Lecture1.glycolysis
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1) Glycolysis is a key metabolic process in plant cells that converts glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process. 2) Glucose is first phosphorylated by hexokinase to glucose-6-phosphate, then converted via multiple enzymatic steps involving phosphorylation, isomerization, and oxidation reactions to two molecules of pyruvate. 3) The rate-limiting step is the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by phosphofructokinase.
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- Insulin promotes glycogenesis by stimulating dephosphorylation while glucagon promotes glycogenolysis by stimulating phosphorylation via the cAMP pathway.
- Regulation allows the storage of glucose as glycogen when blood glucose is high and the release of glucose from glycogen when blood glucose is low to maintain homeostasis.
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Sacharidy3 11 angl
The document summarizes several metabolic pathways including:
1) The pentose phosphate pathway which generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate in the oxidative phase and converts intermediates to glycolysis in the nonoxidative phase.
2) Fructose metabolism which occurs mainly in the liver and bypasses regulation of glycolysis.
3) Galactose metabolism which is converted to glucose-1-phosphate in the liver.
Digestion glycolysis
The document summarizes the process of glycolysis. It begins with glucose being phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase. Glucose-6-phosphate then undergoes isomerization and a series of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions to yield two molecules of pyruvate. Energy from glucose is initially stored as ATP and later released. Key steps include phosphofructokinase regulating flux and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase generating NADH.
3. karbohidrat ii glikolisis
What is glycolysis?
Ten step metabolic pathway to convert glucose into two molecules of pyruvate and two molecules each of NADH and ATP.
All carbohydrates to be catabolized must enter the glycolytic pathway.
Glycolysis is central in generating both energy and metabolic intermediaries.
Also known as Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway
3.2. karbohidrat ii glikolisis
What is glycolysis?
Ten step metabolic pathway to convert glucose into two molecules of pyruvate and two molecules each of NADH and ATP.
All carbohydrates to be catabolized must enter the glycolytic pathway.
Glycolysis is central in generating both energy and metabolic intermediaries.
Also known as Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway
The document summarizes the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), an alternative glucose metabolism pathway that generates reducing power in the form of NADPH and pentoses for nucleotide synthesis. The PPP occurs in the cytoplasm of most tissues and has two phases: an oxidative phase that irreversibly generates NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that reversibly produces pentoses. A key importance is providing NADPH for fatty acid synthesis and antioxidant defenses. Deficiencies in the PPP can cause hemolytic anemia due to oxidative damage from hydrogen peroxide accumulation.
Hmp shunt pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway occurs in the cytosol of cells and produces two molecules of NADPH for each glucose 6-phosphate molecule oxidized, without directly consuming or producing ATP. NADPH is important for processes like fatty acid synthesis in the liver and lactating mammary glands, and for maintaining glutathione levels in red blood cells. The pathway consists of oxidative and nonoxidative reactions, with the oxidative reactions producing pentose sugars and NADPH regulated by the enzyme G6PD.
6 hmp+glucuronic
The pentose phosphate shunt, also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP shunt), is a metabolic pathway that generates NADPH and pentoses through oxidative and non-oxidative phases. It occurs mainly in the liver, adipose tissue, mammary glands, adrenal cortex, and red blood cells. The HMP shunt is a source of ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide biosynthesis and NADPH, which is used for fatty acid synthesis and antioxidant defenses through glutathione reduction. It helps maintain red blood cell integrity by protecting hemoglobin and preventing hemolysis.
Glycolysis
1. Glycolysis is the pathway where glucose is broken down to pyruvate with production of ATP. It takes place in the cytosol of cells.
2. Key steps include phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase, isomerization to fructose-6-phosphate, phosphorylation of fructose to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, cleavage to two 3-carbon molecules, conversion of one to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and isomerization, oxidation and phosphorylation to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, substrate-level phosphorylation to form ATP, and generation of pyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate.
Glycolysis
M. Sc., Microbiology Study Material (Semester-I, General Microbiology)
Department of Microbiology, School of Bioscience,
Periyar University, Salem.
