The document provides information on nasal and pulmonary drug delivery systems. It discusses the anatomy of the nose and lungs, as well as various delivery methods. The nasal cavity has a lining that is highly vascular and rich in mucus glands, providing a large surface area for drug absorption. Pulmonary delivery uses aerosols to deposit drugs in the lungs. Some key advantages of these routes include rapid onset of action, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, and improved bioavailability over oral delivery. Delivery methods include liquid formulations, metered-dose pumps, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers. Overall, the document outlines the anatomical features and absorption pathways in the nose and lungs, and reviews different systems for delivering drugs via these
Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS)Shweta Nehate
Oral route is the most acceptable route for drug administration. Apart from conventional dosage forms several other forms were developed in order to enhance the drug delivery for prolonged time period and for delivering drug to a particular target site. Gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) has gainned immense popularity in the field of oral drug delivery recently. it is a widely employed approach to retain the dosage form in the stomach for an extended period of time and release the drug slowly that can address many challenges associated with conventional oral delivery, including poor bioavailability. different innovative approaches are being applied to fabricate GRDDS. Gastroretentive drug delivery is an approach to prolong gastric residence time, there by targeting site-specific drugs release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for local or systemic effects. It is obtained by retaining dosage form into stomach and by releasing the in controlled manner.
Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS)Shweta Nehate
Oral route is the most acceptable route for drug administration. Apart from conventional dosage forms several other forms were developed in order to enhance the drug delivery for prolonged time period and for delivering drug to a particular target site. Gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) has gainned immense popularity in the field of oral drug delivery recently. it is a widely employed approach to retain the dosage form in the stomach for an extended period of time and release the drug slowly that can address many challenges associated with conventional oral delivery, including poor bioavailability. different innovative approaches are being applied to fabricate GRDDS. Gastroretentive drug delivery is an approach to prolong gastric residence time, there by targeting site-specific drugs release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for local or systemic effects. It is obtained by retaining dosage form into stomach and by releasing the in controlled manner.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system.
Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology.
combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince.
MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects.
Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice.
Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid
Composed of water and mucin.
Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm
General composition of mucus
Water…………………………………..95%
Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5%
Mineral salts……………………………1%
Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1%
The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond
Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage)
Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane
Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage)
Electronic theory
Wetting theory
Adsorption theory
Diffusion theory
Fracture theory
Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT.
Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site
-Painless administration.
-Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism
If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured.
-Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling.
-Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results.
-costly drug delivery system
Video Lecture is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXu_CLgB4q0
Introduction, terminology/definitions and rationale, advantages, disadvantages, selection of drug candidates. Approaches to design-controlled release formulations based on diffusion, dissolution and ion exchange principles. Physicochemical and
biological properties of drugs relevant to controlled release formulations.
Application Of Polymer In Controlled Release FormulationAnindya Jana
Polymers are becoming increasingly important in the field of drug delivery. The pharmaceutical applications of polymers range from their use as binders in tablets to viscosity and flow controlling agents in liquids, suspensions and emulsions. Polymers can be used as film coatings to disguise the unpleasant taste of a drug, to enhance drug stability and to modify drug release characteristics.
As a consequence, increasing attention has been focused on methods of giving drugs continually for a prolonged time periods and in a controlled fashion.
This technology now spans many fields and includes pharmaceutical, food and agricultural applications, pesticides, cosmetics, and household products.
This presentation includes introduction, physiology of GIT, factors affecting GRDDS, Advantages and disadvantages, approaches to GRDDS and their mechanism, some of the marketed products using GRDDS mechanism.
Novel Drug delivery System (NDDS) refers to the approaches, formulations, technologies, and systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body as needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effects.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system.
Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology.
combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince.
MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects.
Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice.
Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid
Composed of water and mucin.
Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm
General composition of mucus
Water…………………………………..95%
Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5%
Mineral salts……………………………1%
Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1%
The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond
Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage)
Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane
Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage)
Electronic theory
Wetting theory
Adsorption theory
Diffusion theory
Fracture theory
Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT.
Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site
-Painless administration.
-Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism
If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured.
-Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling.
-Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results.
-costly drug delivery system
Video Lecture is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXu_CLgB4q0
Introduction, terminology/definitions and rationale, advantages, disadvantages, selection of drug candidates. Approaches to design-controlled release formulations based on diffusion, dissolution and ion exchange principles. Physicochemical and
biological properties of drugs relevant to controlled release formulations.
Application Of Polymer In Controlled Release FormulationAnindya Jana
Polymers are becoming increasingly important in the field of drug delivery. The pharmaceutical applications of polymers range from their use as binders in tablets to viscosity and flow controlling agents in liquids, suspensions and emulsions. Polymers can be used as film coatings to disguise the unpleasant taste of a drug, to enhance drug stability and to modify drug release characteristics.
