Construction and demolition (C&D) waste includes debris from construction, repair, renovation and demolition activities. It comprises materials like soil, sand, gravel, brick, concrete and metals. India generates large quantities of C&D waste annually, with demolition activities contributing the most at 48%. Proper management of C&D waste includes preventing waste generation during construction, segregating waste for reuse and recycling. Recycling can produce materials like recycled aggregates, sand and manufactured blocks that can replace use of raw materials in construction. While recycling is growing, more plants are needed nationwide and research on quality must ensure recycled materials can adequately replace raw ones in buildings and infrastructure. Government policies and incentives aim to boost the recycling and reuse of

1. CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION
(C&D) WASTE MANAGEMENT
Dr K M Soni, ADG (Retd.) CPWD, New
Delhi

2. C & D Waste
Construction and Demolition or C&D waste
means waste comprising of building
materials, debris and rubble resulting from
construction, repair & renovation, and
demolition of any civil engineering structure

3. C & D Waste Breakdown
• Generation of C & D waste
– New construction (8%)
– Repair & renovation (44%)
– Demolition (48%)
In new construction, C&D waste is only 8%, from
demolition 48% which is carried out normally
after completion of expiry of life period of a
structure. Therefore, C&D waste due to repair
& renovation is to be prevented on priority.

4. Typical composition of Indian
C & D waste (TIFAC, 2001)
• Soil, Sand & Gravel 36%
• Brick & Masonry 31%
• Concrete 23%
• Metals 5%
• Bitumen 2%
• Wood 2%
• Others 1% • Technology Information, Forecasting and
Assessment Council's (TIFAC)

5. Assessment of C & D waste
• 40-60 kg per sqm of new construction,
• 40-50 kg per sqm of building repair,
• 300-500 kg per sqm for demolition of
buildings
Thus Demolition is going to generate large
quantity of C & D waste in future.

6. Demolition
• Due to redevelopment
– Due to expiry of life of structures
– To get extra space due to revision of FSI/FAR norms
– To go for modern construction
– Applicable for buildings, roads & other structures
• Due to poor quality construction
• Due to upgradation of structures
• Due to collapse/damage of structures due to disasters

7. Repair & Renovation
• Upgradation of facilities
• Poor quality of construction leading to
frequent repair
• Poor quality of repair and renovation
• Delayed maintenance & repairs

8. Waste management Hierarchy
Pyramid

9. C & D Waste Management:
Prevention & Minimisation
• Adopt quality in construction & Maintenance
• Prevent and Minimise unauthorised and non-
engineered poor quality construction
• Additional FSI to be allowed only if structures
have outlived their lives
• Stop frequent renovations and construction
by different agencies due to poor co-
ordination

10. Deconstruction
“De-construction” means a planned selective
demolition in which salvage, re-use and recycling of
the demolished structure is maximized

11. Re-use
• Segregation
• Energy recovery from solid municipal waste
• Re-use in maintenance and new construction
• Re-use through converting into useful
products

12. Recycle

13. Requirements of Recycling Plants
• Redevelopment and new construction
– Government Housing
• Housing for All (Urban)
• Housing for All (Rural)
– Private Housing
– Other infrastructure
• Repair and Renovation
• Demolition

14. Requirements of Recycling Plants
for Housing for All (Urban)
• Assuming 50 kg C & D waste per sqm for new
construction
• 20 million houses
• Area of each unit : 30 -60 sqm
• Operation per year: 300 days
• Capacity: 500 tonnes per day
• No. of plants required =
(0.050*20*1000000*30/4*300*500) = 50

15. Requirements of Recycling Plants
for Housing for All (Rural)
• No. of houses to be constructed under PMAY-
Gramin: 30 million (75 Plants)
• AMRUT, Smart Cities
• Government construction including local
bodies/development authorities
• Other infrastructure
As such there is large requirement of the order of
150-200 plants in India

16. Recycling & Recycled Products
• Are essential due to environmental concern
and non availability of natural resources
But Cost, Quality, Handling, Availability and
Adaptability of recycled products is to be
ensured.

17. Recycled Products
• Sand
• Coarse aggregates
– Recycled Aggregates (RA)
– Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA)
• Filter Press Material (Clay/Silt)
• Wood chips/steel/aluminium/metals
• Manufactured products like paver blocks,
concrete blocks, kerb stones etc

18. Recycled Aggregates/Concrete
aggregates
• These manufactured aggregates are of two
types namely:
– Recycled Aggregate (RA) ‒‒ It is made from C&D
waste which may comprise concrete, brick, tiles,
stone, etc.
– Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) ‒ It is derived
from concrete after requisite processing.

