711: The Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula began under Tarik ibn Ziyad, establishing Al-Andalus.
Between 711-1492, parts of the Iberian Peninsula were ruled by Muslim states in the south (Al-Andalus) while Christian kingdoms occupied the north, with the border fluctuating as the Reconquista progressed. By 1492, the Catholic Monarchs had completed the Reconquista with the fall of Granada, the last Muslim state.
3. 1st Millennium BC
PRE-ROMAN PEOPLE:
- 1st) Colonisers
(Phoenicians, Greeks,
Carthaginians) &
Tartessians.
- 2nd) Iberians & Celts.
218 BC – 476 AD
ROMAN
HISPANIA
476 – 711
VISIGOTH
KINGDOM
711 – 1492
Coexistence of:
- AL-ANDALUS
(south)
- CHRISTIAN
KINGDOMS (north)
4. 711 - 1492: some parts of the Iberian Peninsula were
ruled by the Muslims and other parts by the Christians.
The territories ruled by each of them varied along history:
5. 711-722: The Muslims conquered
most of the Iberian Peninsula.
The territory under their control
is known as Al-Andalus.
722-1492: Christian kingdoms of
the north of the Iberian Peninsula
fought to regain control over the
territories ruled by the Moors.
This historical process which
lasted over 7 centuries is known
as the “Reconquista”.
6. ACTIVITY 1:
Explain with your own words
the political situation in the
Iberian Peninsula between
711 and 1492.
7.
8. EUROPE
IBERIAN.PEN.
(Al-Andalus area)
8th Century 9th Century 10th Century 11th Century
MOORSBEGINCONQUEST700
800
900
1000
1100
711 1031
DESINTEGRATIONOFTHECALIPHATE.
1stTAIFAS
756
ABDERRAMANI.BEINNINGOF
INDEPENDENTEMIRATE
CALIPHATEOFCORDOBA
929
INDEPENDENT
EMIRATE
CALIPHATE
OF
CORDOBA
DEPENDENT
EMIRATE
732
BATTLEOFPOITIERS
(MuslimsVSFranks,withCharles
MartelasMayorofPalace.
STARTCAROLINGIAN
DINASTY(PepintheShort)
751 768
CHARLEMAGNE
CHARLEMAGNEDIES
814 843
TREATYOFVERDUN.UNITY
LOSS
FEUDALISM
CAROLINGIANSMEROVINGIANS
9. 11th Century 12th Century 13th Century 14th Century 15th Century
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1031
DISINTEGRATIONOFTHECALIPHATE.1STTAIFAS
CAPTUREOFTOLEDO.ARRIVALOFTHEALMORAVIDS
1085
ALMORAVID
EMPIRE
1stTAIFAS
1145
DISINTIGRATIONOFTHEEMPIRE.2NDTAIFAS
2ndTAIFAS
ALMOHAD
EMPIRE
ALMOHADSUNIFYAL-ANDALUS
1172 1212
BATTLENAVASDETOLOSA.
3rdTAIFAS
1265
NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA
1492
CAPTUREOFGRANADABYTHECATHOLICMONARCHS
CHRISTIANCONQUERALLTHETAIFASEXCEPTGRANADA
HIGH MIDDLE AGES (Renaissance of cities) LATE MIDDLE AGES
10. Instead of studying these units chronologically (as in the
book), we are going to study them territorially. So…
1st We’ll study the Muslim area: AL-ANDALUS:
Unit 4: pages 68 - 75
Unit 6: pages 112 - 113
Unit 7: pages 134 - 135
2nd We’ll study the Christian area: CHRISTIAN
KINGDOMS:
Unit 4: pages 76 - 83
Unit 6: pages 114 - 125
Unit 7: pages 136 - 139
13. CALIPHATE
CHRON
OLOGY
WHO
WHERE
THE
CALIPHS?
CAPITAL
CONQUESTS / EXTENSION
ORTHODOX
632
-
661
Family and
closest
friends of
Muhammad.
Medina
(Saudi
Arabia)
Syria, Palestine, Egypt, North Africa,
Mesopotamia and Persia (Irak and
Iran).
UMAYYAD
661
-
750
Ummayad
family
Damascus
(Syria)
Biggest extension of the empire:
WEST North of Africa, Iberian
Pen.
EAST India and border of China.
ABBASID
750
-
1258
Abbasid
family
Baghdad
(Iraq)
The expansion ended (only some
minor conquests: Crete and Sicily).
In 1258 the Mongolians conquered
Baghdad.
