Drugs may be administered by various routes. The choice of the route in a given patient depends on the tissue or organ to be treated, the characteristics of the drug and urgency of the situation, etc. Knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the different routes of administration is essential. The routes can be broadly divided into Enteral, Parenteral, and Local.
Drugs may be administered by various routes. The choice of the route in a given patient depends on the tissue or organ to be treated, the characteristics of the drug and urgency of the situation, etc. Knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the different routes of administration is essential. The routes can be broadly divided into Enteral, Parenteral, and Local.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
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Dosage forms and routes of drug administrationFatenAlsadek
this presentation give an over review about Routes of drug administrations and dosage forms
Done by: Faten Al-Sadek , Pharmacy student at Mohammed Al-Mana college for Health Sciences -MACHS
Definition and Classification of routes of drug administration. Along with an explanation of it. Advantages and Disadvantages of different routes of administration. Intravenous routes give faster onset of action than any other route. 100% bioavailability is possible in the case of IV. The choice of route depends upon the patient condition.
This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
Dosage forms and routes of drug administrationFatenAlsadek
this presentation give an over review about Routes of drug administrations and dosage forms
Done by: Faten Al-Sadek , Pharmacy student at Mohammed Al-Mana college for Health Sciences -MACHS
Definition and Classification of routes of drug administration. Along with an explanation of it. Advantages and Disadvantages of different routes of administration. Intravenous routes give faster onset of action than any other route. 100% bioavailability is possible in the case of IV. The choice of route depends upon the patient condition.
This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
Medications need to be safe and effective. Doctors, nurses, nurse practitioners and a few other professionals are trained in how to safely give you medication. Administration of medications requires understanding how the medication is entering your body. It also requires knowledge of when the medication needs to be administered, possible side effects, and toxicity. Training for professionals also includes proper storage, handling, and disposal of medications.
A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of health problems.
A drug is a chemical substance derived from different sources –living or non living , which alter or change the function of cells, by reacting with them.
A route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body.
There are many routes of drug administration in the human body, some of these are described briefly.
You can know about different types of route and their factors, Clinical Use, Manifestation..
Unit-1: General pharmacology :Introduction to pharmacologySabaShaikh76
Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition and scope of pharmacology, nature and source of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of drug administration, spare receptors, addiction, tolerance, dependence, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncrasy, allergy
Anthelmintics are drugs that either kill (vermicide)
or expel (vermifuge) infesting helminths.
Helminthiasis is prevalent globally , but is more
common in developing countries with poorer
personal and environmental hygiene. Multiple
infestations in the same individual are not
infrequent. In the human body, g.i.t. is the abode
of many helminths, but some also live in tissues,
or their larvae migrate into tissues.
They harm the host by depriving him of food, causing
blood loss, injury to organs, intestinal or
lymphatic obstruction and by secreting toxins.
Helminthiasis is rarely fatal, but is a major cause
of ill health.
The choice of drug for each worm infestation
is based not only on efficacy, but also on lack
of side effects/toxicity, ease of administration
(preferably single dose) and low cost. Development
of resistance has not been a problem in
the clinical use of anthelmintics.
Clindamycin. a potent lincosamide antibiotic is similar in
mechanism of action (inhibits protein synthesis
by binding to 50S ribosome) and spectrum of
activity to erythromycin.
Oral absorption of clindamycin is good. It
penetrates into most skeletal and soft tissues,
but not in brain and CSF; accumulates in neutrophils
and macrophages. It is largely metabolized and
metabolites are excreted in urine and bile. The
t½ is 3 hr.
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic discovered in 1956
as a penicillin substitute which assumed special
significance due to efficacy against MRSA,
Strep. viridans, Enterococcus and Cl. difficile.
Bactericidal action is exerted on gram-positive
cocci, Neisseria, Clostridia and diphtheroids.
However, in hospitals where it has been
extensively used for surgical prophylaxis, etc.