As a consequence, increasing attention has been focused on methods of giving drugs continually for a prolonged time periods and in a controlled fashion.
This technology now spans many fields and includes pharmaceutical, food and agricultural applications, pesticides, cosmetics, and household products.
This presentation includes introduction, physiology of GIT, factors affecting GRDDS, Advantages and disadvantages, approaches to GRDDS and their mechanism, some of the marketed products using GRDDS mechanism.
Novel Drug delivery System (NDDS) refers to the approaches, formulations, technologies, and systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body as needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effects.
Pulmonary route used to treat different respiratory diseases from last decade.
The inhalation therapies involved the use of leaves from plants, vapours from aromatic plants, balsams, and myhrr.
Pulmonary drug delivery is primarily used to treat conditions of the airways, delivering locally acting drugs directly to their site of action.
Delivery of drugs directly to their site of action reduces the dose needed to produce a pharmacological effect.
In ancient time Ayurvedic system of medicine used nasal route for administration of drugs and the process is called as “Nasya”.
Nasal route has been used for local effects of decongestants but, in recent time it is being considered as a preferred route of drug delivery for systemic bioavailability.
Various proteins & peptides have shown a good bioavailability through this route.
Targeted drug delivery to the respiratory system- An article Satyaki Mishra
This is an article (preview) on Pulmonary drug delivery system written for partial submission of Post-graduation assignment.. The study further helps in enhancing knowledge on target specific drug delivery system. If this article is of any help to you, kindly consider downloading it. You can drop your mail id in the comment section.
The use of the nasal route for the delivery of challenging drugs such as small polar molecules, vaccines, hormones, peptides and proteins has created much interest in nowadays. Due to the high permeability, high vasculature, low enzymatic environment of nasal cavity and avoidance of hepatic first pass metabolism are well suitable for Systemic delivery of drug molecule via nose Many drug delivery devices for nasal application of liquid, semisolid and solid formulation are investigated to deliver the drugs to the treat most crisis CNS diseases i.e., Parkinson’s dis ease, Alzheimer’s disease because it requires rapid and or specific targeting of drugs to the brain. It is well suitable for the delivery of biotechnological products like proteins, peptides, hormones, DNA plasmids for DNA vaccines to give enhanced bioavailability. This review sets out to discuss some factors affecting nasal absorption, bioavailability barriers, strategies to improve nasal absorption, new developments in nasal dosage form design and applications of nasal drug delivery system. Aarti C. Nangare | Sujit Kakade | Ashok Bhosale "Nasal Drug Delivery System: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43868.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacy-practice/43868/nasal-drug-delivery-system-a-review/aarti-c-nangare
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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Nasal & Pulmonary Drug Delivery System
1. NASAL & PULMONARY
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
-: Presented By :-
Amruta S. Sambarekar
1st Year M.Pharm
Dept. of Pharmaceutics
M M C P, BELGAUM
1
2. CONTENTS
Anatomy of nose
Advantages and disadvantages
Factors affecting nasal absorption
Pathway
Enhancement In Absorption
Applications
2
3. The problem !!!
NEEDLE STICKS
Nasal drug delivery is attractive not
because it is BETTER than injectable
therapy……
BUT
…Because it is SAFER!
...No needle
…NO needle stick risk!
3
4. NASAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
Anatomy of nose:-
The nasal cavity
consists of passage of a
depth of approximately
12-14cm.
The nasal passage runs
from nasal vestibule to
nasopharynx.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 4
5. The lining is ciliated, highly vascular and rich in
mucus gland.
Nasal secretions are secreted by goblet cells, nasal
glands and transudate from plasma.
It contains sodium, potassium, calcium, albumin,
enzymes like leucine,CYP450,Transaminase,etc.
The pH of nasal secretion is 5.5-6.5 in adults and
5.0-6.7 in infants. 5
6. Advantages
Large nasal mucosal surface area for dose
absorption
Rapid drug absorption via highly-vascularized
mucosa
Rapid onset of action
Ease of administration, non-invasive
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 6
Contd..
7. Contd..
Avoidance of the gastrointestinal tract and first-
pass metabolism
Improved bioavailability
Lower dose/reduced side effects
Improved convenience and compliance
Self-administration.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 7
8. Disadvantages
Nasal cavity provides smaller absorption surface
when compared to GIT.
Relatively inconvenient to patients when
compared to oral delivery since there is possibility
of nasal irritation.
The histological toxicity of absorption enhancers
used in the nasal drug delivery system is not yet
clearly established.