Remembering the Islamic Empire
14. VIDEO
ABOUT THE
CONQUEST
ACTIVITY 2: VIDEO
Answer the questions as you
watch the video about the
Muslim conquest of the
Iberian peninsula
a) What tribe of indigenous people from Northern Africa did the Islamic Empire convert?
b) What soldiers of the Islamic Empire were sent to invade the Iberian Peninsula: the
Berbers, the Arabs, or both?
c) What Berber lead the Islamic Army in the invasion of the Iberian Peninsula?
d) When did Islam crossed the Strait of Gibraltar? How many years had passed since the
birth of this religion?
e) What civilization did the Islamic Army defeat in their first battle in the Iberian Peninsula?
Who was the leader of this civilization? What is the name of the battle?
15. In 711 a Muslim army led by the general Tarik crossed the
Strait of Gibraltar to plunder the area.
Army formed by Arabs but mostly Berbers.
Visigoth King Don Rodrigo was defeated at the battle of Guadalete.
Easy victory encouraged them to advance further
Don Rodrigo, the last Visigoth king, died in the Battle of Guadalete (711)
16. 711: Battle of Guadalete.
The Muslim army, led by Tarik, defeated the Visigoth King Don Rodrigo and began the
conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
Umayyads
17. In just about a century, the Muslims had expanded their empire from the Arabian
Peninsula up to the Pyrenees.
18. In few years the Muslims occupied most of the Peninsula. Causes for this quick
conquest:
Superiority of the Muslim army
Internal conflicts of the Visigoths
Support that Muslims received from some Jews and Visigoth nobles who agreed to
surrender in exchange for keeping their properties.
VIDEO
ABOUT THE
CONQUEST
711
712
715
Umayyads
Umayyads
Umayyads
19. The Muslim invasion was halted in the mountainous region of
Asturias, when a group of Christians led by Don Pelayo (Visigoth
noble) defeated the Muslims in the battle of Covadonga (722).
This battle is taken as the beginning of “La Reconquista”.
20. Monument to
Don Pelayo in
Covadonga
(Asturias)
The KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS
was the first Christian Kingdom
of the North of Spain after
the beginning of “LA
RECONQUISTA”
22. The Muslims also attacked the south of France, but they were
defeated by the Franks at the Battle of Poitiers (732), so they
retreated to the Iberian Peninsula.
VIDEO
ABOUT THE
CONQUEST
23. The Muslims called the conquered region AL-ANDALUS. Between
711-756 it was a DEPENDENT EMIRATE: a province that
depended politically & religiously on the Umayyad Caliphate
of Damascus. The capital of Al-Andalus was Córdoba.
VIDEO
ABOUT THE
CONQUEST
24. ACTIVITY 3:
Answer to the following questions
a) Define:
Tarik
Berbers
Don Rodrigo
Don Pelayo
Emirate
b) Explain the beginning of “La Reconquista”.
25. Do you remember…??
In Arabia, in 750, the
Abbasid dynasty deposed
the Umayyads, killing all
of them. But one of them
achieved to escape:
ABDERRAMAN I!!!
26. 756: the Umayyad prince Abderraman I
arrived in the Iberian Peninsula after escaping
from the assassination of his family by the
Abbasids. Taking advantage of the local
tensions between Arabs & Berbers he deposed
the emir of Al-Andalus and established an
INDEPENDENT EMIRATE.
Politically independent
But it still recognized the religious authority
of the Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad.
27. During this period Al-Andalus suffered several problems:
The Christian
Kingdoms
advanced from
the North and
took Zamora.
The Franks conquered Girona &
Barcelona, and established the
Spanish March.
Rebellion of the Muladi
(Christians converted to
Islam), who felt
discriminated.
28. 929: Abderraman III proclaimed himself Caliph, leading to a
political & religious independence from the Abbasid Caliphate of
Baghdad.
In 929 Al-Andalus gained total independence from the Islamic Empire
(Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad). Abderraman III no longer recognized
political nor religious dependence on Baghdad.
29. The reign of Abderraman III was the period of greatest splendour of
Al-Andalus:
He reorganized the army and ended internal revolts
He launched punitive expeditions against the Christian kingdoms to stop
their expansion, and forced them to pay taxes to the Muslims (so they
wouldn't be attacked)
Cordoba became the most important capital in the West
30. The prosperity continued under other caliphs like Hisham II. He
was only 10 years old when he became caliph, so he delegated
government to Almanzor, a military leader who achieved great
successes over the Christians (eg: plunders of Santiago,
Barcelona…).