URINARY ANTISEPTICS
Some orally administered AMAs attain antibacterial
concentration only in urine, with little or
no systemic antibacterial effect. Like many other
drugs, they are concentrated in the kidney tubules,
and are useful mainly in lower urinary tract
infection. They have been called urinary
antiseptics because this may be considered as
a form of local therapy. Nitrofurantoin and
methenamine are two such agents; infrequently
used now. Nalidixic acid can also
be considered to be a urinary antiseptic.
Relative or complete lack of effect of antimicrobial agent against a previously susceptible microbe/pathogen.
It is an evolutionary principal that organism adopt genetically to change in their environment.
since the doubling time of bacteria can be as short as 20 mnt, there may be many generations in even a few hours, providing ample opportunity for evolutionary adaptation.
The phenomenon of resistance imposes serious constraints on the options available for the treatment of many bacterial infections.
The resistance to chemotherapeutic agents can also develop in protozoa, in multicellular parasites and in population of malignant cells.
Today there are different strains of S. aureus resistant to almost every form of antibiotic in use.
These are a group of semisynthetic antibiotics
derived from ‘cephalosporin-C’ obtained from
a fungus Cephalosporium. They are chemically
related to penicillins; the nucleus consists of
a β-lactam ring fused to a dihydrothiazine ring,
(7-aminocephalosporanic acid). By addition of
different side chains at position 7 of β-lactam
ring (altering spectrum of activity) and at position
3 of dihydrothiazine ring (affecting pharmacokinetics),
a large number of semisynthetic compounds
have been produced. These have been
conventionally divided into 4 generations.
All cephalosporins are bactericidal and have the
same mechanism of action as penicillin, i.e.
inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
However, they bind to different proteins than
those which bind penicillins. This may explain
differences in spectrum, potency and lack of
cross resistance.
Currently cephalosporins are one of the most
commonly used antibiotics. Among them they
cover a wide range of gram-positive and gram negative bacteria including some anaerobes but
not B. fragilis, or MRSA, enterococci, mycobacteria
and chlamydia.
These are antibiotics having a macrocyclic
lactone ring with attached sugars. Erythromycin
is the first member discovered in the 1950s,
Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin
are the later additions. Antimicrobial spectrum is narrow,
includes mostly gram-positive and a few gramnegative
bacteria, and overlaps considerably with
that of penicillin G. Erythromycin is highly active
against Str. pyogenes and Str. pneumoniae, N.
gonorrhoeae, Clostridia, C. diphtheriae and
Listeria, but penicillin-resistant Staphylococci
and Streptococci are now resistant to erythromycin
also.
All cocci readily develop resistance
to erythromycin, mostly by acquiring the
capacity to pump it out. Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
have been found to produce an erythromycin
esterase. Alteration in the ribosomal binding
site for erythromycin by a plasmid encoded
methylase enzyme is an important mechanism of
resistance in gram-positive bacteria. All the above
types of resistance are plasmid mediated. Change
in the 50S ribosome by chromosomal mutation
reducing macrolide binding a
These are a class of antibiotics having a nucleus of four cyclic rings. The tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic; inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomes in susceptible organism.
Subsequent to such binding, attachment
of aminoacyl-t-RNA to the acceptor (A) site of
mRNA-ribosome complex. The carrier involved
in active transport of tetracyclines is absent in
the host cells. Moreover, protein synthesizing
apparatus of host cells is less susceptible to
tetracyclines. These two factors are responsible
for the selective toxicity of tetracyclines for
the microbes.
Constipation is generally defined as infrequent and/or unsatisfactory defecation fewer than 3 times per week.
Patients may define constipation as passing hard stools or straining, incomplete or painful defecation. It's a symptom NOT a disease.
Constipation has many causes and may be a sign of undiagnosed disease.