February 11, 2013 8
9. Factors affecting nasal absorption
1. Molecular weight :-
The nasal absorption of drugs decreases as
the molecular weight increases.
Martin reported a sharp decline in drug
absorption having molecular weight greater
than 1000 daltons.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 9
10. 2. Lipophilicity :-
Absorption of drug through nasal route is
dependent on the lipophilicity of drugs.
E.g. Alprenolol and Propranolol which are
lipophilic, has greater absorption than that
of hydrophilic Metoprolol.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 10
11. 3. pH of solution :-
pH should be optimum for maximum absorption.
Nonionised lipophilic form crosses the nasal
epithelial barriers via transcellular route and
hydrophilic ionized form passes through the
aqueous paracellular route.
E.g. Decanoic acid shows maximum absorption
at pH 4.5. Beyond this it decreases as solution
becomes more acidic or basic.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 11
12. 4. Drug concentration :-
The absorption of drug through nasal route is
increased as concentration is increased.
E.g. 1-tyrosine shows increased absorption at
high concentration in rate.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 12
13. Pathway
In systemic absorption the drugs generally
get diffused from epithelial cell into
systemic circulation.
It is reported that nasal cavity have
alternative pathways of drugs absorption
through olfactory epithelium to CNS and
peripheral circulation.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 13
14. Enhancement in absorption
Following approaches used for absorption
enhancement :-
Use of absorption enhancers
Increase in residence time.
Administration of drug in the form of microspheres.
Use of physiological modifying agents
14
15. Use of absorption enhancers:-
Absorption enhancers work by increasing the
rate at which the drug pass through the nasal
mucosa.
Various enhancers used are surfactants, bile
salts, chelaters, fatty acid salts, phospholipids,
cyclodextrins, glycols etc.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 15
16. Various mechanisms involved in absorption
enhancements are:-
Increased drug solubility
Decreased mucosal viscosity
Decrease enzymatic degradation
Increased paracellular transport
Increased transcellular transport
16
17. Increase in residence time:-
By increasing the residence time the
increase in the higher local drug concentration
in the mucous lining of the nasal mucosa is
obtained.
Various mucoadhesive polymers like
methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose or
polyacrylic acid are used for increasing the
residence time.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 17
18. Administration of drug in the form of microspheres:-
Microspheres have good bioadhesive property and
they swell when in contact with mucosa.
Microspheres provide two advantages-
a. Control the rate of clearance.
b. Protect drug from enzymatic degradation.
The microspheres of various materials showed
increased half-life of clearance. E.g. starch,
albumin, gelatin and dextran.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 18
19. Use of physiological modifying agents:-
These agents are vasoactive agents and exert
their action by increasing the nasal blood flow.
The example of such agents are histamine,
leukotrienene D4, prostaglandin E1 and β-
adrenergic agents like isoprenaline and
terbutaline.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 19
20. Nasal Delivery Systems
They contain the drug in a liquid or powder
formulation delivered by a pressurized or pump
system.
Various drug delivery systems are used for
nasal drug delivery.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 20
21. Liquid formulation :-
These are usually aqueous solutions of the
drug. The simplest way to give a liquid is by
nose drops.
They are simple to develop and manufacture
compared to solid dosage forms but have a
lower microbiological and chemical stability,
requiring the use of various preservatives.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 21
22. Squeezed bottles :-
These are used for nasal decongestant and work
by spraying a partially atomized jet of liquid into
the nasal cavity.
They give a better absorption of drug by directing
the formulation into the anterior part of the cavity
and covering a large part of nasal mucosa.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 22
23. Metered-dose pump system :-
They can deliver solutions, suspensions or
emulsions with a predetermined volume between
25 and 200 μL, thus offering deposition over a
large area.
Particle size and dose volume are two important
factors for controlling delivery from metered-dose
systems.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 23
24. The optimum particle size for deposition in the
nasal cavity is 10μm.
The volume of formulation that can be delivered is
limited by the size of the nasal cavity.
Better absorption is achieved by administering two
doses, one in each nostril, rather than a single
large dose.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 24
25. Applications of nasal drug delivery
A. Nasal delivery of organic based
pharmaceuticals :-
Various organic based pharmaceuticals have
been investigated for nasal delivery which
includes drug with extensive presystemic
metabolism.
E.g. Progesterone, Estradiol, Nitroglycerin,
Propranolol, etc.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 25
26. B. Nasal delivery of peptide based drugs :-
Nasal delivery of peptides and proteins is
depend on –
The structure and size of the molecule.
Nasal residence time
Formulation variables (pH, viscosity)
E.g. calcitonin, secretin, albumins, insulin,
glucagon, etc.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 26
30. The lung is the organ of external respiration, in
which oxygen and carbon dioxide are
exchanged between blood and inhaled air.
