This document provides an overview of liposomes and niosomes. It discusses the structure and components of liposomes, how they were first produced, and common phospholipids and cholesterol used. Various preparation methods for liposomes are described, including mechanical dispersion, extrusion, ethanol injection, and reverse phase evaporation. Characterization techniques and applications of liposomes in drug delivery, gene delivery, and cancer treatment are also summarized. The document concludes by comparing liposomes and niosomes, describing advanced preparation methods for niosomes, and their applications in areas like transdermal delivery and cancer.

1. PRESENTED BY- GUIDED BY-
Mr. Shubham J. Gore Dr. V.V. Pande
F.Y.M Pharm HOD of Pharmaceutics
(Pharmaceutics) Department.
Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research,
Kopargaon.
116 March 2018

2.  Introduction
 Structure & components
 Classification
 Mechanism
 Method of preparation
 Characterization
 Uses
 List of marketed product
 Niosome
 Diff.between liposome & niosome
 Advanced method of niosome
 Application
 Recent advances in niosome
 Conclusion
 References
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3.  liposomes are simple, microscopic, concentric bilayered
vesicles in which an aqueous volume is entirely
enclosed by a membraneous lipid bilayer mainly
composed of natural or synthetic phospholipids.
 Liposomes were first produced in England in 1961 by
Alec D. Bangham.The size of a liposome ranges from
some 20 nm up to several micrometers.
 Phospholipid + Cholesterol
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5.  Phospholipid
Phospholipid are amphipathic molecule i.e. having affinity for both
aqueous & polar moieties, as they have a hydrophobic tail & hydrophillic
head.
 Hydrophilic polar head-
Phosphoric acid bound to water soluble molecule.
 Hydrophobic tail-
2 fatty acid chain containing 10-24 carbon atoms and 0-6 double bond in
each chain.
Naturally occurring phospholipids used are :
 PC: Phosphatidyl choline.(lecithin)
 PE: Phosphatidyl ethanolamine.(cephalin)
 PS: Phosphatidylserine
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6.  Synthetic phospholipids used are:
DOPC: Dioleoyl phosphatidyl choline
DSPC: Disteroyl phosphatidyl choline
DOPE: Dioleoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine
DSPE: Distearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine
 Cholesterol
 Cholesterol stabilizes the Membrane
 Steroid lipid
 Interdigitates between phospholipids
 It’s decreases the fluidity in bilayer
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11. 1116 March 2018

12.  General Method Of Liposome Preparation
12
Drying down lipid from organic solvent
Dispersion of lipid in aqueous media
Purification of resultant liposome
Analysis of final product
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13.  Mechanical Dispersion Method.
13
Lipid dissolve in organic solvent/co-solvent
Remove organic solvent under vacuum
Film deposition
Solid lipid mixture is hydrated by using aqueous buffer
Lipid spontaneously swell & Hydrate
Liposome
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14.  There are four basic method for mechanical
dispersion.
 Hand shaking method.
 Non shaking method.
 Pro –liposomes .
 Freeze drying .
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24.  Extrusion of preformed
large liposomes in french
press under very high
pressure .
 uni or oligo lamellar
liposomes of intermediate
size (30-80nm ) .
 Advantages
 Less leakage and more
stable liposomes are
formed compared to
sonicated forms.
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25.  The size of
liposomes is reduced
by gently passing
them through
polycarbonate
membrane filter of
defined pore size at
lower pressure
 Used for preparation
of LUVs and MLVs
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Lipid dissolved in organic solvent
Excess addition of aqueous phase
Lipid allign at interface of aqueous and organic layer
Formation of monolayer and bilayer of phospholipid
LIPOSOME
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28.  Ether Injection
Lipid +ether solution in
syringe
Inject slowly
In the aqueous phase
Large unilamellar
vesicle
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 Ethanol injection
Lipid+ethanol solution in
the syringe
Inject rapidly
In the aqueous phase
Small unilamellar vesicle
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29. Organic solution +Lipid+aqueous phase
Emulsion
Hot aqueous solution of buffer
Multi compartment vesicle W/O/W (double
emulsion)
LUVs
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30. Emulsion
Evaporation under reduced pressure, rotary
evaporator
Semi solid gel
Shake to get LUVs
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31. Below CMC detergent molecules exist in free
solution.As the conc.is increased , micelle
are formed.
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Phospholipid brought into intimate contact with aqueous phase
By addition optimized conc.of detergent
Formation of micelle (LIPOSOME)
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34.  In gene delivery.
 As drug delivery carriers.
 Enzyme replacement therapy.
 Chelation therapy for treatment of heavy metal
poisoning.
 Liposomes in antiviral/anti microbial therapy.
 In multi drug resistance.
 In tumour therapy.
 In immunology.
 In cosmetology
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35. 3516 March 2018

