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Lecture ppt by bhukya bhaskar probiotic ug class
- 1. Probiotics and Itsutilization in Aquaculture PREPARED & PRESENTED BY: BHUKYA BHASKAR & KALYAN,
- 2. Introduction • The Worldtotal aquaculture production in 2014 was 73 783 725 tonnes (total Inland 47 102 391t & total marine 26 681 334 t). • In the decade 2005–2014, fish culture production grew at 5.8 % /yr, down from the 7.2 % /yr achieved in last decade (1995–2004). • term “probiotic” comes from Greek pro and bios means “prolife”. • The global market for probiotic ingredients, supplements & foods, reached US $15,900 million in 2008 & projected to rise up to US $19,600 million in 2013, growth rate of 4.3% /yr. • Elie Metchnikoff (1905) 1st to describe the positive role played by some bacteria & to replace harmful microbes by beneficial microbes”. • The term probiotic was introduced until 1965 by Lilly and Stillwell as a modification of the original word “probiotika.”
- 3. Cont… • Kozasa madethe 1st empirical application of probiotics in aquaculture • Sperti modified the concept of “tissue extracts that stimulate microbial growth.” • Use of bacteria as a food source & as a biological control of fish disease was 1st proposed by Yasuda & Taga (1980). • The 1st application of probiotics occurred in 1986, to test their ability to increase growth of hydrobionts. • Recent documented evidence that probiotics can improve the digestibility of nutrients, increase tolerance to stress, & encourage reproduction. • FAO has designated use of probiotics as a major means for quality improvement of aquatic environment. • Goal: make aquaculture products more acceptable to consumers
- 4. Definition of Probiotic •Probiotics 1st used to describe a microbial feed/food supplement was by Parker in 1974. Probiotics as “organisms and substances that contribute to intestinal microbial balance.” • Fuller defined as “live microbial food supplement that benefits the host (human or animal) by improving the microbial balance of the body” & said that it would be effective in a range of extreme temperatures and salinity variations. • In 1998, Guarner & Schaafsma assumed that probiotics are live microorganisms which, when consumed in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to the host. • Gatesoupe in 1999, Probiotics as “microbial cells administered in a certain way, which reaches the gastrointestinal tract & remain alive with the aim of improving health” .
- 5. Principle & Attributesof of probiotic work • Principle of probiotic work: based on the competitive exclusion (ecological process it can beneficially manipulate the microbial composition of gut of host & environment) • A microbe that protects its host & prevents disease. Probiotics counter the decimation of helpful intestinal bacteria by antibiotics. • Methods commonly used for microencapsulation of probiotics are the emulsion, extrusion, spray drying & adhesion to starch • Attributes of probiotics: a). Viability b). Colonization c). Stabilization.
- 6. Flow chart forselection of probiotics Source Isolation of Strain In Vitro Assessment In Vivo Assessment Probiotic Commercialization Government Agency Approval
- 7. Culture, Isolation &Identification of probiotic bacteria from host samples CULTURE & ISOLATION OF BACTERIA: tissue from intestine, kidney, liver, skin or muscles. incubated in BOD at 30+ or -10 for 24 hr. pure colonies will be isolated (OIE,2006). Pure culture stored at 200c. B). Secondary tests:. Nitrate reduction test, Malate utilization test, Urea broth test, Vogus-proskauer (VP) test, Methyl red test, Indole production test & Simmon’s citrate utilization test, Identification of probiotic bacteria: A) primary test : Motility test, catalase test & oxidase test, C). Tertiary test for the confirmation of bacteria: in vitro antagonistic test a). Well diffusion agar assay (WDAA), b). Broth co-culture assay, c). Cross-streaking method
- 8. Comparative internal organsobservation for probiotics action in fish & shrimp & oyster
- 9. Characteristics of goodprobiotics(Fuller): (i) It should be a strain, capable of exerting a beneficial effect on the host animal e.g. increased growth or resistance to disease. (ii) non-pathogenic and non-toxic. (iii) present as viable cells preferable in large numbers. (iv) capable of surviving & metabolizing in the gut environment e.g. resistance to low pH & organic acid. (v) stable & capable of remaining viable for periods under storage and field conditions.
