Lichens , types of lichens based on growth and habitat, importance of lichens, fungal habits and colonization strategies, Air borne fungi and micotoxins.
Extremophiles are a category of microorganisms which can tolerate extreme conditions and survive in it. This presentation contains only some of them like thermophiles, halophiles, psychrophiles etc.
Part 2 which included other extremophiles will be uploaded soon! Stay tuned, follow me. All the content is taken from internet and due to some problems i could not mention the references.
Biofilms are common in the natural world.
Biofilms are a collective of one or more types of microorganisms that can grow on many different surfaces.
The vast majority of the earth’s microorganisms (99 %) live in biofilms.
Microorganisms that form biofilms include bacteria, fungi, algae and some enteric viruses.
The biofilm matrix is an important part of the biofilm containing the microbial cells, exopolysaccharides, and water.
Usually, the microbial cells in a biofilm are embedded in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) Produced by themselves which is also called Slime.
EPS contains extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides which form slime.
Microbial cells in the biofilm are different from the planktonic cells that are single cells and can float on a liquid medium.
Extremophiles are a category of microorganisms which can tolerate extreme conditions and survive in it. This presentation contains only some of them like thermophiles, halophiles, psychrophiles etc.
Part 2 which included other extremophiles will be uploaded soon! Stay tuned, follow me. All the content is taken from internet and due to some problems i could not mention the references.
Biofilms are common in the natural world.
Biofilms are a collective of one or more types of microorganisms that can grow on many different surfaces.
The vast majority of the earth’s microorganisms (99 %) live in biofilms.
Microorganisms that form biofilms include bacteria, fungi, algae and some enteric viruses.
The biofilm matrix is an important part of the biofilm containing the microbial cells, exopolysaccharides, and water.
Usually, the microbial cells in a biofilm are embedded in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) Produced by themselves which is also called Slime.
EPS contains extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides which form slime.
Microbial cells in the biofilm are different from the planktonic cells that are single cells and can float on a liquid medium.
Bacteria are described in two ways:
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
The bacterial classification is based on 16S RNA sequences
Carl Woese, Oganizes the Domain Bacteria into 18 phyla
Bacterial phyla used in industrial microbiology and biotechnology
ORGANIC MATTER AND ITS DECOMPOSITION.pptxVanangamudiK1
ORGANIC MATTER AND ITS DECOMPOSITION
Organic matter
Composition of organic residues
Organic matter classification
Decomposition of soil organic matter
C: N ratio
Role of organic matter
Factors affecting soil organic matter
Factors affecting organic matter decomposition
Bacteria are described in two ways:
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
The bacterial classification is based on 16S RNA sequences
Carl Woese, Oganizes the Domain Bacteria into 18 phyla
Bacterial phyla used in industrial microbiology and biotechnology
ORGANIC MATTER AND ITS DECOMPOSITION.pptxVanangamudiK1
ORGANIC MATTER AND ITS DECOMPOSITION
Organic matter
Composition of organic residues
Organic matter classification
Decomposition of soil organic matter
C: N ratio
Role of organic matter
Factors affecting soil organic matter
Factors affecting organic matter decomposition
Lichens=(Algae+Fungi) Symbiotic Association (Phycobiont+ Mycobiont), Idealistic marriage, Pioneers species of Xerosere succession Shows Dual Nature, Trinity=(One Algae+Two Fungi), Natural farmers, it melt stone convert stone to soil particles
Along with bacteria, these are the most important Decomposers in the biosphere. They convert dead, organic matter into its inorganic components. Pathogenic/parasitc fungi have specialized hyphae called haustoria, which are used to invade the host's cells and create a nutrient pathway between fungus and host.
Lichens are very effective at absorbing nutrients directly from the atmosphere, and for this reason are very sensitive to smog.They are important primary producers in harsh environments such as tundra.
Several major taxa of fungi are generally recognized...
Chytridiomycota (the "chytrids")
Zygomycota (the black bread molds)
Ascomycota (the sac fungi)
Basidiomycota (the club fungi)
Agricultural Microbiology: Role of microbes in soil fertilitySarthakMoharana
Description on different microbes which plays role in maintaining soil fertility.
Fertile soils teem with microorganisms, which directly contribute to the biological fertility of that soil.
Biological fertility is under-studied and our scientific knowledge of it is incomplete.
In addition to fertility, soil microorganisms also play essential roles in the nutrient cycles that are fundamentally important to life on the planet.
In the past, agricultural practices have failed to promote healthy populations of microorganisms, limiting production yields and threatening sustainability.
