This document contains a list of 6 students enrolled in a civil engineering course at Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Engineering College. It also contains a leveling document prepared by an unknown author on the topic of leveling for the course. The leveling document defines leveling as a surveying method that establishes elevations along a reference line. It describes the primary uses of leveling for infrastructure like highways, canals, sewers, and more. The document also outlines leveling procedures, including establishing stations, taking intermediate foresights, and using turning points.

1. STUDENTS NAME ID.NO. ENROLLMENT NO.
KAKADIYA KRUSHAL 13PES-35 130080125006
DHRUVIT KARDANI 13PES-03 130080125007
SHYAM GOVANI 13PES-09 130080125005
UTKARSH DUBEY 13PES-34 130080125033
VISHAL LAPSIWALA 13PES-22 130080125010
SMIT PATEL 13PES-07 130080125030
BIRLA VISHVAKARMA MAHAVIDYALAYA
(ENGINEERING COLLEGE)
VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
SUBJECT: ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
(CODE-2110004)
BE First Level First Semester (Self Finance)
TOPIC: LEVELLING
PREPARED BY:

2. LEVELLING

3. 3
A surveying method that yields elevations at
definite points along a reference line.
Profile leveling establishes a side view or cross
sectional view of the earth’s surface
Primary use is for utilities:
A. Highways
B. Canals
C. Sewers
D. Water mains
E. Sidewalks
F. Retaining walls
G. Fences
All of these need
accurate information
about the topography
along the route.
Definition:

4. Characteristics
May be a single segment.
4
May be straight segments connected
with curves.
May be multiple segments which
change directions with angle points.

5. Procedure
5
It is a common practice to use a procedure called
stationing.
1. Stations are established at uniform distances along the
route.
2. Standard station distance is 100 feet.
3. Half or quarter stations are used when the topography
is very variable.
4. The distance from the starting point to the station is
used as the station identification.

6. Procedure-cont.
Intermediate foresights: foresights taken at stations that
are not used as benchmarks or turning points.
6
Intermediate foresights are recorded at each standard
station and at additional stations as needed to define the
topography of the route.
Purpose is to define the topography along the
route.
High points
Low points
Changes in slope
Critical points
Roads
Highway
Gutters
Sidewalks

7. Defining an Object
 Because profile leveling is used to measure the
cross section of and the location of objects along a
route, one important issue is determining how
many stations are required to define the object.
 The answer is, it depends on the object and the
use of the data.
 For example: how many stations would be
required to define the cross section of a standard
trapezoidal ditch?
7
6

8. An Object-Ditch --cont
 A ditch may have been a trapezoid
when constructed, but over time it
will change its shape.
 What is the effect on the number of
stations if a channel has developed
in the bottom of the ditch?
8
7

9. An Object-Street
9
 Another common object is a street.
 The number of stations required to define
the cross section of a street depends on
the required information.
◦ Do you need to know the height of the curb?

10. Turning Points-cont.
When distances to foresights become too long
or when the terrain obstructs the view of the
instrument, turning points are established.
10
Foresights on turning points and benchmarks are true
foresights.
Profile leveling is differential leveling with the
addition of intermediate foresights.

11. Profile Data Table:
11
STA BS HI FS IFS ELEV

12. Example
 In the first example the existing sidewalks
were used as benchmarks because they were
part of the finished design.
 When there are no existing structures that
can be used for a benchmark, or when all of
the existing structures will be removed during
construction, a benchmark must be
established out side of the construction zone.
 In this situation, the notes are started
different.
12

13. Profile with side bench mark
13

14. Step 1
 The principles are the same.
 The difference is that in this case the BS is taken on the
benchmark not the first station.
14
The notes use the same column--they just start with the BM instead
of 0.0.
STA BS HI FS IFS ELEV
BM1 8.2 108.2 100.0

15. Step 2 Record the first foresight.
 In this example the first foresight (0+00) is an intermediate foresight.
15
STA BS HI FS IFS ELEV
BM1 8.2 108.2 100.0
0.0 9.2 99.0

16. Step 3
 Add additional intermediate foresights as needed until the first
turning point is reached.
16
STA BS HI FS IFS ELEV
BM1 8.2 108.2 100.0
0.0 9.2 99.0
156.5 6.5 101.7
358.6 1.3 106.9

17. Step 4
 Move the instrument and continue recording foresights.
17
STA BS HI FS IFS ELEV
BM1 8.2 108.2 100.0
0.0 9.2 99.0
156.5 6.5 101.7
358.6 2.1 109.0 1.3 106.9
458.6 5.2 103.8
522.6 7.7 101.3
598.2 5.4 103.6

18. Step 5Close the loop:
18
STA BS HI FS IFS ELEV
BM1 8.2 108.2 100.0
0.0 9.2 99.0
156.5 6.5 101.7
358.6 2.1 109.0 1.3 106.9
458.6 5.2 103.8
522.6 7.7 101.3
598.2 10.4 114.0 5.4 103.6
BM1 14.0 100.0
Sum 20.7 20.7
0 = 100.0-100.0 0
AE = K M = 0.1 x
598.2 x 2
5280
= 0.047