The structure of the airways prevent the entry of
and promotes the removal of airborne foreign
particles including microorganisms.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 30
Contd..
31. Contd..
The respiratory tract consists of conducting
regions ( trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal
and respiratory bronchioles) and respiratory
regions (respiratory bronchioles and alveolar
regions).
The upper respiratory tract comprises the nose,
throat, pharynx and larynx; the lower tract
comprises the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and
the alveolar regions.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 31
Contd..
32. Contd..
Trachea branches into two main bronchi- the
right bronchus is wider and leaves the trachea at
the smaller angle than the left.
The conducting airways are lined with ciliated
epithelial cells.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 32
33. Delivery systems
Aerosols are used for the delivery of the drug by
this route of administration.
The aerosols are defined as pressurized dosage
from containing one or more active ingredients
which upon actuation emit a fine dispersion of
liquid or solid materials in gaseous medium.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 33
34. There are three main types of aerosols
generating devices:-
i. Pressurized metered dose inhalers.
ii. Dry powder inhalers.
iii. Nebulizers.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 34
35. i. Pressurized metered
dose inhalers:-
In pMDI’s, drug is either
dissolved or suspended in
liquid propellants together with other
excipients and presented in pressurized
cantainer fitted with metering valve.
The predetermined dose is released as a
spray on actuation of the metering valve.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 35
36. Containers:- Aerosol container must withstand
pressure as high as 140-180 psig at 130°F.
Pharmaceutical aerosols are packaged in tin-
plated steel, plastic coated glass or aluminium
containers.
Aluminium is relatively inert and used uncoated
where there is no chemical instability between
containers and contents.
Alternatively aluminium containers with an internal
coating of chemically resistant organic material
such as epoxy-resin or polytetrafluorine can be
used 36
37. Propellants:-
These are liquified gases like chlorofluorocarbons
and hydrofluoroalkanes.
These develop proper pressure within the container
& it expels the product when valve is opened.
At room temperature and pressure, these are gases
but they are readily liquified by decreasing the
temperature or increasing pressure.
The vapour pressure of the mixture of propellants is
given by Raoult’s law,
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 37
Contd…
38. Contd…
i.e. vapour pressure of the mixed system is equal
to the sum of the mole fraction of each
component multiplied by it’s vapour pressure.
p = p a + pb
where p = total vapour pressure of the system, p a
& pb = partial vapour pressures of the
components a & b.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 38
39. Metering valves:-
It permits the reproducible delivery of small
volumes of product.
Depression of the valve stem allows the contents
of the metering chamber to be discharged through
the orifice in the valve stem and made available to
the patient.
After actuation the metering chamber refills with
liquid from the bulk and is ready to dispense the
next dose.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 39
40. ii. Dry powder inhalers:-
In this system drug is inhaled as a cloud of fine
particles.
DPI formulations are propellant free and do not
contain any excipients.
They are breath activated avoiding the
problems of inhalation/actuation coordination
encountered with pMDI’s.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 40
41. iii. Nebulizers:-
It delivers relatively large volume of drug
solutions and suspensions.
They are used for drugs that cannot be
formulated into pMDI’s or DPI’s.
There are three categories :-
a. Jet nebulizers
b. Ultrasonic nebulizers
c. Vibrating-mesh nebulizers
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 41
42. a. Jet nebulizers:-
They are also called as air-jet or air-blast
nebulizers using compressed gas.
The jet of high velocity gas is passed
tangentially or coaxially through a narrow
venturi nozzle typically 0.3 to 0.7 mm in
diameter.
e.g. Pari LC nebulizer.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 42
43. b. Ultrasonic nebulizers:-
In this the energy necessary to atomize liquids
come from the piezoelectric crystal vibrating at
high frequency.
c. Vibrating-mesh nebulizers:-
In this device aerosols are generated by
passing liquids through a vibrating mesh or
plate with multiple apertures.
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 43
44. Advantages
Smaller doses can be administered locally.
Reduce the potential incidence of adverse
systemic effect.
It used when a drug is poorly absorbed orally,
e.g. Na cromoglicate.
It is used when drug is rapidly metabolized
orally, e.g. isoprenaline
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 44
45. References
Y.W.Chein; Nasal Systemic Drug Delivery,Vol.39,
page no. 39-67.
Michael E. Aulton; Aulton’s Pharmaceutics- ‘The
Design and Manufacture of Medicines’, 3 rd Edition,
page no. 540-563.
Michael J. Rathbone; Oral Mucosal Drug
Delivery,Vol.74,page no.65-79.
www.google.com
February 11, 2013 Dept. of Pharmaceutics 45