Scientific research is exploring new and exciting possibilities for the restoration and promotion of healthy microbial populations in the soil.
‘Soil is essential for the maintenance of biodiversity above and below ground. The wealth of biodiversity below ground is vast and unappreciated: millions of microorganisms live and reproduce in a few grams of topsoil, an ecosystem essential for life on earth…’
From: Australian Soils and Landscape, An Illustrated Compendium
This is the second chapter under the Unit-1 of NEET examination syllabus. It is specially prepared to make the students of the NEET examination score all the possible questions for the chappter.
cell lineage , cell fate - diverse class of cell fate, cell fate in plant meristem, mammalian development cell fate, nutritional effects on epigenetics, epigenetics of plants,
control of cell fate.
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM -
types of genetic polymorphism,
reasons why issue of cultivated plants are not fully resolved,
and strategies and innovations to fulfill demand of population.
Kohlbergs moral development, Erik erikson's stages and Factors affecting grow...nishakataria10
Continuation with last upload
Kohlbergs moral development theory, its stages and criticism,
Erik erikson's stages of psychological development - conflicts during each stage,
Factors affecting growth and development.
B.Ed first year notes
CHILD DEVELOPMENT STAGES AND PIAGET'S THEORYnishakataria10
Concept, principles, stages of development,
Piagets theory of cognitive development, its stages and important terma about the theory
B.ed first year notes.
ROOT HAIR DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS:
structure and development of root hairs, Initiation and molecular genetics of root hair, functions of root hairs.
complete topic from authentic websites. Essential for for all life science students.
Phytogeographical zones, farmers rights, intellectual property rights, Plant exploration, plant introduction and plant invasion, invasion species, deforestation and social forestry, Ramsar convention on wetlands, Role of botanical gardens, cryobanks, seed bank in biodiversity, cryopreservation, NBPGR, CBD, NBA, Ethnobotany,
Biodiversity- National and Global status, Hotspots of biodiversity Endangered and endemic species, Extinction, Significance, Causes, Levels of biodiversity, IUCN categories of threat, Red Data Book - advantages and disadvantages, local plants diversity of haryana, Biodiversity concepts, principles of conservation and strategies, major approaches to management, Protected areas network- wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves.
fungi: heterothallism, heterokaryosis, parasexuality,fungi sex hormones, Mycorrhizae, Types of mycorrhizae, Defence mechanism in plants- structural and biochemical.
Structure of bacteria, its characteristics, Reproduction, bacterial shapes, types of bacteria , Difference bw gram positive and gram negative bacteria, Economic importance of bacteria,Quiz questions.
Self identity, self esteem and its types, inner self, aspects of development of inner self and its strategies, personality ,self expression and its forms, social interaction and group influence.
useful for B.ed students (first year).
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptx
Lichens (Microbiology and Pathology)
1.
2.
3. What is Lichen?
A lichen is not a single organism but a symbiosis among
different organisms like fungus and a cyanobacterium
or algae.
Cyanobacteria are also referred to as blue-green algae
despite the fact of being distinct from algae.
The non-fungal part is known as photobiont that contains
chlorophyll.
Many lichen partners include one photobiont and one
mycobiont which is not universal and there are lichens with
more than one photobiont partner.
4. Mostly, lichens grow slowly.
The one in which the phycobiont is a blue-green
bacterium has the ability to convert nitrogen gas into
ammonia.
Some can reach the age of many centuries, mainly
the one living in stressful environments such as arctic
tundra or alpine.
5.
6.
7. There are various other types of
lichens. Based on their certain special
features, they are classified into
different types.
Based on their growth
1. Crustose Lichens
• Crustose lichens are flat, thin and
without any distinct lobes.
• They are usually found closely
attached to stones, rocks, barks and
the trunk of trees.
• Haematomma puniceum and
Graphic scripta are the best
examples of crustose lichens
8. 2. Foliose Lichens
The foliose lichens are more attractive
compared to other types of lichens. They
are flat shaped, broad, smooth and leaf-like
structures, which often resemble crinkled
and twisted leaves. It holds a distinct upper
and a lower surface. This type of lichens is
generally found attached to rocks and twigs
with the help of the rhizoid. Cetraria,
Cluiudhuria, Parmelia and Xanthoria are a
few examples of foliose lichens.
9. 3. Fruticose Lichens
These are the most important types of
lichens, which are thin and freely
branched. The fruticose lichens
constitute larger and attractive growths
standing out from the branches of
trees, foliage and rocks. Cladonia,
Ramalina and Usnea are the common
examples of fruticose lichens.
