Soil microorganisms play a vital role in soil fertility and the nutrient cycles that support life. There are diverse types of microbes in soil including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, algae, protozoa, viruses, and nematodes. Each group serves important functions like decomposing organic matter, mineralizing nutrients, and supporting plant growth. A healthy population of soil microbes is essential for agricultural production and sustainability, but past practices have sometimes failed to promote microbial health. More research seeks to restore and promote soil microbes through improved agricultural methods.
Plant microbe interaction by dr. ashwin chekeAshwin Cheke
PLANT MICROBE – INTERACTIONS AND THEIR MUTUAL BENEFITS IN ENHANCING SOIL HEALTH AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,
IT ALSO INCREASE CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND IMPROVE SOIL HEALTH
Soils give a mechanical support to plants from which they extract nutrients. soil provides shelters for many animal types, from invertebrates such as worms and insects up to mammals like rabbits, moles, foxes and badgers. It also provides habitats colonised by a staggering variety of microorganisms. This module is about the microbial life in soils.
Plant microbe interaction by dr. ashwin chekeAshwin Cheke
PLANT MICROBE – INTERACTIONS AND THEIR MUTUAL BENEFITS IN ENHANCING SOIL HEALTH AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,
IT ALSO INCREASE CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND IMPROVE SOIL HEALTH
Soils give a mechanical support to plants from which they extract nutrients. soil provides shelters for many animal types, from invertebrates such as worms and insects up to mammals like rabbits, moles, foxes and badgers. It also provides habitats colonised by a staggering variety of microorganisms. This module is about the microbial life in soils.
Artificial intelligence is based on the principle that human intelligence can be defined in a way that a machine can easily mimic it and execute tasks, from the simplest to those that are even more complex. The goals of artificial intelligence include learning, reasoning, and perception.
“We’re at beginning of a golden age of AI. Recent advancements have already led to invention that previously lived in the realm of science fiction – and we have only scratched the surface of what’s possible”– JEFF BEZOS, Amazon CEO
Some examples, vision-recognition systems on self-driving cars, in the recommendation engines that suggest products you might like based on what you bought in the past, speech, and language recognition of the Siri virtual assistant on the Apple iPhone.
AI is making a huge impact in all domains of the industry. Every industry looking to automate certain jobs through the use of intelligent machinery. And a good Agriculture and farming are one of the oldest and most important professions in the world. It plays an important role in the economic sector. Worldwide, agriculture is a $5 trillion industry.
The global population is expected to reach more than nine billion by 2050 which will require an increase in agricultural production by 70% to fulfill the demand. As the world population is increasing due to which land water and resources becoming insufficient to continue the demand-supply chain. So, we need a smarter approach and become more efficient about how we farm and can be most productive
In this presentation, We will cover are challenges faced by farmers by using traditional methods of farming and how Artificial Intelligence is making a revolution in agriculture by replacing traditional methods by using more efficient methods and helping the world to become a better place.
Artificial Intelligence in agriculture not only helping farmers to automate their farming but also shifts to precise cultivation for higher crop yield and better quality while using fewer resources.
Companies involved in improving machine learning or Artificial Intelligence-based products or services like training data for agriculture, drone, and automated machine making will get technological advancement in the future will provide more useful applications to this sector helping the world deal with food production issues for the growing population.
The future of AI in farming largely depends on the adoption of AI solutions. Although some large-scale researches are in progress and some applications are already in the market, yet industry in agriculture is underserved. Moreover, creating predictive solutions to solve a real challenge faced by farmers in farming is still in progress at an early stage.
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
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2. Introduction
• Fertile soils teem with microorganisms, which directly contribute to the biological
fertility of that soil.
• Biological fertility is under-studied and our scientific knowledge of it is
incomplete.
• In addition to fertility, soil microorganisms also play essential roles in the nutrient
cycles that are fundamentally important to life on the planet.
• In the past, agricultural practices have failed to promote healthy populations of
microorganisms, limiting production yields and threatening sustainability.
• Scientific research is exploring new and exciting possibilities for the restoration
and promotion of healthy microbial populations in the soil.
‘Soil is essential for the maintenance of biodiversity above and below ground. The
wealth of biodiversity below ground is vast and unappreciated: millions of
microorganisms live and reproduce in a few grams of topsoil, an ecosystem essential for
life on earth…’
From: Australian Soils and Landscape, An Illustrated Compendium
3. Summary
Soil fertility comprises three interrelated components:
• Physical fertility,
• Chemical fertility and
• Biological fertility.