Pentose phosphate pathway,hmp shunt
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) or phosphogluconate pathway, is an alternative glucose metabolism pathway to glycolysis. It is more complex than glycolysis and takes place in the cytosol. The PPP is important for generating NADPH for biosynthesis of fatty acids, steriods, and maintaining glutathione levels, as well as producing pentoses used in nucleic acid synthesis. The pathway contains oxidative and non-oxidative phases, with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase being the regulatory enzymes controlled by NADPH and pentose levels.
lab carbohydrate metabolism BY SOHAIL SARWAR from University of LHH
This document summarizes carbohydrate metabolism pathways in lactic acid bacteria (L.A.B.). It discusses sugar transport systems, homolactic fermentation of glucose producing lactate, mixed acid fermentation producing additional end products, heterolactic fermentation of hexoses and pentoses, and pathways for other sugars. It also differentiates L.A.B. genera based on their fermentation capabilities and key enzymes.
Digestion of glycolysis --Sir Khalid (Biochem)
The document discusses digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates taken in through the diet are broken down through digestion in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine by enzymes. Absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine. Glycolysis is then discussed, which is the breakdown of glucose within cells to extract energy. Glycolysis occurs in 10 steps involving multiple enzymes and produces pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.
Digestion glycolysis
The document discusses digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates taken in through the diet are broken down through digestion in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine by enzymes. Absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine. Glycolysis is then discussed, which is the breakdown of glucose within cells to extract energy. Glycolysis occurs in 10 steps involving multiple enzymes and produces pyruvate, ATP, and NADH. Pyruvate can then be further broken down to lactate or enter the citric acid cycle.
hmp-shunt
The hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway or PP pathway, functions to produce NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate. It occurs in the cytoplasm and is divided into oxidative and non-oxidative phases. The oxidative phase produces NADPH through irreversible reactions, while the non-oxidative phase produces ribose-5-phosphate through reversible reactions. NADPH is important for reducing glutathione and eliminating hydrogen peroxide, while ribose-5-phosphate contributes to nucleic acid synthesis. Deficiencies in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme in the oxidative phase of the HMP pathway, can cause hemolytic anemia by inhibiting the production
HMP shunt
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentose sugars. It has both an oxidative and non-oxidative phase. In the oxidative phase, glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH. In the non-oxidative phase, 5-carbon sugars are converted into 3 and 6 carbon sugars through a series of isomerization, epimerization, and transketolase reactions. The pathway is important as it provides NADPH for biosynthetic reactions and pentose sugars for nucleotide synthesis. A defect in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase can lead to insufficient NADPH and glutathione, resulting in hemolytic anemia due to oxidative damage of red blood cells.
Hmp shunt
The document summarizes the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP pathway), also known as the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). The key points are:
1. The HMP pathway is an alternative glucose oxidation pathway to glycolysis that occurs in the cytosol and generates reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH as well as pentoses for nucleic acid synthesis.
2. Glucose-6-phosphate enters the oxidative phase of the pathway where it is dehydrogenated by G6PD, producing NADPH. It is then hydrolyzed and decarboxylated further producing a second NADPH molecule.
