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NIOSOME, ITS PREPARATION AND EVALUATION

Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles that can be used for drug delivery. They consist of a nonionic surfactant bilayer enclosing an aqueous core. This document discusses the definition, structure, advantages, preparation methods and evaluation of niosomes. Niosomes can be prepared using methods like ether injection, film hydration, sonication, heating and extrusion. Their stability and ability to encapsulate and release drugs can be evaluated by measuring vesicle size, drug content, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release over time. Niosomes offer targeted drug delivery and improved oral absorption compared to other formulations.

Health & Medicine◦
NIOSOME, ITS PREPARATION AND EVALUATION SUBMITED BY Name: Suman Jyoti Sarmah Class: M.PHARM 2nd Semester Roll No: 180520011012 Institute: GIPS Azara
 DEFINITION & STRUCTURE OF NIOSOMES  GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS  ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES  METHODS OF PREPARATION  FACTORS AFFECTING STABILITY OF NIOSOMES  EVALUATION OF NIOSOMES  REFERENCE CONTENT
Niosomes are synthetic microscopic vesicles consisting of an aqueous core enclosed in a bi layer consisting of cholesterol and one or more nonionic surfactants. Vesicles are prepared from self assembly of hydrated non ionic surfactants molecules. Niosomes may be unilamellar or multimellar. DEFINITION
Novel drug delivery system, in which the drug is encapsulated in a vesicle which is composed of a bi-layer of non-ionic surface active agents. These are very small, and microscopic in size. Although structurally similar to liposome, they offer several advantages over them. Basic structural components are- Non ionic surfactant, cholesterol, charge inducing molecule. STRUCTURE OF NIOSOMES
 Biocompatible, biodegradable & non-toxic.  Niosomes can be characterized by their size distribution studies.  High resistance to hydrolytic degradation.  The properties of niosomes depends both on composition of the bilayer & on method of their preparation. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
 Targeted drug delivery can be achieved  Reduced dose is required to achieve the desired effect.  Subsequent decrease in the side effect.  Improve the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.  Enhance the skin permeability of drugs when applied topically.  The surfactants used and also the prepared niosomes are biodegradable, biocompatible and non-immunogenic.  They are osmotically active and stable. ADVANTAGES OF NIOSOMES
 Time consuming.  Requires specialized equipment.  Inefficient drug loading. DISADVANTAGES OF NIOSOMES
Ether Injection Method Film Method/ Hand Shaking Method Sonication Heating Method Multiple Membrane Extrusion Method METHODS OF PREPARATION
Ether Injection Method A solution of the surfactant is made by dissolving it in diethyl ether. This solution is then introduced using an injection into warm water or aqueous media. Vaporization of the ether leads to the formation of single layered vesicles.
Film Method/ Hand Shaking Method Mixture of surfactant and cholesterol, dissolved in organic solvent in a round bottomed flask. Organic solvent is removed by low pressure/vacuum at room temperature. The resultant dry surfactant film is hydrated by agitation.
Sonication A liquot of drug solution in buffer Added to the surfactant/cholesterol mixture in a 10ml glass vial The mixture is probe sonicated at 60 c for 3mins using a sonicator with a titanium probe to yield niosomes.
Heating Method Nontoxic, one step method. Mixtures of non ionic surfactants, cholesterol and charge inducing agent are added to an aqueous medium eg. Buffer, H2O. The mixture is heated while stirring at low shear forces. Niosomes are formed.
Multiple Membrane Extrusion Method Good method for controlling Niosomes size. Mixture of surfactant, cholesterol and diacetyl phosphate in chloroform is made into thin film by evaporation. The film is hydrated with aqueous drug solution Resultant suspension is extruded through polycarbonate membranes.
FACTORS AFFECTING STABILITY OF NIOSOMES Nature of surfactant Structure of surfactant Temperature of hydration Nature of encapsulated drug
Vesicle Diameter Drug Content Entrapment Efficiency In Vitro Drug Release Stability Studies EVALUATION OF NIOSOMES
Vesicle Diameter Vesicle size can be measured by using optical microscope with a calibrated eyepiece micrometer. The vesicle size of 100 niosomes is measured individually for all batches & its mean value is calculated. Drug Content Niosomal suspension equivalent to 10mg taken in a volumetric flask of 100ml & volume was made up by phosphate buffer pH 7.4, after that 1ml of this mixture was diluted to 10ml by phosphate buffer 7.4 & the % drug content was calculated or observed at using UV spectrophotometer.
Entrapment Efficiency After preparing Niosomal dispersion, un-entrapped drug is separated by- Dialysis or using Centrifugation. In Vitro Drug Release It can be determine by membrane diffusion technique. A dialysis sac is washed and soaked in distilled water. The vesicle suspension is pipetted into a bag and sealed. The bag containing the vesicles is placed in 200ml of buffer solution with constant shaking at 25 c or 37 c. At various time intervals, the buffer is analyzed for the drug content by an appropriate assay method.
Stability Studies Optimized formulation preserved at refrigerated temperature & room temperature for 30days. After 30days shape, % drug remaining & % entrapment efficiency of vesicles were measured. The results were compared with the initial shape, % drug remaining & % entrapment efficiency of both samples.
Niosomes are novel drug delivery system having more advantages than the other form of formulation of nano particles. It can be use for the targeted drug delivery system, also for the drugs having poor solubility so it is widely used. CONCLUSION
1) A. Ahmed, Optimization of piroxicam niosomes using central composite design. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013; 5(3):229-236. 2) M. S., Formulation and in vitro evaluation of niosomes containing oxcarbazepine. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012; 4(3):563-567. 3) A. Attama, Formulation and Evaluation of Niosomes, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, May 2011; 73(3):323-8 4) P. Sundaresan, evaluation of aceclofenac niosomes prepared by various techniques. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 2012; 16(1):75-78 REFERENCE
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