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
Peptic Ulcer Disease Affects All Age Groups. Can occur in children, although rare. Duodenal ulcers tends to occur first at around the age 25 and continue until the age of 75. Gastric ulcers peak in people between the ages of 55 and 65. Men Have Twice The Risk as Women Do
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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5. Factors determining Route of Administration
• 1) Drug Factors
• Physical Properties-
• Nature of Drug- certain drugs are destroyed by
gastric acid or proteolytic enzymes eg. Insulin,
oxytocin, vasopressin are peptides so
degraded by proteolytic enzyme in gut.
• Absorption- certain drugs do not absorbed
orally eg. Streptomycin is highly ionized at gut
pH so not absorbed orally & given by parental
route.
• Toxicity- admn topically eg. Neomycin.
6. • Bioavailability- poor bioavailability on oral admn
of some drugs eg. Nitroglycerine, morphine
have only 20% bioavailability, so ntg is admn
sublingually while morphine by parenteraly
(SC/IM/IV).
• Plasma t1/2- very short half life drugs are admn by
parenteral route eg. Sod. Nitroprusside
(vasodilator) half life 2-5 mts.
• Distribution- if a drug does not reach at site of
action or does not cross BBB then it has to be given
by such a route that reaches to the site of action.
7. • Metabolism- if drug undergoes extensive first
paas metabolism it is avoided by oral route &
preferably used by
parenteral route eg. Morphine
or Sublingual route eg. Nitroglycerine.
8. - The first pass effect is the term used for the
hepatic metabolism of a pharmacological agent
when it is absorbed from the gut and delivered
to the liver via the portal circulation.
- The greater the first pass effect, the lower the
bioavailability of the drug(the rate and extent of
the drug reaching systemic circulation).
First pass effect :
9. • 2) Patient Factors
• Condition of patient
• Associated disease
• Convenience of patient
• Personality/ psychotic
• 3) Disease Factors
• Emergency situation
• Drug poisoning
• Local action
10. • A drug may produce different effects when
given by different route eg. Magnisium
sulphate
• Orally - Laxative
• Topically - Boil, abscess
• Parenterally - Eclampsia
13. • Intramuscular- in large muscles of arm
(deltoid) or leg (thigh, glutial muscle).
Advantages
1- suitable for injection of drug in aqueous
solution (rapid action) and drug in
Suspension or emulsion.
Disadvantages
1- Pain at injection sites for certain
drugs.
Injections cont…
14. Subcutaneous – in subcutaneous tissue under
the skin. e.g. INSULIN
No more then 1.5 ml should be injected into the
site
• Suspension, oily & colloids
Injections cont…
15. • Intradermal/intracutaneous (ID/IC)- drug
is injected b/w the two layers of skin ie b/w
epidermis & dermis with some times formation
of bleb.
eg. Vaccines BCG, measles.
Injections cont…
16. • Intrathecal- drug is admn in subarrachnoid
space bypassing BBB & CSF.
in spinal anaesthesia.
• Epidural(extradural)- drug is injected b/w
lining of spinal canal & duramater (extradural
space) for purpose of anaesthesia & analgesia in
different regions, used mainly in obstetrics.
Injections cont…
17. • Intramedullary- drug is injected in to bone
marrow such as sternum or tibia. Mainly used
for bone marrow transplantation & for blood
transfusion in children where it is difficult to
find a vein.
• Intraarterial- in this route inj is directly made
in to artery, used in angiography.
Injections cont…
18. • Intra articular admn- drug is admn in the
joint space in synovial fluid providing local effect
& used for certain kinds of arrthritis. Eg steroids
• Intra cardiac- drug is injected directly into
myocardium. Usually adrenaline is admn locally
in case of cardiac arrest.
Injections cont…
19. • Intra ventricular- this route is useful for
admn of drug in brain tumours in which drug is
admn directly in to cerebral ventricles.
• Subconjectival- drug is injected just below
conjunctiva eg. Amphotericin & miconazole that
provides high & effective local c/n with less
systemic toxicity.
Injections cont…
20. • Intra peritoneal (IP)- drug is injected b/w
two layers of peritoneum.
• Used for peritoneal dialysis in case of renal
failure & certain cases of poisoning.
Injections cont…