- 10. Safety aspects ofprobiotics a). Intestinal effects; as relieve effects as promote recovery from diarrhea (rotavirus, traveler’s). Produce lactase, lactose tolerance & absorption. Relieve constipation, treat colitis. b). Immune system effects; as enhance specific & nonspecific response. gastrointestinal immunity. Reduce chance of infection from pathogens (salmonella, shigella), Inhibit pathogen growth & translocation c). Other effects; reduce risk of certain cancer (colon, bladder). Detoxify carcinogens. Suppress tumors. Lower serum cholesterol. Reduce blood pressure in hypertensives. Treat food allergies. Synthesize (folic acids, niacin, riboflavin, vit B6 & B12). Rise nutrient bioavailability. Improve urogenital health. Optimize effects of vaccines (eg: rotavirus vaccines, typhoid fever vaccines)
- 11. Aquaculture authority bannedantibiotics & drugs residual substance level 1. Chloramphenicol 11. Dimetridazole 2. Nitrofurans ( Furaltadone, Furazolidone, Furylfuramide, Nifruratel, Nifuroxime, Nifuraprazine, Nitrofratoin, Nitrofurazone) 12. Metronidazole 3. Neomycin 13. Ronidazole 4. Nalidixic acid 14. Ipronidazole 5. Sulphamethoxzole 15. Other nitroimidazoles 6. Aristolochia spp. & preparation there of 16. Clenbuterole 7. Chloroform 17. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) 8. Chlorpromazine 18. Sulfonamide drugs (except sulfodimethoxine, sulfabromomethazine & sulfaethoxy pyridazine) 9. Colchicine 19. Fluroquinolones 10. Dapsone 20. Glycopeptides
- 12. Screening of Putative: In-vitroantagonism testing of probiotics against pathogens • Candidates are exposed to pathogen in liquid or solid medium screened for production of inhibitory compounds (bacteriocins), Siderophores, or on competition for nutrients must be undertaken with extreme caution: not all media are suitable • probionts are finicky as to on which medium they produce inhibitory compounds (e.g., zobell marine agar vs. TSB)
- 13. In-vivo Evaluations • Involvesintroducing candidate species to host cultures and monitoring growth, survival, physiochemical parameters • means of addition: addition to artificial diet, addition to culture water, bathing, addition via live food • experimental (allochthonous) infection of host via immersion • needs long-term evaluation (is the pathogenic effect one of suppression or delay?)
- 14. Evaluation of Pathogenicity •Probiotics must not be pathogenic to the host organism - this must be confirmed prior to acceptance • host must be challenged under stressed and non-stressed conditions • usually accomplished by adding probiotic to the culture water • proper way to do this under monoxenic conditions (only the probiont present) also look at interaction with other food organisms found simultaneously in culture (e.g., algae)
- 15. Function of probiotics: a).Growth promotion: (LAB) act on complex carbohydrates (starch, cellulose & synthesize many B – complex & vitamin K. increase appetite & good health in host. infection control & from raised digestibility of nutrients. b). Immunostimulation/ Immunomodulation: Eg; Lactobacillus casei YIT9018 (BPL) shown to act as immunomodulators altering antitumor responses. c). Antagonism effect of probiotics : Lactobacillus effective by producing certain weak organic acids as lactic acid & formic acids. as acidolin, acidophylin, lactobacillin, lactocidin effective against many pathogenic bacteria as Escherichia, Salmonella, Streptococcus, Shigella, Proteus Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Vibrio thus helps to fight disease. Lactobacillus balgaricus are potent toxin neutralizer.
- 16. Cont… • d). Antimicrobiosesfor host benefits: • Intestinal microbiota of higher animals contributes to resistance against invading pathogens. • P. pentosaceous 43200 most promising strain for further research on bacteriocins mediated protection against C. botulinum hazardous spores. • e). Probiotic feeding: • Probiotics once colonized in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can effect the flora in 3 ways as 1). By providing preformed metabolites. • 2). By continuous provision of viable cells which do not colonize but which survive & metabolize insitu. • 3). By provision of viable cells which colonize the gut & produce useful metabolites insitu.