10. Based on their habitat:
1.Lignicolous. These types of lichens live in the woods.
2.Corticolous- These types of lichens live on the bark of trees.
3.Saxicolous- These types of lichens live on stones or rocks.
4.Marine. These types of lichens are found growing on the siliceous
rocks, near the shores of the sea.
5.Freshwater. These types of lichens are found growing on the hard
siliceous rocks, especially around the freshwater.
6.Terricolous- These types of lichens are found growing on the soil,
therefore also called the terrestrial lichens.
11. • Importance Of Lichens
• Lichens hold a great economic importance and are essential
for the environment in several ways.
• Some species of lichens are regarded with the conversion of
rocks into the soil, helps in the formation of soil, improving the
quality of the soil and also by enriching the soil required for the
plants’ growth.
• Lichens also plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle by
fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere.
12. • Lichens serve as an important source of food for humans across the
world. The Iceland moss is an important source of food in certain
parts of both Northern Europe and American continents.
• Based on the size of these lichens, Petrologists and Geologists are
able to study and find the age and other features of rocks and their
surfaces.
• Since ancient times, these species are well known for their various
colouring agents and dyes. They are a good source of natural dyes.
The litmus test, pH indicator and other dyes used in laboratories are
extracted from different species of lichens.
• Lichens also serve as a Biodegradation, by the degradation of
polyester, lead, copper, radionuclides and other pollutants, polluting
the planet earth.
13. They are also a great source of food for many aquatic
organisms and are widely used as anti-infective agents in
pharmaceutical industries to produce antibiotics, anti-
mycobacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory products.
14.
15.
16. • Fungus
• A fungus is any member of
the group of eukaryotic
organisms that includes
microorganisms such as
yeasts and molds, as well as
the more familiar
mushrooms.
• These organisms are
classified as a kingdom,
which is separate from the
other eukaryotic life
kingdoms of plants and
animals.
17.
18. • Fungi are found all around the world and
grow in a wide range of habitats,
including deserts.
• Most grow on land (terrestrial)
environments, but several species live
only in aquatic habitats.
• Most fungi live in either soil or dead
matter, and many are symbionts of
plants, animals, or other fungi.
19.
20.
21. Colonization, or being colonized with C. auris, means that a person
has the fungus somewhere on their body but does not have an
infection or symptoms of infection.
What is fungal colonization-
o The fungal colonization is identified by the presence
of vegetative growth represented by ramifying hyphae.
o The colonization may be temporal and microscopic or
more extensive and obvious by sight and smell in
buildings with moisture problems.
22. AM fungi release glomalins that
are certain metal sorble
glycoproteins which increase the
immobilization of toxic metals.
Another protein is
metallothionine released by
certain AM fungi, which also
reduces the heavy metal toxicity
in soil.
23. There are two types of fungal colonization in fully myco-
heterotrophic orchids.
o In the majority of species, hyphal pelotons reminiscent of those seen
in green orchids are produced.
o These coils develop extensively in the outer cortical cells of the roots
but are only rarely found in the epidermal layer.
o In the second type of colonization, described by Burgeff (1932) as
ptyophagy, hyphal penetration of cells is restricted in the mid-cortex by
the formation of encapsulating ingrowths of the plant cell wall.
24.
25.
26. o What is airborne fungal spores?
o Airborne Fungal Spores In the
Outdoor Environment.
o Spores are released into the
environment from fungi growing as
saprophytes or parasites.
o Saprophytes are fungi that grow on
dead or decaying organic matter in
the soil or elsewhere in the
environment.
27. o Are airborne fungi harmful to humans?
o As mentioned earlier, airborne fungal spores can pose
major health and economic risks to humans, animal
populations and even plants.
o Therefore, there is need to be aware of the
composition and concentration of airborne fungal
spores to better control them.
28. Health Effects Associated with
Fungal Spores
Many fungi, if not all, are capable of causing allergic
responses in susceptible individuals. This happens
when one inhales excessive airborne spores.
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds but are only
produced under certain environmental conditions.
Some mycotoxins are carcinogenic and others can
damage the immune system. Though there has
been a great deal of interest in the past few years on
mycotoxins in indoor air little is known about their
negative health effects.
29. o While it is generally known that indoor fungi are potentially a
health hazard, there is no agreed upon level of airborne fungal
spores that signifies contamination and no health-based
guidelines exist.
o In absence of guidelines it is recommended that any indoor
fungal growth be removed and the moisture problem be fixed so
as to control fungal growth.