31. When Almanzor died (1002) the caliphate fell into crisis due to a
civil war between...
Followers of
Almanzor’s son
Followers of
Hisham II
V.S.
From 1031 onwards,
Al-Andalus suffered a
great instability
1031: the governors of the
provinces declared their
independence the Caliphate of
Cordoba was disintegrated into
28 small independent Muslim
kingdoms called “Taifas”.
32. ACTIVITY 4: Answer to the following
questions
a) Define:
Abderraman I
Abderraman III
Almanzor
Caliphate
Spanish March
b) Explain what happened to the Caliphate of
Cordoba in 1031 and why.
33. After the end of the caliphate
of Cordoba (1031) Al-Andalus
began a progressive decline…
34. The Taifas competed among themselves for territorial & cultural
prestige. This made them very weak.
1031: the Caliphate of Cordoba had disintegrated into 28 TAIFAS
small independent Muslim kingdoms.
35. This conquest was seen by the Muslims as the
“beginning of the end” of Al-Andalus to avoid
it, the Taifas asked for help to THE ALMORAVIDS
(a Muslim Empire that was ruling in the North of
Africa).
The Christian Kingdoms took
advantage of this weakness:
Charged them taxes (“parias”)
in exchange of peace.
Despite the parias, the
Reconquista continued. In
1085 the king of Leon,
Alfonso VI, conquered the
Taifa of Toledo.
36. In 1085 the Almoravids came to
the Peninsula to help the Taifa
kings, and defeated the Christians
at the Battle of Sagrajas (1086).
The Almoravids reunified Al-Andalus
and incorporated it into their
empire.
37. The Almoravids implemented a
strong religious radicalism,
persecuting Mozarabs & Jews. Their
rigidness led them to an internal
crisis that caused…:
The disintegration of Al-Andalus
again into Taifas in 1145.
In N. Africa the Almoravids were
replaced by a new dynasty, the
Almohads (1147).
38. The 2nd Taifas remained independent until 1172, when they
were conquered by the THE ALMOHADS (the dynasty that had
replaced the Almoravids in North Africa).
THE ALMOHAD
EMPIRE
39. In 1172 the Almohads reunified Al-Andalus again and incorporated
into their empire.
First the Almohads stopped the Reconquista for a while (e.g.:
Battle of Alarcos, 1195)
40. However, the Almohads were defeated by the Christians in
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 1212. After this battle:
The Almohads
retreated to north
Africa and Al-Andalus
was disintegrated
again into the 3rd
TAIFAS.
Christians reached the
Valley of Guadalquivir.
41. BATTLE OF
LAS NAVAS
DE TOLOSA
(JAEN, 1212)
It was a decisive turning point in the Reconquista,
since it enabled the Christians to reach the Valley
of Guadalquivir. In the following 50 years they were
able to reduce Al-Andalus to Granada.
42. The 3rd Taifas were gradually conquered by the Christians.
In 1238 Al-Andalus had been reduced to the Nasrid Kingdom of
Granada.
Iberian Peninsula
in 1238
The Crown
of Castilla
conquered
the taifas of
Córdoba,
Jaen,
Sevilla,
Cadiz &
Murcia.
The Crown
of Aragon
conquered
the taifas of
Mallorca,
Valencia.
43. It survived for more than 200 years due to:
Their geographical location:
The mountains (Sierra Nevada) acted as a natural defensive barrier.
The access to the Mediterranean enabled them to receive support
of Muslims from North Africa & develop a rich trade.
Payment of “parias” to the Kings of Castilla.
44. 1492: after a 10-years war, the
Catholic Monarchs captured Granada.
“La Reconquista” had finished!!
45. BOABDIL EL CHICO,
the last Mulsim king of
Al-Andalus.
Scenes of the series
“Isabel” (RTVE):
• Surrender of Granada.
• El suspiro del moro.
46. ACTIVITY 5: Answer to the following
questions
a) Define:
Parias
Almoravids
Almohads
b) Explain why in 1085 the kings of the Taifas
asked for help to the Almoravids.
c) Explain the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, why
was it important and what happened to Al-
Andalus after it.
d) Why was the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada able
to resist the Christians for over 200 years?
Who was the last Muslim king of Al-Andalus?
47. ACTIVITY 6: fill in the
timeline of Al-Andalus
including the events
that took place in the
following years:
711
722
756
929
1031
1085
1086
1145
1172
1195
1212
1238
1492
48.