36. Phase-I Phase-II Phase-III
LEM-ETU
(Mitoxantrone
liposomes
Grb-2
(Antisense protein
liposomes)
INX-0076
(Topotecan
Sphingosomes)
INX0125
Vinorelbine
sphingosomes
LiplaCis
(Cisplatin
liposomes)
Aroplatia
(Platinum
analogue
Liposomes)
S-ANNA
(Annamycin
Liposomes)
SPJ-077
(Cisplatin
Liposomes)
OSI-211
(Lurtorecan
Liposomes)
S-CKD602
(CKD 602
Liposomes)
Arikace
(Amikacin
Liposomes)
Stimuvax
(Tecemotide
liposomes)
T4NS
(T4 Endonuclease
V
Liposomes)
Liptrostin
(PGE-Liposomes)
Thermodox
(Doxorubicin
Liposomes)

37.  INTRODUCTION
 Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system, in which
the medication is encapsulated in a vesicle.
 The vesicle is composed of a bilayer of non-ionic
surface active agents and hence the name niosomes.
 The niosomes are very small, and microscopic in size.
Their size lies in the nanometric scale.
 materials have been used to form niosomes such as
sucrose ester surfactants and polyoxyethylene alkyl
ether surfactants, alkyl ester, alkyl amides, fatty acids
and amino acid compound.
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38.  Ester bonds of phospholipids are
easily hydrolyzed, this can lead to
phosphoryl migration at low PH.
 Peroxidation of unsaturated
phospholipids.
 As liposomes have purified
phospholipids they are to be stored
and handled at inert(N2)
atmospheres where as Niosomes
are are made of non ionic
surfactants and are easy to handle
and store.
 Phospholipid raw materials are
naturally occurring substances and
as such require extensive
purification thus making them
costly. 3816 March 2018

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40.  Hand Shaking method
 Reverse phase evaporation technique
 Ether Injection method
 Multiple membrane extrusion method
 Bubble method
 Sonication
 From Proniosomes
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41.  BUBBLE METHOD
It is novel technique
for the one step
preparation of
liposomes and
niosomes without the
use of organic
solvents.
RBF as bubbling unit with
three necks in water bath.
Reflux , thermometer and
nitrogen supply by three
necks
Cholesterol+ Surfactant
dispersed in buffer pH 7.4
at 70°C
Above dispersion is
homogenized for 15 sec and
then bubbled with nitrogen
gas at 70°C to get niosomes
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Formation of niosomes from proniosomes:
It is prepared by coating water-soluble carrier such as
sorbitol with surfactant. The result of the coating process
is a dry formulation. In which each water-soluble particle
is covered with a thin film of dry surfactant.This
preparation is termed “Proniosomes
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43.  Transdermal
 parenteral
 Radiopharmaceuticals
 Opthalmic drug delivery
 Leishmeniasis
 Cancer
 Diagnostic imaging
- Visual representation of the fuction of organ.
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44.  Combination of PEG and glucose conjugates on the surface of
niosomes significantly improved tumor targeting of an
encapsulated paramagnetic agent assessed with MR imaging in a
human carcinoma xenograft model.
 Phase I and phase II studies were conducted for Niosomal
methotrexate gel in the treatment of localized psoriasis. These
studies suggest that niosomal methotrexate gel is more
efficacious than placebo and marketed methotrexate gel.
 A research article was published that Acyclovir entrapped
niosomes were prepared by Hand shaking and Ether injection
methods increases the oral bioavailability.
 Lancome has come out with a variety of anti-ageing products
which are based on niosome formulations.
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45.  The concept of incorporating the drug into liposomes or
niosomes for a better targeting of the drug at appropriate tissue
destination is widely accepted by researchers and academicians.
 Niosomes represent a promising drug delivery module.
 Niosomes are thoughts to be better candidates drug delivery as
compared to liposomes due to various factors like cost, stability
etc .
 Various type of drug deliveries can be possible using niosomes
like targeting, ophthalmic, topical, parenteral, etc.
 Niosomes can also serve better aid in diagnostic imaging and
vaccine adjuvant in pharmaceutical industry.s
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46.  S.P. Vyas And R.K. Khar,targeted & Controlled Drug
Delivery,liposomes,173-279.
 Avinash Kumar Seth and Ambika Nandan Misra (2007),“Preparation
and evaluation of Acyclovir Liposome’s by two techniques a
comparative study”, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences, Vol. 6,
No. 2, pp.75-81
 Himanshu Anwekar, Liposome- as drug carriers, International Journal
Of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Vol.2, Issue 7: July: 2011, 945-951
 Upendra Bulbake , Sindhu Doppalapudi,Review on Liposomal
Formulations in Clinical Use:Pharmaceutics, Published: 27 March
2017.
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47. Semisolid based niosome………7marks
(2015)
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