin, mostly by acquiring the
capacity to pump it out. Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
have been found to produce an erythromycin
esterase. Alteration in the ribosomal binding
site for erythromycin by a plasmid encoded
methylase enzyme is an important mechanism of
resistance in gram-positive bacteria. All the above
types of resistance are plasmid mediated. Change
in the 50S ribosome by chromosomal mutation
reducing macrolide binding a
Definition
History
Chemistry
Properties
Classification & its Generation
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Indication
Contraindication
Therapeutic use
Adverse effect
Resistance
Comparison with penicillin
Market preparation
macrolide antibiotics with detailed description of classification and individual drug with mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effect, uses for undergraduates and post graduates
Tetracyclines,Biological sources,History,Sturctures,SAR,Mechanism of action,Spectrum of activity,Important structural units and the three acidity constants in the tetracycline molucule,amphoteric nature,epimerisation, chelation with metals,toxicity and uses.
The current slide include the pharmacology og cephalosporins.
Contents
Introduction to Cephalosporins
Classification of Cephalosporins
Cefazolin
Cephalexin
Cefuroxime
Cefuroxime axetil
Cefotaxime
Cefixime
Cefpodoxime proxetil
Cefepime
Adverse effects of Cephalosporins
Uses of Cephalosporins
Sulfonamide (also called sulphonamide, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
macrolide antibiotics with detailed description of classification and individual drug with mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effect, uses for undergraduates and post graduates
Tetracyclines,Biological sources,History,Sturctures,SAR,Mechanism of action,Spectrum of activity,Important structural units and the three acidity constants in the tetracycline molucule,amphoteric nature,epimerisation, chelation with metals,toxicity and uses.
The current slide include the pharmacology og cephalosporins.
Contents
Introduction to Cephalosporins
Classification of Cephalosporins
Cefazolin
Cephalexin
Cefuroxime
Cefuroxime axetil
Cefotaxime
Cefixime
Cefpodoxime proxetil
Cefepime
Adverse effects of Cephalosporins
Uses of Cephalosporins
Sulfonamide (also called sulphonamide, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
Macrolides are a class of antibiotics found in streptomycetes. They are natural lactones with a large ring, consisting of 14 to 20 atoms. Macrolides bind to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and inhibit ribosomal translocation, leading to inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Biotechnological drugs-SnehalTidke
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of biotechnological drugs along with appliations- Proteins and peptides, monoclonal antibodies, oligonucleotides, gene therapy and vaccines
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
3. prophylactic use of Anti-microbial agentsJagirPatel3
Prophylactic: A preventive measure. The word comes from the Greek for "an advance guard," an apt term for a measure taken to fend off a disease or another unwanted consequence
1. chemotherapy principles and problems JagirPatel3
The objective of chemotherapy is to study and to apply the drugs that have highly selective toxicity to the pathogenic microorganisms in the host body and have no or less toxicity to the host, so as to prevent and cure infective diseases caused by pathogens
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. Classification
The macrolides are a class of natural
products that consist of a
large macrocyclic lactone ring to
which one or more deoxy sugars,
usually cladinose and desosamine,
may be attached.
They are class of Protein synthesis
inhibitors
Macrolides
Erythromycin
clarithromycin
Azithromycin
Telithromycin
Roxithromycin
Spiramycin
Rokitamycin
3. Mechanism of Action Protein synthesis
inhibitors
Bind to 50S ribosomal
subunit
Inhibit polypeptide chain elongation
and protein synthesis
Result in inhibition of growth and
multiplication
• Preventing the Transfer of the Peptidyl tRNA from the A-site to the P-site.
• Promotion of Peptidyl tRNA Dissociation
• Blocking Peptidyl Transferase.
• Preventing Ribosomal Assembly
4.
5. Mechanism of Resistance
Acquired resistance
Post-transcriptional methylation of the 23S bacterial ribosomal RNA.
This acquired resistance can be either plasmid-mediated or chromosomal,
cross-resistance to macrolides
Due to production of drug-inactivating enzymes (esterase's or kinases),
production of active ATP-dependent efflux proteins that transport the drug
outside of the cell.
6. Erythromycin
Erythromycin – Mainly effective on
G+ bacteria
A. Gram- positive bacteria
Staph. Aureus
S. pneumoniae
URTIs (eg. Otitis media,
pharyngitis )
LRTIs (eg.Pneumoniae )
S. Pyrogens
C. diphtheria
B. Gram- negative bacteria
T. pallidum
C. Intracellular organisms
L. pneumophila
M. pneumoniae
C. trachomatis
Absorption: Variable and unreliable
due to instability in gastric acid. Food
may reduce absorption of the base or
the stearate. Time to peak plasma
concentration: 1-4 hr.