- 17. Modes of actionof probiotics 1). Production of inhibitory compounds/ substances 2). Competion for chemicals or available energy 3). Competion for iron & production of Siderophores 4). Competion for Adhesion sites 5). Enhancement of immune response 6). Improvement of water quality 7). Interaction with phytoplankton 8). Production of enzymes 9). Synthesis of vitamins & absorption of minerals 10). Improvement of stress tolerance 11). Antimicrobial effects 12). Digestive simulation effect 13). Cholesterol – lowering effect
- 18. Mode of actionof probiotics Colonization resistance Suppression of endogenous pathogens eg: antibiotic associated diarrhoea probiotics Normalized intestinal microbiota Control of irritable bowel syndrome Metabolic effects Lower level of toxigenic / mutagenic reaction gut Reduction risk for colon cancer Supply of SCFA & vit (eg; folate ) colonic Suppression of exogenous pathogens eg: travelers diarrhoea Bile salts deconjugation & secretion immunomodulation Strengthened innate immunity Improved lactose toleranceLactose hydrolysis Lower serum cholesterol Alleviate food allergy symptoms in infants Balance immune response
- 19. Modes of actionof probiotics
- 20. • Vibrio alginolyticuscan be inoculated into shrimp culture with an aim to suppress the pathogenic vibrio harvey, V. parahaemolyticus, V. splendidus. • Isolated sp of Carbonobacterium piscicon & C. divergens are produced bacteriocins against L. monocytogens by producing Piscicocin v1 & diversin v41. • Addition of LAB to rotifers fed to turbot larvae Scopthalmus maximus was found to improve growth & increase resistance against pathogenic vibrio. • Dry feed with LAB Carnobacterium divergens isolated from Atlantic cod (G. marhua) intestines improved disease resistance of cod fry exposed to virulent strain of Vibrio anguillarium. • The effect of flora on digestion in cold water fish is probably negligible as a minimum levels of 107 CFU/gm of intestinal content seem necessary for significant bacterial enzyme activity.
- 21.
- 22. Cont… • The effectof flora on digestion in cold water fish is probably negligible as a minimum levels of 107 CFU/gm of intestinal content seem necessary for significant bacterial enzyme activity. • Flavobacterium inhibited growth of Palva lutheri from inoculum of 103 CFU/ml. • Biocontrol of Aeromonas hydrophila by the Lactococcus lactis suppress protease production by A. hydrophila which contributes to its virulence in fresh water fishes as cyprinus carpio & tilapia mossambica by immersion technique proved successful as antibodies of Lactococcus lactis could be observed in fishes even after infection by Aeromonas.
- 24. Few examples ofprobiotic products used by shrimp farmers in India Probiotic brand name Active ingredients/Organisms (as per label Cost/ kg Type of probiotic Pro-B Active A Culture/viable spores comprising of Cellulomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Nitrasomonas spp. Nitrobacter spp., and Yeast, Xanthophyllomyces spp., Enzymes (protease, cellulase, Pectinase, Hemicellulase) 2300/- Water Avant-Bact MOS (Mannan oligo saccharides), Pediococcus acidilactici MA 18/5 m 1090/- feed Avant-proW Bacillus subtilis Rosell-179 and Pediococcus acidilactici MA 18/5m 2790/- Water Black solve Bacillus spp., Nitrasomonas spp., Nitrobacter spp., Rhodococcus spp., Cellulomonas spp., Pseudomonas spp., Lactobacillus spp., Aerobacter, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae 729/- water Bio cult - 120 Soil Prob solve Bacillus spp., Nitrasomonas spp., Nitrobacter spp., Rhodococcus spp., Cellulomonas spp., Pseudomonas spp., Lactobacillus spp., Aerobacter, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae 1458/- feed Pond solve Nitrasomonas spp., Nitrobacter spp., Rhodobacter, Enzymes (protease, lipase, amylase) and surfactants 1458/- water Micro -PS Rhodococcus, Rhodobacter, Nitrasomonas, Nitrobacter and Thiobacillus 165/ lit Water
- 25. Some of theprobiotics supplemented products used in Aquaculture