49. Government &
administration
The government of al-Andalus changed from being an
emirate to a caliphate.
EMIRATE
Ruled by an emir
who had political
power:
Administration
Justice
Army
Foreign policy
CALIPHATE
Ruled by a caliph
who had political
& religious power.
50. Al-Andalus was divided
into provinces called
“koras”. Each kora had
a:
“wali” governor
(political
administrator)
“kadi” judge
An army made up of
essentially
mercenaries was key to
controlling the territory.
Government &
administration
51. Trade was very
profitable due to
the strategic
location of al-
Andalus, lying
between Africa
and Europe.
The basis of
the economy
was
agriculture.
The climate was very dry. The products that the Muslims
brought with them from the East (oranges, cotton, rice,
sugar cane, saffron…) required more water.
So they had to build good irrigation systems. They built waterwheels in
the rivers that dumped the water into channels, which carried the water
to the town and fields. This made agriculture much more productive.
Economy
53. The Arabs
The Arabs in al-Andalus...
• Were Muslims (like the Berbers).
• Were the minority. There were not many Arabs, but they had
most of the privileges.
• Were given the best land.
• Occupied the highest positions in administration and the army.
• Were the aristocracy.
54. The
Berbers
The Berbers in al-Andalus...
• Were Muslims (like the Arabs). They were a Muslim group from
Northern Africa.
• Were the majority. There were many Berbers, but they had few
privileges.
• Were the ordinary soldiers in the Muslim Army. The Berbers
were the soldiers who led the conquest.
55. Muladies
The Muladies in al-Andalus...
• Were Christian converts to Islam.
• Many people converted so they eventually became the
majority of the population.
• Some converted because Muslims paid less taxes than
non-Muslims.
56. The Mozarabs in al-Andalus...
• Were Christians who kept their religion and culture.
• At first, some Christians had important jobs in the
government, but gradually they lost influence.
Mozarabs
57. The Jews in al-Andalus...
• Were mostly merchants.
• They played an important role in the economy
of al-Andalus.
Jews
58. In the beginning, the Muslim rulers treated the Christians and Jews
quite well, so most of them stayed in al-Andalus. The conflicts that
took place were not just between Muslims and Christians: sometimes
the Berbers rebelled against the Arabs.
Later, there was less tolerance of non-Muslims so Christians and
Jews escaped to the Christian kingdoms in the north.
59. ACTIVITY 7: Answer to the following
questions
a) Page 70, exercises: 1a / 1c / 2
b) Why was foreign trade an important activity
in Al-Andalus?
c) What social groups in al-Andalus were
Muslims?
d) Draw a social pyramid to represent the
society of al-Andalus. Make sure your
pyramid illustrates the power of the group and
the size of the group.
60. Unit 4: pages 76-83
Unit 6: pages 114-125
Unit 7: pages 136 - 139
61. Early 8th century: some Christians resisted the
Muslim conquest in mountainous areas in the
north (Cantabrian Mts. & Pyrenees).
Gradually these areas developed into independent
kingdoms known as the CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS.
64. We can distinguish two areas where independent
Christian Kingdoms appeared:
CANTABRIAN AREA:
Kingdom of Asturias (later Kingdom of Leon)
County of Castilla (later Kingdom of Castilla)
PYRENEAN AREA:
Kingdom of Pamplona (later Kingdom of Navarra)
County of Aragón (later Kingdom of Aragón)
Catalan Counties
1037: unified
Kingdom of
Castilla y León
65. REMEMBER!!!!
722: Don Pelayo defeated the Muslims at the battle of
Covadonga., establishing the first Christian Kingdom:
Kingdom of Asturias.
Later on, one of its counties became independent:
Kingdom of Castilla
66. It was created after the battle of Covadonga (722),
when Don Pelayo and the local inhabitants (Astures)
defeated the Muslims. The capital was established
in Oviedo.
Early 10th Century: the kingdom had expanded until
the Duero River, so to have a better control over the
territory the capital was moved to León. From then
on it was known as the Kingdom of León.
End 10th century the expansion stopped due to
Almanzor’s plunder campaigns.
Asturias
722
68. The Kingdom of Asturias was frequently attacked by the Muslims
through its eastern border. For that reason, they established
several counties to defend the kingdom. They were ruled by
counts, and many castles where built.
Can you guess why is it
called “Castilla”!!?!?!
10th Century: these counties where unified by the count Fernán
Gonzalez.
1030: Castilla was unified with the Kingdom of Pamplona.
