Bacteria are described in two ways: Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The bacterial classification is based on 16S RNA sequences Carl Woese, Oganizes the Domain Bacteria into 18 phyla Bacterial phyla used in industrial microbiology and biotechnology

2. Contents

3. Introduction
 Bacteria are described in two ways:
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
 The bacterial classification is based on 16S RNA sequences
 Carl Woese, Oganizes the Domain Bacteria into 18 phyla
 Bacterial phyla used in industrial microbiology and biotechnology.

5. Proteobacteria
 Proteus, the Greek word : God of the sea, who could change his shape.
 Proteobacteria include a wide variety of pathogens
 All Proteobacteria are Gram-negative, move using flagella.
 Wide variety in the types of metabolism.
 Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic.
 Proteobacteria are divided into five groups.

6. Importance In Industry
 Alphaproteobacteria of Current industrial Importance are:
Acetobacter
Gluconobacter
Zymomonas : Copious amount of Alcohol
 Acetic acid bacteria Properties:
 Production of glucoronic acid ,galactonic aicd, arabonic acid
 Vineger, sorbose.
 Manufacture of ascorbic acid
 Produce pure cellulose

7. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
 Soil bacterium.
 T DNA (gall producing gene)
occurs in Ti plasmid.
 Ti plasmid is used as vector for
higher plants.
 Produced genetically modified
plants.
 Cry gene an Nif gene is cloned
inside A. tumifaciens
 Golden Rice
 Greater pro vitamin A content

8. Firmicutes
 Gram-positive bacteria
 The G+C ratio is an taxonomic characteristic used in classifying bacteria.
 Fermicutes contain many bacteria of industrial importance.
 Divided into three major groups:
Spore forming firmicutes
Non-Spore forming firmicutes
Wall-less

9. Spore forming firmicutes
 Form internal spores.
 Divided into two:
 Clostridium spp :pathogens of humans and animals.
 Clostridium thermocellum :convert the sugars into ethanol
 Bacillus spp : enzyme production, to kill insects.
 Bacillus papilliae : infects and kills the larvae of the beetles in plants.
 B. thuringiensis : used against mosquitoes genes for the toxin
produced by B. thuringiensis
 Engineered into plants to make them resistant to insect pests.

10. Bacillus thuringiensis
 Soil bacterium.
 Produces a protein that has insecticidal
properties.
 used as spray.
 Bt produces Bt toxins which are inactive
protoxins.
 When an insect ingests it, inactive
protoxin gets converted into active form
 This led to swelling of gut and ultimately
death of insect .

11. Bt crops are now commercially available.

12. Non-Spore Forming Firmicutis
 non-spore forming low G+C members of the firmicutes group
 Lactic acid bacteria are Rods or cocci : production of foods, industrial and pharmaceutical products.
 They lack porphyrins and cytochromes.
 Lactic acid bacteria are divided into two major groups:
Homofermentative
Heterofermentative
 Desirable characteristics of lactic acid bacteria as industrial microorganisms.
 Resent Research .

13. Continue:
 The choice of a particular lactic acid bacterium for production primarily depends on the
carbohydrate to be fermented.
 Lactobacillus delbreuckii :ferment sucrose.
 Lactobacillus delbreuckii subspecies bulgaricus :use lactose
 Lactobacillus helveticus : use lactose and galactose.
 Lactobacillus amylophylus & Lactobacillus amylovirus :ferment starch.
 Lactobacillus lactis : ferment glucose, sucrose and galactose
 Lactobacillus pentosus : ferment sulfite waste liquor.

14. Continue
 Streptococcu: cause sore throat, non-pathogenic
strains used in yoghurt manufacture.
 Enterococcus: Used to monitor water quality
 Lactococcus: Used as starter in yoghurt
manufacture, Produces copious amounts of lactic
acid.
 Pediococcus: Spoils beer, required in special beers
such as lambic beer drunk in parts of Belgium
 Leuconostoc: Involved in pickling of vegetables,
produce dextrans from sucrose.

16. Actinobacteria
 G+C content of 50% or higher.
 Tendency to form filaments or
hyphae
 Industrial Importance are :
Actinomycetes
Corynebacterium

17. Importance In Industry
 Corynebacterium spp : secreters of amino acids
 Corynebacterium glutamicum is used for the industrial
manufacture of products .
 L-lysine is mainly used for its beneficial properties
as additive in animal and human nutrition.

18. Actinomycetes
 Branching filamentous hyphae
 Petidoglycan in their cell walls, and about 1.0 in diameter
 Ability to produce secondary metabolites which are of industrial
importance.
 Search for any bioactive microbial metabolite from soil.
 Streptomyces : many antibiotics as well as non-anti-microbial drugs
have been obtained.
 Streptomycin, the first antibiotic to cure tuberculosis.
 Erythromycin, Neomycin, Tetracycline and Cefoxitin.

19. Other Bacteria and Their Importance