- 26. Production of inhibitorycompounds by probiotics • Release of chemicals having a bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect ultimate result: competitive edge for nutrients/energy • production sites: in host intestine, on its surface, or in culture medium • products: antibiotics, bacteriocins, Siderophores, lysozymes, proteases, hydrogen peroxide, organic acids (pH change) • Lactobacillus sp. produces bacteriocins (toxins) marine bacteria produce bacteriolytic enzymes against V. parahaemolyticus • Alteromonas sp. produces monastatin, shown to be inhibitory against Aeromonas hydrophila inhibitory effects have been shown by probiotics against aquaculture pathogens
- 27. Different applications ofprobiotics in aquaculture probiotics as growth promoter Identity of the probiotic Applied to aquatic species Bacillus sp. S11 Penaeus monodon Bacillus sp. Catfish Carnobacterium divergens Gadus morhua Alteromonas CA2 Crassostrea gigas Lactobacillus helveticus Scophthalmus maximus Lactobacillus lactis AR21 Brachionus plicatilis Streptococcus thermophilus Scophthalmus maximus Streptomyces Xiphophorus helleri L. casei Poeciliopsis gracilis Bacillus NL 110, Vibrio NE 17 Macrobrachium rosenbergii Bacillus coagulans Cyprinus carpio koi
- 28. Aquatic sp usedfor probiotic application
- 29. Commercially used probioticsorganisms in aquaculture Lactobacillus species Bifidobacterium species Streptococcus species L. Acidophilus B. bifidum S. thermophilus L. Paracasei B. breve L. Casei B. lactis L. Plantarum B. longun L. fermentum L. reuteri L. Gasseri L. rhamnous L. Johnsonii L. Salivarius L. Lact
- 30. Probiotics role inPathogen inhibition Probiotics sp Host cultured sp Probiotics sp Host cultured sp Bacillus sp. Penaeids V. fluvialis Oncorhynchus mykiss Enterococcus faecium SF 68 Anguilla anguilla Tetraselmis suecica Salmo salar L. rhamnosus ATCC53103 Oncorhynchus mykiss Carnobacterium sp. Hg4- 03 Hepialus gonggaensis larvae Micrococcus luteus A1-6 Oncorhynchus mykiss Lactobacillus acidophilus Clarias gariepinus Pseudomonas fluorescens Oncorhynchus mykiss Bacillus spp., Enterococcu ssp. Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis P. fluorescens AH2 Oncorhynchus mykiss Lactococcus lactis Epinephelus coioides Pseudomonassp. Oncorhynchus mykiss Roseobacter sp. BS. 107 Scallop larvae Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. exiguous, Phaffia rhodozyma Litopenaeus vannamei
- 31. Probiotics role inPathogen inhibition in host Epinephelus coioides Litopenaeus vannamei Oncorhynchus mykiss Anguilla anguilla
- 32. Nutrient digestibility Nutrient digestibility L.helveticus Scophthalmus maximus Bacillus NL 110, Vibrio NE 17 Macrobrachium rosenbergii Carnobacterium sp. Hg4- 03 Hepialus gonggaensis larvae Lactobacillus acidophilus Clarias gariepinus Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11 Solea senegalensis Solea senegalensis Shewanella putrefaciens
- 33. Water quality Probioticsrole in Aquaculture Probiotic strain in Water quality Succeeded host sp Bacillus NL 110, Vibrio sp. NE 17 Macrobrachium rosenbergii Lactobacillus acidophilus Clarias gariepinus B. coagulans SC8168 Pennaeus vannamei Bacillus sp., Saccharomyces sp . Penaeus monodon Penaeus monodon Bacillus sp. Bacillus NL 110, Vibrio sp. NE 17 Macrobrachium rosenbergii Bacillus sp. Penaeus monodon
- 35. Probiotics role instress tolerance Stress tolerance in Aquaculture Lactobacillus delbrueckii Dicentrarchus labrax Alteromonas sp. Sparus auratus B. subtilis, L. acidophilus, S. cerevisiae Paralichthys olivaceus L. casei Poecilopsis gracilis Pediococcus acidilactici Litopenaeus stylirostris Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11 Mahi mahi Sparus auratus Paralichthys olivaceus Litopenaeus stylirostris Dicentrarchus labrax
- 36. Reproduction improvement probiotics for Reproduction improvement Hostsp used for Reproduction improvement Bacillus subtilis Poecilia reticulata, Xiphophorus maculatus L. rhamnosus Danio rerio L. acidophilus, L. casei, Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacterium thermophilum Xiphophorus helleri Poecilia reticulata
- 37. Recent Findings: finfish •Digestive tract of finfish contains 108 cells/g (Ringo et al., 1995) • For cod, Gadus gadus, gut is colonized by similar bacteria as found in eggs (Hansen and Olafsen, 1999) • Putative probiotics added as soon as possible after hatching in order to colonize gut prior to feeding (Ringo and Vadstein, 1998) • Turbot and dab harbor bacteria capable of suppressing growth of V. anguillarum (Ollson et al., 1992) • V. alginolyticus was effective in reducing disease caused by Aeromonas salmonicida in Atlantic salmon (Austin et al., 1995).