(marriage: Sancho III el Mayor of Pamplona & Fernan Gonzalez’s great-granddaughter)
1035: Castilla was inherited by Fernando I, so it became an
independent kingdom.
1037: Fernando I defeated the king of León (Bermudo III) and
formed the Kingdom of Castilla y León.
69. The Kingdom of
Castilla has its origin
in a group of counties
created in the eastern
border of the Kingdom
of Asturias to prevent
Muslim’s attacks.
Fernán González
unified them in 931.
70. 1035: when Sancho III el Mayor died, he
divided the territories of the Kingdom of
Pamplona among his sons. The county of
Castilla was inherited by Fernando I.
1037: Fernando I unified Castilla & León
(Kingdom of Castilla & León) by defeating
the king of Leon (Bermudo III).
71. REMEMBER!!!!
732: Charles Martel defeated the Muslims at the battle of
Poitiers.
By the beginning of the 9th Century Charlemagne had
conquered Girona (785) & Barcelona (801), so all along the
Pyrenees he established the Spanish March, which was formed by
several counties that were the origin of three Christian Kingdoms:
Kingdom of Pamplona
Kingdom of Aragón
Catalan Counties
72.
73. 9th Century: a Vascon family (the Aristas), gained independence
both from the Muslims (711-799) & the Franks (799-810), and
established the Kingdom of Pamplona.
11th Century: the kingdom was at its peak under Sancho III el
Mayor, who ruled over Pamplona, Aragón & Castilla. He died in
1035 and divided his territory among his sons:
Pamplona for García III
Castilla for Fernando I
Aragón for Ramiro I
Now they become independent kingdoms
74. 9th Century: it was a county under control of the Franks, but it
soon became independent. (810, Aznar I Galíndez).
10th Century: it was made part of the Kingdom of Pamplona.
(marriage of the daughter of the count of Aragón with the king of Pamplona -García Sánchez I)
1035: Sancho III el Mayor died and his son Ramiro I inherited
the territories of Aragon and made it an independent kingdom.
75. End 8th Century: the area was conquered by the Franks (785,
Girona - 801, BCN) and became part of the Spanish March.
End 9th Century (878): Wilfredo el Velloso unified all the Catalan
Counties.
End 10th Century (988): they become independent from the
Franks, since they didn’t help the Count of Barcelona (Borrell II)
when the city was plundered by Almanzor (985).
76. Iberian peninsula
(8th-11th century)
AL-ANDALUS
(SOUTH)
Dependent
Emirate of
Damascus
(711-756)
Independent
Emirate
(756-929)
Caliphate of
Córdoba
(929-1031)
CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS
(NORTH)
KINGDOM OF
ASTURIAS
Origin: battle of
Covadonga (722), Don
Pelayo & the Astures
defeated the Muslims.
Capital established in
Oviedo.
Early 10th Century:
kingdom had
expanded until to the
Duero River. Capital
moved to Leon to
control the territory
better Kingdom of
León.
End 10th Century:
expansion stopped
due to Almanzor’s
plunder campaigns.
COUNTY OF CASTILLA
Origin: as a group of
counties in the Eastern
border of the Kingdom of
Asturias to stop Muslim’s
attacks. Ruled by counts;
many castles.
10th Century: these counties
where unified by the count
Fernán Gonzalez
1030: annexed to the
Kingdom of Pamplona
(marriage).
1035: Castilla was inherited
by Fernando I (son of Sancho
III el Mayor of Pamplona); it
became an independent
kingdom.
1037: Fernando I defeated
the king of León Kingdom
of Castilla y León.
KINGDOM OF
PAMPLONA
9th Century: a Vascon
family gained
independence both from
the Muslims & the Franks
(Spanish March), and
established the Kingdom
of Pamplona.
11th Century: the kingdom
was at its peak under
Sancho III el Mayor, who
ruled over Pamplona,
Aragón & Castilla. He died
in 1035 and divided his
territory among his sons:
- Pamplona Garcia III
- Castilla Fernando I
- Aragón Ramiro I
KINGDOM OF
ARAGÓN
9th Century: it began
as a county under
control of the Franks
(Spanish March), but
it soon became
independent.
10th Century:
annexed to the
Kingdom of
Pamplona
(marriage).
1035: Aragon was
inherited by Ramiro I
(son of Sancho III el
Mayor of Pamplona);
it became an
independent
kingdom.
CATALAN COUNTIES
End of the 8th Century:
conquered by the Franks
and became part of the
Spanish March.