Biological fertility, the organisms that live in the soil and interact with the other
components, varies greatly depending upon conditions and it is highly complex and
dynamic. It is the least well-understood fertility component. In addition to soil
fertility, soil microorganisms play essential roles in the nutrient cycles that are
fundamental to life on the planet. Fertile soils teem with soil microbes. There may be
hundreds of millions to billions of microbes in a single gram of soil. The most
numerous microbes in soil are the bacteria, followed in decreasing numerical order
by the actinomycetes, the fungi, soil algae and soil protozoa. A better understanding
of soil microbiology is essential if agricultural production is to meet the needs of a
growing world population. In many regions, the healthy microbe population is still
being threatened, and not promoted, by agricultural practices.
4. Bacteria
• Bacteria are organisms that have
only one cell and are, therefore,
microscopic.
• There are anywhere from 100 million
to one billion bacteria in just a
teaspoon of moist, fertile soil.
• They are decomposers, eating dead
plant material and organic waste. By
doing this, the bacteria release
nutrients that other organisms could
not access. The bacteria do this by
changing the nutrients from
inaccessible to usable forms.
• The process is essential in the
nitrogen cycle.
• E.g., Like Nitrosomonas and Nitrobater
• Bacteria like
Lactobacillus are
used to for the
production of curd
from the milk.
5. Actinomycetes
• Actinomycetes are soil
microorganisms like both bacteria
and fungi, and have
characteristics linking them to
both groups. They are often
believed to be the missing
evolutionary link between
bacteria and fungi, but they have
many more characteristics in
common with bacteria than they
do fungi.
• Actinomycetes give soil its
characteristic smell.
• They have also been the source of
several significant therapeutic
medicines.
6. Fungi
• Fungi are unusual organisms, in that they are not plants or
animals. They group themselves into fibrous strings called
hyphae. The hyphae then form groups called mycelium
which are less than 0.8mm wide but can get as long as
several metres.
• They are helpful, but could also be harmful, to soil
organisms. Fungi are helpful because they have the ability
to break down nutrients that other organisms cannot. They
then release them into the soil, and other organisms get to
use them.
• Fungi can attach themselves to plant roots. Most plants
grow much better when this happens. This is a beneficial
relationship called mycorrhizal.
• The fungi help the plant by giving it needed nutrients and
the fungi get carbohydrates from the plant, the same food
that plants give to humans. On the other hand, fungi can get
food by being parasites and attaching themselves to plants
or other organisms for selfish reasons.
7. Some of the functions performed in soil by fungi
are:
•Decomposers – saprophytic fungi – convert dead organic
material into fungal biomass, carbon dioxide (CO2), and small
molecules, such as organic acids.
•Mutualists – the mycorrhizal fungi – colonise plant roots. In
exchange for carbon from the plant, mycorrhizal fungi help to
make phosphorus soluble and bring soil nutrients (phosphorus,
nitrogen, micronutrients and, perhaps, water) to the plant. One
major group of mycorrhizae, the ecto-mycorrhizae, grow on
the surface layers of the roots and are commonly associated
with trees. The second major group of mycorrhizae are
the endo-mycorrhizae that grow within the root cells and which
are commonly associated with grasses, row crops, vegetables
and shrubs.
•Parasites: The third group of fungi, pathogens or parasites,
causes reduced production or death when they colonise roots
and other organisms.
8. Algae
Algae are present in most of the soils
where moisture and sunlight are
available.
Their number in the soil usually ranges
from 100 to 10,000 per gram of soil.
They are capable of photosynthesis,
whereby they and obtain carbon dioxide
from atmosphere and energy from
sunlight and synthesise their own food.
9. The major roles and functions of algae in
soil are:
• Playing an important role in the maintenance of
soil fertility, especially in tropical soils.
• Adding organic matter to soil when they die and
thus increasing the amount of organic carbon in
soil.
• Acting as a cementing agent by binding soil
particles and thereby reducing and preventing soil
erosion.
• Helping to increase the water retention capacity
of soil for longer time periods.
• Liberating large quantities of oxygen in the soil
environment through the process of
photosynthesis and, thus, facilitating submerged
aeration.
• Helping to check the loss of nitrates through
leaching and drainage, especially in
un-cropped soils.
• Helping in the weathering of rocks and the
building up of soil structure.
