The document discusses genetic polymorphism, highlighting its types, including balanced and transient polymorphism, along with their significance in evolution and natural selection. It provides examples such as sickle cell anemia for balanced polymorphism and the peppered moth for transient polymorphism. Additionally, it addresses issues in food production and suggests strategies like soil-less culture and genetic engineering to meet agricultural demands.

1. GENETIC
POLYMORPHISM

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POLYMORPHISM
GENETIC
POLYMORPHISM
BALANCED
POLYMORPHISM
TRANSIENT
POLYMORPHISM

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POLYMORPHISM –THE OCCURRENCEOFTWO OR MORE DISTINCT FORMS OF
INDIVIDUALS IN SAME POPULATION OR SPECIES AND IN SAME LOCALITY.
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM –THE PRESENCE OFTWO OR MORE ALLELE FOR ANY
GENE LOCUS IN FREQUENCIESTOO LARGETO BE EXPLAINED BY MUTATION
ALONE.
SAILENT FEATURESOF GENETIC POLYMORPHISM –
 EXISTENCE OF MORETHANTWOTYPES OF GENOTYPE IN A
POPULATION.
 DIFFERENT FORMSADAPTEDTO DIFFERENTTYPES OF
ENVIRONMENT.
 ALL MENDELIAN POPULATIONARE POLYMORPHIC.
 IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR EVOLUTION.
 IT IS INHERITEDAND MODIFIED BY NATURAL SELECTION.
 IT INCREASE EFFICIENCY IN EXPLOITATION OF RESOURCESOF
ENVIRONMENT.

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BALANCED POLYMORPHISM –
BALANCED POLYMORPHISMTAKES PLACE DUETO MAINTAINENCE OFTWO DIFFERENT
VARIATIONOF GENES (BOTH ALLELE) OVERTIME.
SAILENT FEATURESOF BALANCED POLYMORPHISM –
 EACH FORM HAS SELECTIVE ADVANTAGEOF EQUAL INTENSITY.
 NONE OFTHE FORM HAS SELECTIVEADVANTAGEOVER OTHER.
 HETEROZYGOTESARE AT SELECTIVEADVANTAGE,THIS IS CALLED HETEROZYGOTE
SUPERIORITYAGAINST HOMOZYGOTES.
 BALANCED POLYMORPHISM ISGENETIC POLYMORPHISM. IT IS STEADILY MAINTAINED
BY NATURAL SELECTION.
EXAMPLES
 SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA
 TAY-SACHS DISEASE
 CYSTIC FIBROSIS
 DROSOPHILA POLYMORPHA

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TRANSIENT POLYMORPHISM –
IT IS FOUND IN POPULATIONWHERETWO ALLELE IN A GENE POOL (POLYMORPHIC)AND
ONE ALLELE REPLACE OTHER DUETO ENVIRONMENTAL SELECTIVE PRESSURE (NATURAL
SELECTION).
EXAMPLE – PEPPERED MOTH (Biston betularia)
VARIATION - COLORATION
Some moth have light color while other are darker melonic colored.
ENVIRONMENT CHANGE
Pollution from individuals activities causes trees blacken with shoot
during industrial revolution.
RESPONSE
Light colored moth died from predation whereas melanic moth were
camouflaged and survive to pass on their genes.
EVOLUTION
Overtime, frequency of melanic form increased (with improved
industrial practices, lighter variant become more common).

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Issue of cultivated plants not fully resolved
REASONS
More population , less land.
Food production less than actual production.
Infertile soil on worlds 2nd largest continent.
Food production less , wastage of food more.
Green revolution cons.

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Strategies/innovations to fulfill demand
Soil less culture.
Less use of fertilizer and pesticide to reduce pollution.
Increase use of marine resources like Alga as human food.
Genetic engineering use in crop genetics.
Modern agriculture technologies introduce.
Family planning programe should introduce.

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