End of the 9th Century:
Wilfredo el Velloso
unified all the Catalan
Counties.
End 10th Century: they
become independent
from the Franks, since
they didn’t help the
Count of Barcelona when
the city was plundered
by Almanzor.
77. ACTIVITY 1: fill in a blank map with the situation of
the Iberian Peninsula in 1035.
IBERIAN PENINSULA
IN 1035
79. ACTIVITY 2: answer to the following questions.
a) Which was the first Christian Kingdom in the
Iberian Peninsula?
b) Explain the origin of the Kingdom of Castilla.
c) What’s the common origin of the Kingdom of
Pamplona, the Kingdom of Aragon, and the
Catalan Counties?
d) Who was Sancho III el Mayor? What happened
to his kingdom when he died?
e) How many independent “Christian Kingdoms”
existed in the Iberian Peninsula in 1035? And in
1037?
81. Between the 11th – 15th centuries, the Christian
Kingdoms evolved until only 4 remained by the end of
the 15th Century:
Kingdom of Portugal
Crown of Castilla
Kingdom of Navarra
Crown of Aragon
By the early 16th century (1512), there were only 2
kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula:
Spain
Portugal
1479: unification of Castilla & Aragon.
1512: annexation of Navarra)
82. 11th Century: it was a county of the Kingdom of
Castilla & León (1096).
1143: it became an independent kingdom, when the
count of Portugal (Alfonso Enríquez) and the King of
Castilla y Leon (Alfonso VII) signed the Treaty of
Zamora.
83. 11th -12th Century: Castilla & León, that had been unified by
Fernando I in 1037, went through several unifications & divisions.
1143: the county of Portugal became an independent kingdom.
1230: Fernando III definitely unifies Castilla & León. It becomes the
CROWN OF CASTILLA.
1479: dynastic union of the Crowns of Castilla (Isabel) & Aragón
(Fernando): Catholic Monarchs.
Territorial conquests:
IN AL-ANDALUS:
1085: Toledo by Alfonso VI
12th century: Cuenca
13th century: after Las Navas de Tolosa (1212):
Cordoba, Jaen & Sevilla by Fernando III
Cádiz & Murcia by Alfonso X
1492: Nasrid Kingdom of Granada by the Catholic Monarchs
IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN: Canary Islands, Melilla, America…
84.
85. 1035: Sancho III el Mayor divided it between his
sons:
Pamplona Garcia III
Castilla Fernando I
Aragón Ramiro I
1512: annexed to Spain.
Territorial conquests: Navarra
wasn’t able to expand due to
the expansion of the Crowns of
Castilla and Aragon.
86. 1035: Aragon became an independent kingdom under
Ramiro I.
1137: Petronila (heiress of Aragon) married Ramón de
Berenguer IV (count of Barcelona). This marriage meant
the unification of the Kingdom of Aragón and the Catalan
Counties, that became the CROWN OF ARAGÓN.
1479: dynastic union of the Crowns of Castilla (Isabel) &
Aragón (Fernando): Catholic Monarchs.
Territorial conquests:
IN AL-ANDALUS:
1118: Zaragoza
12th Century: Lleida by Ramón de Berenguer IV
13th Century: Mallorca, Valencia by Jaime I
IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: Sicily, Sardinia, Naples…
87. Dynastic union: union of several kingdoms
that are governed by the same king. However,
each kingdom is independent and keeps its
own institutions and laws.
88. INTERACTIVE MAP OF THE CROWN
OF ARAGON
http://www.explorethemed.com/AragonMed.asp?c=1
89.
90.
91. Iberian peninsula
(11th-15th century)
AL-ANDALUS
(SOUTH)
1st Taifas
(1031-1085)
Almoravid
Empire
(1085-1145)
2nd Taifas
(1145-1172)
Almohad
Empire
(1172-1212)
3rd Taifas
(1212-1265)
Nasrid
Kingdom of
Granada
(1265-1492)
CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS
(NORTH)
KINGDOM OF
PORTUGAL
11th Century: it was a
county of the
Kingdom of Castilla &
León.
1143: it became an
independent
kingdom, when the
count of Portugal
(Alfonso Enríquez)
and the King of
Castilla y Leon signed
the Treaty of Zamora.
CROWN OF CASTILLA
11th -12th Century: Castilla & León, that had
been unified by Fernando I in 1037, went
through several unifications & divisions.
1143: the county of Portugal became an
independent kingdom.