19. Management of Recycled
Products
• Sand can be used in various applications
• RCA can be used in various concrete products
• RA is produced in large quantity and its large
scale use is to be found out before plants are
established in different parts of the country
so also for use of filter press material

20. Probable use of Recycled
Products
• Sand and RCA in concrete, in RCC with partial or full
replacement and in concrete products. However, for
RCC in structural members, research may be made for
the Cement Paste getting stuck which may affect
strength and whether addition of some percent of
extra cement is required.
• RA in filling, sub bases of roads and even backfills
• Filter Press Material in horticulture operations,
making bricks and clay products like tiles, pottery
items

21. C & D Waste Management
Rules 2016
• C & D producing organisations
– C & D waste generators and
– C & D waste bulk generators.
– Waste generators who generate 20 tonnes or more in
one day or 300 tonnes per project in a month are
classified as “bulk C & D waste generators”.
Therefore, greater responsibility is on bulk C & D
waste generators. Further they are required to
segregate the waste into four categories as concrete,
soil, steel - wood - plastic, and bricks and mortar.

22. C & D waste management
rules 2016
• Apply to every waste resulting from
construction, re-modelling, repair and
demolition of any civil structure of
individual or organization or authority
who generates C & D waste

23. Duties of Local Authority
• Management of C&D waste generated including
processing facility and for using the recycled
products in the best possible manner
• Awareness and dissemination of knowledge
• Incentives for use of material made out of C&D
waste including in non-structural concrete,
paving blocks, lower layers of road pavements,
colony and rural roads’

24. • Rule (11) under Duties of Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS) and Indian Roads Congress
(IRC) ‘The Bureau of Indian Standards and
Indian Roads Congress shall be responsible
for preparation of code of practices and
standards for use of recycled materials and
products of construction and demolition
waste in respect of construction activities

25. IS 383: 2016
• IS 383 : 2016 Indian Standard COARSE AND FINE
AGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE – SPECIFICATION (Third
Revision)
• IS: 383 permits use of recycled aggregates up to
25% in plain concrete, 20% in reinforced concrete of
M-25 or lower grade and up to 100% in lean
concretes of grade less than M-15.

26. • Roadmap for C & D waste management -
Population of cities Under C&D Waste
Management Rules 2016, the targets for
commissioning C&D processing facilities are
based on population as given below:
• i. Cities with population of one million and
above
• ii. Cities with population of 0.5 –one million
• iii. Cities with population of less than 0.5 million

27. Time frame
Timeframe for Planning and Implementation
1. Formulation of policy by State Government:
12 months
2. Identification of sites for collection &
processing facility: 18 months
3. Commissioning and implementation of the
facility: 18 months-36 months
4. Monitoring by SPCBs:

28. C & D Waste Management Rules
• Segregation (Individual and Bulk generators) includes
Punitive and Incentivise action
• Transportation rules for storage yards is for Individuals
and Contractors generating small quantities through
items in contracts or local bodies or third party
arrangements and rules for bulk generators
• Recycling and Reuse
– Items
– Schedule of Rates
– Specifications
– Research for quality

29. Recycling capacity in India
• Present Recycling capacity of C&D waste is too low.
• In North, only plants in Delhi are running
• In West, a plant has been set up in Ahmadabad.
• In South, a private plant is in Bangaluru and Mumbai
• But many more plants are planned in various cities
and in near future, C & D waste recycling plants may
be operating in every major city.

30. Quality
• Quality may not be major issue in case of sand
and RCA.
• RA may be of different properties due to not
consistency
• Quality of products manufactured from recycled
materials has to be given due weightage
• Research has to be done on Ceramic Tiles/
Ceramic hardware for recycling and their use

31. Government Initiatives
• As per the advisory of Delhi Government, all Delhi Government
agencies will be required to incorporate a clause in their tenders
for mandatory use of a minimum of 2 percent recycled products
from C & D waste in all future contracts for building works and 10
percent recycled products for road works.
• Other incentives like availability of land for setting up the plant,
charging tipping fee and processing fee by the companies who
install the plants may also be agreed upon by the governments
and ULBs.
• Other governments are also going to issue similar guidelines
• Items in DSR
– 2oo mm thick precast concrete solid blocks of M10 grade made of
C&D waste in foundation, plinth and superstructure
– 100 mm thick in half block masonry
• And 60 mm thick paver blocks of M30 grade

32. So let us make, C & D waste
as a resource material

33. Thanks for attending
DR K M Soni, ADG (Retd.), CPWD, New Delhi
You can listen me on Youtube: KRISHNA MURARI Soni