ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY (SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)enahmarizbfrancisco
Ecosystem: a natural environment which includes the flora (plants) and fauna (animals) that live and interact within that environment. Biodiversity: the variety of natural life and habitats on Earth.
ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY (SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)enahmarizbfrancisco
Ecosystem: a natural environment which includes the flora (plants) and fauna (animals) that live and interact within that environment. Biodiversity: the variety of natural life and habitats on Earth.
This is the second chapter under the Unit-1 of NEET examination syllabus. It is specially prepared to make the students of the NEET examination score all the possible questions for the chappter.
Agricultural Microbiology: Role of microbes in soil fertilitySarthakMoharana
Description on different microbes which plays role in maintaining soil fertility.
Fertile soils teem with microorganisms, which directly contribute to the biological fertility of that soil.
Biological fertility is under-studied and our scientific knowledge of it is incomplete.
In addition to fertility, soil microorganisms also play essential roles in the nutrient cycles that are fundamentally important to life on the planet.
In the past, agricultural practices have failed to promote healthy populations of microorganisms, limiting production yields and threatening sustainability.
Scientific research is exploring new and exciting possibilities for the restoration and promotion of healthy microbial populations in the soil.
‘Soil is essential for the maintenance of biodiversity above and below ground. The wealth of biodiversity below ground is vast and unappreciated: millions of microorganisms live and reproduce in a few grams of topsoil, an ecosystem essential for life on earth…’
From: Australian Soils and Landscape, An Illustrated Compendium
Lichens , types of lichens based on growth and habitat, importance of lichens, fungal habits and colonization strategies, Air borne fungi and micotoxins.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This is the second chapter under the Unit-1 of NEET examination syllabus. It is specially prepared to make the students of the NEET examination score all the possible questions for the chappter.
Agricultural Microbiology: Role of microbes in soil fertilitySarthakMoharana
Description on different microbes which plays role in maintaining soil fertility.
Fertile soils teem with microorganisms, which directly contribute to the biological fertility of that soil.
Biological fertility is under-studied and our scientific knowledge of it is incomplete.
In addition to fertility, soil microorganisms also play essential roles in the nutrient cycles that are fundamentally important to life on the planet.
In the past, agricultural practices have failed to promote healthy populations of microorganisms, limiting production yields and threatening sustainability.
Scientific research is exploring new and exciting possibilities for the restoration and promotion of healthy microbial populations in the soil.
‘Soil is essential for the maintenance of biodiversity above and below ground. The wealth of biodiversity below ground is vast and unappreciated: millions of microorganisms live and reproduce in a few grams of topsoil, an ecosystem essential for life on earth…’
From: Australian Soils and Landscape, An Illustrated Compendium
Lichens , types of lichens based on growth and habitat, importance of lichens, fungal habits and colonization strategies, Air borne fungi and micotoxins.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. •The distribution of microorganisms in aquatic
environments is a complex and dynamic process
influenced by various physical, chemical, and biological
factors. Aquatic environments include oceans, seas, lakes,
rivers, ponds, and even smaller bodies of water like
puddles and water-filled cavities.
•Microorganisms in aquatic environments play crucial
roles in nutrient cycling, food webs, and ecosystem
functioning. Understanding their distribution is essential
for studying aquatic ecology and environmental
management.
3. MICROORGANISMS OF AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
Microorganisms inhabit surface waters in all zones; they may be suspended
(plankton), cover fixed submerged objects, plants, etc. (periphyton), or reside in
sediments at the bottom (benthos).
1. Plankton
• Plankton or bioseston refers to the group of organisms that passively float in water
without the ability to resist the movement and flow of water mass. These are
classified as follows: a. Phytoplankton . Zooplankton Protozoa plankton
• heterotrophic bacteria plankton, Virus plankton
2. Periphyton
• Periphyton inhabits coastal zones. They are a collection of creatures that attach
themselves to various objects and aquatic plants.
• Typically, they consist of microscopic algae, such as diatoms, green algae, and
bacteria
4. 3. Benthos
• The benthos are a collection of species that inhabit the bottom environment.
• The mucky bottom includes an abundance of organic chemicals produced by decomposition of dead materials
(fallen parts of plants and animals).
4. Bacteria
Bacteria, some of the smallest and oldest organisms on the planet, are prevalent in all water systems and
practically every environment. Many bacteria wash into rivers and streams from the surrounding land, and their
numbers can grow substantially after a rainfall
The metabolic capabilities of bacteria are the most diverse of any group of species. Both heterotrophic and
autotrophic microorganisms exist.
In aquatic systems, heterotrophic bacteria play a significant role in the breakdown of organic materials and the
cycling of nutrients.
5. 5. Fungi
• Fungi consist of solitary cells and filaments known as hyphae. The majority of aquatic fungi are tiny, with
hyphomycetes being the most abundant and significant.
• As with heterotrophic bacteria, fungus receive their nutrition by secreting
• Fungi play a crucial role in the decomposition of plant matter in aquatic systems, as they are among the only
creatures capable of decomposing plant structural components such as cellulose and lignin.
6. Protozoa
• Protozoa are small, unicellular organisms that occasionally form colonies.
• Protozoa come in both autotrophic and heterotrophic varieties. In contrast to bacteria and fungi, heterotrophic
protozoa (such as amoebas and Paramecium) devour other species, including algae, bacteria, and other protists.
6. 7. Algae
• Several types of predominantly autotrophic protists are known as algae. As with the term
“microorganisms,” it is a colloquial phrase used for convenience to refer to microorganisms
that carry out photosynthesis; cyanobacteria are frequently categorised as algae.
7. Understanding their distribution is essential for studying aquatic
ecology and environmental management. Which are:
1. Physical Factors:
Temperature: Microbial distribution is influenced by temperature since different species
have specific temperature ranges in which they thrive. For example, some bacteria may
prefer cold waters in polar regions, while others are adapted to warm tropical waters.
2. Chemical Factors:
• Nutrients: The availability of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon significantly
impacts microbial distribution. Nutrient-rich areas, often associated with runoff from land or
upwelling in oceans, can support high microbial productivity.
8. 3. Water Movement:
Currents: Water currents can transport microorganisms over long distances, leading to the dispersal of species
and influencing their distribution patterns.
Mixing: Vertical mixing in oceans and lakes due to wind or other forces can affect microbial distribution by
changing nutrient availability and light exposure.
4. Biological Interactions:
Competition: Microorganisms compete for resources, and this competition can affect their distribution
patterns. Dominant species may outcompete others in certain niches.
Predation: Grazers and predators can control the abundance of certain microorganisms. For instance,
protozoa may consume bacteria, affecting bacterial populations.
9. 5. Habitat Specificity:
Benthic vs. Pelagic: Microorganisms can be found in different habitats within aquatic environments. Benthic
microorganisms live in or on the sediments at the bottom, while pelagic microorganisms live freely in the water
column.
Zonation: Microbial communities can exhibit zonation based on depth or other physical factors, leading to distinct
communities at different water depths.
6. Human Impact:
Pollution: Pollution from human activities can disrupt microbial communities. Nutrient runoff, industrial waste, and
oil spills can lead to harmful algal blooms or alter microbial community structures.
Climate Change: Changes in temperature, ocean acidification, and sea-level rise due to climate change can impact
microbial distribution and alter ecosystem dynamics.
10. Overall, the distribution of microorganisms in aquatic environments is a complex
interplay of physical, chemical, and biological factors. Studying these factors can help us
better understand aquatic ecosystems and their responses to environmental changes.