1230: Fernando III definitely unifies Castilla
& León. It becomes the CROWN OF
CASTILLA.
1479: dynastic union of the Crowns of
Castilla (Isabel) & Aragón (Fernando):
Catholic Monarchs.
Territorial conquests:
IN AL-ANDALUS:
1085: Toledo by Alfonso VI
12th Century: Cuenca
13th Century: after Las Navas de Tolosa
(1212):
- Fernando III: Córdoba, Jaen, Sevilla.
- Alfonso X: Cadiz, Murcia
1492: Nasrid Kingdom of Granada by the
Catholic Monarchs
IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN: Canary Islands,
Melilla, America.
KINGDOM OF
NAVARRA
1035: Sancho III en
Mayor divided it between
his sons:
- Pamplona Garcia III
- Castilla Fernando I
- Aragón Ramiro
1512: it was annexed to
Spain.
Territorial conquests:
Wasn’t able to expand
due to the expansion of
the Crowns of Castilla and
Aragon.
CROWN OF ARAGÓN
1035: Aragon became an independent
kingdom under Ramiro I.
1137: Petronila (heiress of Aragón) married
Ramón de Berenguer IV (count of
Barcelona, unifying the Kingdom of Aragon
and the Catalan Counties, becoming the
CROWN OF ARAGÓN.
1479: dynastic union of the Crowns of
Castilla (Isabel) & Aragón (Fernando):
Catholic Monarchs.
Territorial conquests:
IN AL-ANDALUS:
1118: Zaragoza
12th Century: Lleida by Ramón de
Berenguer IV
13th Century: Mallorca, Valencia by Jaime I
1492: Nasrid Kingdom of Granada by the
Catholic Monarchs
IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: Sicily, Sardinia,
Naples.
92. ACTIVITY 3: answer to the following questions.
a) What’s the origin of Portugal? When was it made
independent?
b) When did the Catalan counties & Aragon unified?
c) Explain the unification of the territories of the Iberian
Peninsula (except Portugal): steps & type of union.
d) What way did the foreign expansion of Castilla &
Aragón directed?
e) Put the following territories in the corresponding
column: America, Sevilla, Valencia, Sardinia, Cordoba,
Naples, Lleida, Murcia, Toledo, Cuenca, Zaragoza,
Jaen, Sicily, Canary Islands, Mallorca, Melilla, Cadiz,
Crown of Castilla Crown of Aragon
93. The Crown of Castilla &
the Crown of Aragon
had different political
organizations.
94. The Christian kingdoms were governed by kings, but
the extent of power was different in each territory:
UNITARIAN
MONARCHY:
territory was a
single entity, all
power was
centralised in the
king. It was
characterized by
the principle of
authoritarianism.
Crown
of
Castilla FEDERAL MONARCHY:
territory was composed of
several kingdoms (Aragon,
Catalonia, Mallorca &
Valencia) which had certain
independence (own
institutions, laws…). It was
characterized by the
principle of pactism (the
central government had to
reach agreements with the
regional “Cortes”).
Crown
of
Aragon
95. Kings were helped in government by…
Beginning: the Royal Council (Curia Regis) assembly of
nobles & clergy.
Late 12th Century onwards: the Cortes assembly of nobles,
clergy & city representatives (bourgeoisie).
FUNCTION OF THE “CORTES”:
IN CASTILLA: the main function was to impose taxes. They
didn’t have power to approve laws, they only gave advice to
the king.
IN ARAGÓN: each kingdom had its own Cortes. They had
power to approve the laws that the king gave to them. They
created the Generalitat, a permanent institution that
supervised the agreements between the king and the Cortes,
and controlled the army.
97. ACTIVITY 4: answer to the following questions.
Page 105:
Exercise 1-a
Exercise 2
Explain the differences between the
Cortes of Castilla and the ones of Aragon.
98.
99. As the Reconquista
captured lands from
the Muslims,
different methods of
repopulating the land
were used.
COUNCIL
REPOPULATION
REPOPULATION BY
MILITARY ORDERS
REPOPULATION BY
DISTRIBUTION
REPOPULATION = occupation of conquered territories.
100. Characteristics:
Occupied territory was divided into councils formed
by a fortified town.
Since these territories were threatened by Muslim’s
attacks, the king gave “fueros” (charters) with
important privileges to people that moved to this
areas.
COUNCIL REPOPULATION:
Between the Duero & the Tajo;
Ebro valley.
