Extremophiles. Extremly Halophilic Archea are included in this category. Halophiles means salt loving.

1. PRESENTED BY: MUZNA KASHAF
ROLL NUMBER: 16261514-030

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Habitat
 Digestion
 Excretion
 Adaptations to environment
 Cellular adaptation
 Protein adaptation
 Cell membrane adaptation
 Applications
 References

3. INTRODUCTION
 Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
 They are a type of extremophile organisms.
 The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
 Most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain.
 They are anaerobes and could be observed transforming
diverse range of substrates in hypersaline habitats.
Example:
 Halobacteroides halobius

4. Salt ponds with pink colored Haloarchaea on the edge of San Francisco Bay,
near Fremont, California

5. MORPHOLOGY AND INTERNAL
STRUCTURE
 Pleomorphic.
 Shape depend on salt conc. of environment.
 Internal gas vesicles which enable cell to regulate their
position in water.

6. ISOLATION AND
IDENTIFICATION
 These microorganisms were first isolated and
identified as the causative agents of spoilage of salted
materials.
 They spoiled the salted food because they are extreme
halophiles and can tolerate high salt concentration.
 They can be identified by gene sequencing techniques.

7. HALOTOLERANCE
 Extreme halophiles tolerate 3.4 to 5.1 M (20 to 30%) salt
content.
 Some extreme halophiles can live in 35% salt.
Example:
 Salinibacter ruber
 Halobacterium salinarum

9. HABITAT
 Soda lakes
 Dead Sea
 Carbonate springs
 Salt lakes
 Alkaline soils

10. Utah, United States great salt lake
Halobacterium and Halococcus are found
here
Owens Lake. The pink coloration is caused
by halobacteria

11. DIGESTION
 Archaebacteria digest their food through endocytosis.
 It is extracellular process
 Nutrients are absorbed into the cell directly through the
membrane.
EXCRETION
 Archaebacteria excrete waste through diffusion.
 They release waste particles through their cell membrane as a
liquid or a gas.
METABOLISM

12. ADAPTATIONS OF EXTREME
HALOPHILES TO THEIR
ENVIRONMENT
 Cellular Adaptation
 Salt In Strategy
 Protein Adaptation
 Cell Membrane Adaptation

13. SALT IN STRATEGY
 Accumulation of inorganic ions intracellularly to balance the salt
concentration in their environment.
 This process involves the Cl- pumps that are found only in
halophiles that transport Cl- from the environment into the
cytoplasm.
 Extreme halophiles of the archaeal Halobacteriaceae family
maintain their osmotic balance by concentrating K+ inside cells.
 This is achieved by the action of the membrane bound proton-pump
bacteriorhodopsin.

14. Salt in strategy

15. Haloarchea

16. PROTEIN ADAPTATION:
 They have a larger proportion of glutamate and aspartate on their
surfaces.
CELL MEMBRANE ADAPTATION:
 The membranes of extremely halophilic Archaea are characterized
by the abundance of a phosphatidyl glycerol methyl phosphate
(PGP-Me).
 These membranes are stable in concentrated 3-5 molar NaCl
solutions.

17. APPLICATIONS OF HALOPHILES
Industrial application:
 Carotene can be used as food additives or as food coloring agents.
 Halobacterium salinarum is used in the fermentation of soy sauce
and Thai fish sauce.
 Poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate is produced by halophilic archea.
 It is used for the production of biodegradable plastics.
 Ectoine is commercially produced by extracting the compound from
halophilic bacteria.
It can protect ;
 Unstable enzymes
 Nucleic acid against high salinity
 Thermal denaturation
 Desiccation and freezing.

18. Medical Application
 They produce halocins.
 Halocins are protein antibiotics secreted into the environment
 They kill or inhibit the sensitive haloarchaeal strains that
occupy the same niche.

19. OTHER USES:
 Increasing crude oil extraction through microbial
enhanced oil recovery (MEOR).
 Genetically engineering halophilic enzymes encoding
DNA into crops to allow for salt tolerance.
 Used to remove toxic materials such as lead,
phosphorous and cadmium from contaminated
materials.
 Treatment of waste water.

20. REFERENCES
 Temperton B, Giovannoni SJ (2012) Metagenomics Microbial
diversity through a scratched lens. Curr Opin Microbiol 15: 605- 612.
 Moreno ML, Perez D, García MT, Mellado E (2013) Halophilic
bacteria as a source of novel hydrolytic enzymes. Life 3: 38- 51.
 Waditee-Sirisattha R, Kageyama H, Takabe T (2016) Halophilic
microorganism resources and their applications in industrial and
environmental biotechnology. AIMS Microbiol 2: 42-54

21. THANK YOU