Distribution: Widely distributed into
body tissues and fluids. Crosses the
placenta and enters breast milk.
Metabolism: Partly metabolised in the
liver via N-demethylation to inactive,
unidentified metabolites.
Excretion: Via faeces and urine (as
unchanged drug). Plasma half-life:
1.5-2.5 hr.
7. Interactions: erythromycin+ benzodiazepines= increase sedation
erythromycin+ calcium channel blockers = Hypotension, Brady arrhythmia
Indications: Respiratory tract infections
Skin and soft tissue infections
Susceptible infections
Acne
Prophylaxis of streptococcal infections in patients with evidence of rheumatic
fever or heart disease
Treatment and prophylaxis of ophthalmic infections and neonatal
conjunctivitis
8. Clarithromycin
Antibacterial spectrum
A. Gram- positive bacteria
Staph. Aureus
S. Pneumoniae
S. Pyrogens
B. Gram- negative bacteria
H. influenzae
H. Pylori
M. catarrhalis
C. Intracellular organisms
M. pneumoniae
L. Pneumophila
Absorption: Rapidly absorbed from the GI
tract. Food delays rate of absorption.
Bioavailability: Approx 50%.
Distribution: Widely distributed into most
body tissues. Enters breast milk and
distributed into CSF.
Plasma protein binding: Approx 42-70%.
Metabolism: Partially hepatic converted to
14-hydroxyclarithromycin (active
metabolite).
Excretion: Via urine and faeces Plasma
half-life: 3-7 hr (clarithromycin), 5-9 hr
(14-hydroxyclarithromycin).
Interaction : Clarithromycin + zidovudine = Decreased concentration of
zidovudine
Indications: Respiratory tract infections; Skin and soft tissue infections ;
Susceptible infections, Eradication of H. pylori associated with peptic ulcer
disease, Respiratory tract infections; Skin and soft tissue infections
9. Azithromycin
Azithromycin is a semisynthetic
azalide antibiotic.
Antibacterial spectrum
A. Gram- positive bacteria
Staph. Aureus
S. Pneumoniae
S. Pyrogens
B. Gram- negative bacteria (>
erythromycin)
M. catarrhalis
H. influenzae
C. Intracellular organisms (>
erythromycin)
L. Pneumophila
M. pneumoniae
Chlamydia species
Absorption:
Rapidly absorbed from the GI tract. Reduced by
food .
bioavailability: Approx 34-52%. Time to peak
plasma concentration: Oral tab: 2-3 hr; IV: 1-2 hr.
Distribution: Extensive into the tissues (higher
than those in blood), CSF (small
amounts).Plasma protein binding: 7-51% (oral
and IV).
Metabolism: Hepatic metabolism via
demethylation.
Excretion: Via bile urine. Terminal elimination
half-life: About 68 hr.
Interaction : Increases serum concentrations of
digoxin, ciclosporin, hexobarbital and
phenytoin.
10.
11. Indications:
Skin and soft tissue infections
Respiratory tract infections
Uncomplicated genital infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis
Non-gonococcal cervicitis/urethritis due to Chlamydia trachomatis
Chancroid, Uncomplicated Gonorrhoea,
Active immunization against typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi,
Community-acquired pneumonia
Bacterial conjunctivitis
12. Telithromycin
Telithromycin is a semisynthetic ketolide antibiotic that blocks protein synthesis
by binding to domains II and V of 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S ribosome
subunit. It may also inhibit the assembly of nascent ribosomal units.
Absorption: Rapidly absorbed from the GI tract. Bioavailability: 57%. Time to
peak plasma concentration: Approx 1-3 hr.
Distribution: Widely distributed in body fluids and tissues, including the resp
tract.. Plasma protein binding: 60-70%.
Metabolism: Undergoes hepatic metabolism to 4 major metabolites
Excretion: Via urine (13% as unchanged drug; remainder as metabolites) and
faeces (7%). Elimination half-life: 2-3 hr. Terminal half-life: Approx 10 hr.
Interactions: Additive effect on QT interval prolongation w/ class 1A (e.g.
quinidine, procainamide) or class III (e.g. dofetilide) antiarrhythmic agents
Indications: Community-acquired pneumonia
13. Roxithromycin
Absorption: oral reduced if taken after
food. Bioavailability: about 50%.
Distribution: Widely distributed into
body tissues and fluids.
Metabolism: Small amounts are
metabolised in the liver.
Excretion: Mainly via the faeces as
unchanged drug and metabolites, via the
urine & the lungs
Elimination half-life: 8-13 hr.
Interactions: May raise serum levels of
ciclosporin and digoxin
Susceptible infections
Irreversibly binding
to the 50s ribosomal
subunits
Blocking the
transpeptidation or
translocation reactions
Resulting in stunted cell growth.