101. FUERO OF SEPULVEDA (Segovia):
http://breviariocastellano.blogspot.com.es/2006/01/texto-de-fuero-de-seplveda-traducido-y.html
102. Characteristics:
Used in dangerous scarcely populated frontier
areas.
Depended on military orders composed of warrior-
monks, that in exchange received large manors
called maestrazgos.
REPOPULATION BY MILITARY
ORDERS
Between the Tajo & Sierra
Morena; Valleys of Turia & Jucar.
103. Can you guess which military order repopulated the
area around present-day Ciudad Real?
The 4 main military orders:
• In Castilla: Calatrava,
Santiago y Alcántara.
• In Aragón: Montesa.
104.
105. Characteristics:
Land was distributed according to the contribution
made to the conquest of the territory:
Nobles received large territories (latifundia).
Peasants received small portions of land.
REPOPULATION BY DISTRIBUTION
Guadalquivir valley; Murcia;
Levante; Balearic Islands.
106.
107. Most activity: agriculture
In dry lands: cereals, olive trees and vines
(Mediterranean triad)
In irrigated areas: fruits and vegetables
In Castilla, sheep herding was also very important
In the cities:
Castilla: wool textiles
Crown of Aragon: linen & cotton textiles
110. KING
• Privileged groups: special
laws, no taxes, access to
important positions in
administration…
HIGH
NOBILITY &
HIGH CLERGY
LOW NOBILITY &
LOW CLERGY
•THE
COMMONS
non-
privileged
groups
NON-CHRISTIANS (JEWS, MUDEJARES,
JUDEOCONVERSOS & MORISCOS)
CITIES
(11th century onwards)
-URBAN OLIGARCHY
(wealthy merchants,
bankers…)
-SMALLER MERCHANTS
& CRAFTSPEOPLE
-POOR PEOPLE (begged
or worked for very little
wages)
COUNTRYSIDE
-FREE
PEASANTS
-SERFS THAT
WORKED IN
NOBLES’
FIEFS
113. The ruling class of
wealthy merchants,
bankers & guilds’
masters.
The middle
class of smaller
merchants and
craftspeople
A class of poor
people without
a trade that
either begged
or worked for
very little wages
Second strata...
Social Divisions
114. The ruling class of
wealthy merchants,
bankers & guilds’
masters.
The middle
class of smaller
merchants and
craftspeople
A class of poor
people without
a trade that
either begged
or worked for
very little wages
Thecommons
Urbansociety
Peasants
115. The ruling class of
wealthy merchants,
bankers & guilds’
masters.
The middle
class of smaller
merchants and
craftspeople
A class of poor
people without
a trade that
either begged
or worked for
very little wages
Thecommons
Urbansociety
Peasants
Urban oligarchy
117. Those who lived in
the special quartersMudejares: were the
Muslims who kept their
religion. They worked as
craftspeople or as
farmers.
118. Those who lived in
the special quartersJews: were the Jews that
kept their religion. They
worked as lawyers,
doctors, craftspeople or
moneylenders.
119. Those who lived in
the special quarters
Moriscos: were the
Muslims that converted to
Christians (most were
forced to convert or leave
in 1502 by the Catholic
Monarchs.
120. Those who lived in
the special quarters
Judeoconversos: were the
Jews that converted to
Christians (most were
forced to convert or leave
in 1492 by the Catholic
Monarchs
124. During the Middle Ages
what three cultures
coexisted in the Iberian
Peninsula?
Difficulties
Benefits...
125. 1st period (12th century)
• The greatest works of the
Arabic-speaking world were
translated into Latin.
2nd period (13th century)
• Alfonso X el Sabio wanted the common people to be
able to read the works being translated, so he
promoted the translations into Castellano rather than
Latin. This fact boosted Castellano as a higher learning
language both in science and literature.
Toledo School of Translators
Toledo was re-conquered in 1085, and it became an important
center of cultural exchange: “The City of the Three Cultures“.
Instead of destroying all the Muslim books & libraries, the
kings of Castilla promoted the collaboration of Christians, Jews
& Muslims, who worked together translating Classical Greek
and Arab texts into Latin & Castellano.
The school was most well-known for its translations of works
about philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, medicine…
The work done in Toledo transmitted the classical culture to
the rest of Western Europe, bringing a cultural renaissance.
It had two periods of splendor:
126. The TOLEDO SCHOOL OF TRANSLATORS enabled the
transmission of Ancient Greek & Arab knowledge into Western
Europe, that had suffered a lack of cultural output during the
Early Middle Ages (“Dark Ages”).