10. Protozoa
These are colourless, single-celled animal-like
organisms.
They are larger than bacteria, varying from a few
microns to a few millimetres. Their population in arable
soil ranges from 10,000 to 100,000 per gram of soil and
they are abundant in surface soil.
They can withstand adverse soil conditions, as they are
characterised by a protected, dormant stage in their life
cycle.
The major functions, roles and features of protozoa
are:
• Most protozoans derive their nutrition from feeding or
ingesting soil bacteria and, thus, they play an
important role in maintaining microbial/bacterial
equilibrium in the soil.
• Some protozoa have been recently used as biological
control agents against organisms that cause harmful
diseases in plants.
• Several soil protozoa cause diseases in human beings
that are carried through water and other vectors.
Amoebic dysentery is an example.
11. Viruses
• Soil viruses are of great importance, as they may influence
the ecology of soil biological communities through both an
ability to transfer genes from host to host and as a potential
cause of microbial mortality.
• Consequently, viruses are major players in global cycles,
influencing the turnover and concentration of nutrients and
gases.
• Despite this importance, the subject of soil virology is
understudied. To explore the role of the viruses in plant
health and soil quality, studies are being conducted into
virus diversity and abundance in different geographic areas
(ecosystems).
• It has been found that viruses are highly abundant in all the
areas studied so far, even in circumstances where bacterial
populations differ significantly in the same environments.
• Soils probably harbour many novel viral species that,
together, may represent a large reservoir of genetic
diversity. Some researchers believe that investigating this
largely unexplored diversity of soil viruses has the potential
to transform our understanding of the role of viruses in
global ecosystem processes and the evolution of microbial
life itself.
12.
13. Nematodes
• Not microorganisms (strictly speaking), nematode worms are
typically 50 microns in diameter and one millimetre in length.
• Species responsible for plant diseases have received much
attention, but far less is known about much of the nematode
community, which play beneficial roles in soil.
• An incredible variety of nematodes have been found to function at
several levels of the soil food web. Some feed on the plants and
algae (the first level), others are grazers that feed on bacteria and
fungi (second level), and some feed on other nematodes (higher
levels).
Free-living nematodes can be divided into four broad groups based on
their diet.
Fungal-feeders feed by puncturing the cell walls of fungi and sucking
out the internal contents.
Predatory nematodes eat all types of nematodes and protozoa.
Bacterial-feeders consume bacteria.
They eat smaller organisms whole or attach themselves to the cuticle
of larger nematodes, scraping away until the prey’s internal body
parts can be extracted.
• Like protozoa, nematodes are important in mineralising, or
releasing, nutrients in plant-available forms.
• When nematodes eat bacteria or fungi, ammonium is released
because bacteria and fungi contain much more nitrogen than the
nematodes require.
• Nematodes may also be useful indicators of soil quality because of
their tremendous diversity and their participation in many
functions at different levels of the soil food web.
14.
15. Conclusion
• Collectively, soil microorganisms play an essential role in decomposing organic matter, cycling nutrients and
fertilising the soil. Without the cycling of elements, the continuation of life on Earth would be impossible, since
essential nutrients would rapidly be taken up by organisms and locked in a form that cannot be used by others.
The reactions involved in elemental cycling are often chemical in nature, but biochemical reactions, those
facilitated by organisms, also play an important part in the cycling of elements. Soil microbes are of prime
importance in this process.
• Soil microbes are also important for the development of healthy soil structure. Soil microbes produce lots of
gummy substances (polysaccharides and mucilage, for example) that help to cement soil aggregates. This cement
makes aggregates less likely to crumble when exposed to water. Fungal filaments also stabilise soil structure
because these threadlike structures branch out throughout the soil, literally surrounding particles and aggregates
like a hairnet. The fungi can be thought of as the “threads” of the soil fabric. It must be stressed that microbes
generally exert little influence on changing the actual physical structure of the soil; that is performed by larger
organisms.
• Soil microorganisms are both components and producers of soil organic carbon, a substance that locks carbon
into the soil for long periods. Abundant soil organic carbon improves soil fertility and water-retaining capacity.
There is a growing body of research that supports the hypothesis that soil microorganisms, and fungi in particular,
can be harnessed to draw carbon out of the atmosphere and sequester it in the soil. Soil microorganisms may
provide a significant means of reducing atmospheric greenhouse gasses and help to limit the impact of greenhouse
gas-induced climate change.