3. The non-oxidative phase interconverts
Similar to Lecture1.glycolysis (20)
Metabolism ii-chp-17-bioc-361-version-dec-2012 - Glycolysis
Metabolism ii-chp-17-bioc-361-version-dec-2012 - Glycolysis
lab carbohydrate metabolism BY SOHAIL SARWAR from University of LHH
lab carbohydrate metabolism BY SOHAIL SARWAR from University of LHH
Recently uploaded
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Recently uploaded (20)
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
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MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
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Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
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(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
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Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Lecture1.glycolysis
- 1. Primary metabolism of monosacharides M.D. Brownleader, J.B. Harborne, P.M. Day
- 3. Glycolysis occurring in cytosol Glycolysis is a key metabolic feature of the respiratory process of the plant cell and is particularly important in the cells of germinating seedlings and in non-photosynthetic cells of the mature plant. H O OH H OHH OH CH2OPO3 2 H OH H 1 6 5 4 3 2 glucose-6-phosphate
- 4. Glucose ATP glucose- 6-P + ADP H O OH H OHH OH CH2OH H OH H H O OH H OHH OH CH2OPO3 2 H OH H 23 4 5 6 1 1 6 5 4 3 2 ATP ADP Mg2+ glucose glucose-6-phosphate Hexokinase
- 5. glucose-6-P (aldose) fructose-6-P (ketose) H O OH H OHH OH CH2OPO3 2 H OH H 1 6 5 4 3 2 CH2OPO3 2 OH CH2OH H OH H H HO O 6 5 4 3 2 1 glucose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate Phosphoglucose Isomerase
- 6. fructose- 6-P ATP fructose- 1,6-bisP ADP The Phosphofructokinase reaction is the rate-limiting step of Glycolysis. CH2OPO3 2 OH CH2OH H OH H H HO O 6 5 4 3 2 1 CH2OPO3 2 OH CH2OPO3 2 H OH H H HO O 6 5 4 3 2 1 ATP ADP Mg2+ fructose-6-phosphate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Phosphofructokinase
- 7. fructose-1,6- bisphosphate dihydroxyacet one-P glyceraldehyd e-3-P 6 5 4 3 2 1CH2OPO3 2 C C C C CH2OPO3 2 O HO H H OH H OH 3 2 1 CH2OPO3 2 C CH2OH O C C CH2OPO3 2 H O H OH+ 1 2 3 Aldolase Triosephosphate Isomerase
- 9. glycerald ehyde-3- P NAD+ Pi 1,3- bispho sphogl ycerate NADH H+ C C CH2OPO3 2 H O H OH C C CH2OPO3 2 O OPO3 2 H OH + Pi + H+ NAD+ NADH 1 2 3 2 3 1 glyceraldehyde- 1,3-bisphospho- 3-phosphate glycerate Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase
- 10. The aldehyde of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate reacts with the cysteine thiol to form a thiohemiacetal intermediate. H3N+ C COO CH2 SH H cysteine C C CH2OPO3 2 H O H OH 1 2 3 glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate
- 11. CH CH2OPO3 2 OHEnz-Cys SH Enz-Cys S CH CH CH2OPO3 2 OHOH Enz-Cys S C CH CH2OPO3 2 OHO HC NAD+ NADH Enz-Cys SH Pi C CH CH2OPO3 2 OHO O3PO 2 O glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate thiohemiacetal intermediate acyl-thioester intermediate
- 12. 1,3- bisphosp hoglycer ate ADP 3- phospho glycerate ATP C C CH2OPO3 2 O OPO3 2 H OH C C CH2OPO3 2 O O H OH ADP ATP 1 22 3 3 1 Mg2+ 1,3-bisphospho- 3-phosphoglycerate glycerate Phosphoglycerate Kinase
- 13. 3-phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate C C CH2OH O O H OPO3 2 2 3 1 C C CH2OPO3 2 O O H OH2 3 1 3-phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate Mutase
- 15. Phospho enol pyruvate ADP pyruvate ATP C C CH3 O O O2 3 1 ADP ATPC C CH2 O O OPO3 2 2 3 1 C C CH2 O O OH2 3 1 phosphoenolpyruvate enolpyruvate pyruvate Pyruvate Kinase
- 16. Hexokinase Phosphofructokinase glucose Glycolysis ATP ADP glucose-6-phosphate Phosphoglucose Isomerase fructose-6-phosphate ATP ADP fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Aldolase glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone-phosphate Triosephosphate Isomerase Glycolysis continued
- 17. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase Phosphoglycerate Kinase Enolase Pyruvate Kinase glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate NAD+ + Pi NADH + H+ 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ADP ATP 3-phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate Mutase 2-phosphoglycerate H2O phosphoenolpyruvate ADP ATP pyruvate