- 38. Recent Findings: finfish •Kennedy et al. (1998) showed addition of a Gram-positive probiotic increased survival, size uniformity, and growth rate of snook, red drum, spotted sea trout and striped mullet. • Gram et al. (1999) reported a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens reduced mortality of 40 g rainbow trout infected with pathogenic V. anguillarum • Garcia-de-la-Banda et al. (1992) added Streptococcus lactis and Lactobacillus bulgaricus to rotifers and Artemia sp. nauplii and recorded 6x higher survival Nikoskelainen et al. (2003) showed immune enhancement in rainbow trout via Lactobacillus rhamnosus supplemented in feeds
- 39. Recent Findings: shrimp •Broad application in hatcheries, used as food source (e.g., soil bacteria for P. monodon nauplii)Improved survival (57% vs. 0%) after 13 days against V. anguillarum • Improved survival of L. vannamei PL’s inoculated with V. alginolyticus (non-pathogenic) vs. oxytet and control (Garriques and Arivalo, 1995) • probiotics in Ecuador in 1992, hatchery down-time between batches was reduced from 7 days per month to 21 days per year, production volumes increased by 35% & antimicrobial use decreased by 94% • In shrimp hatcheries in New Caledonia, a strain of Pseudoalteromonas piscicida was found to inhibit the growth of Vibrio sp. (Saulnier et al., 2000)
- 40. Recent Findings: bivalavemolluscs • Most research has focused on nutritional contributions to mollusc larvae • most work in vitro wherein autochthonous strains have been isolated from scallops and have shown some inhibition to Vibrio sp. and Aeromonas hydrophila • Bacillus sp. and Lactobacillus sp. shown to depurate oysters (Crassostrea virginica) against V. vulnificus (Williams et al., 2001)
- 41. Benefits of probioticsin aquaculture • 1). Production of inhibitory compounds: (bacteriocins, sideropheres, lysozymes, proteases, hydrogen peroxides) • 2). Competion for adhesion sites (probiotics on gut or external mucous epithelial surface against pathogens as Vibrio anguillarium, Aeromonas hydrophila) • 3). Competion for nutrients • 4). Source of nutrients & enzymatic contribution to digestion: (bacteriodes & Clostridium sp. Supplying fatty acids & vitamins to host. Probiotics produce Enzymes as proteases, lipases in bivalves) • 5). Enhancement of immune response: (probiotics can stimulate non specific immune system eg: Clostridium butyricum in rainbow trout enhanced phagocytic {leucocytes} activity & resistance to vibriosis.
- 42. Benefits of probioticsin aquaculture • Lactobacillus rhamnosus (strain ATCC 53103) @ 105 cfu g-1 feed, stimulated the respiratiory burst in rainbow trout (O. mykiss) • 6). Influence on water quality : (Nitrosomonas { convert ammonia to nitrite}, Nitrobacter {convert nitrite to notrate}, methane reducing bacteria use CO2 as source of molecular O2) • 7). Interaction with phytoplankton : (eg: probiotics algicidal effect microalgae red tide plankton) • 8). Antiviral activity: (Pseudomonas sp., Vibrio sp., Aeromonas sp., & coryniferms isolated from salmonid hatchery had antiviral activity against IHNV {infectous hematopoitic necrosis virus} with > 50% plaque reduction. Moraxella showed Antiviral capacity high specificity for poliovirus.
- 43. Limitation of probioticsuse • Probiotics can be used in advance as prevention tools i.e. these should be used continuously before the outbreaks of diseases. • Probiotics can prevent disease rather than treatment of disease. • Probiotics can be established well in static or low water exchange systems (re- circulatory system). • Probiotics are effective if applied as soon as the water medium is sterilized before contamination with other microbes. • Probiotics can easily be destroyed by any other chemical or drug which generally interferes with the establishment of useful microbes.
- 44. Future perspectives ofprobiotics • Fermented African foods & beverages as Ogi & kunnu, to modulated= host immunity is a very promising of research. • Further screening of already discovered probiotics involves in vitro & in vivo investigation to evaluate their potential as immunostimulatory agents. • Genetic engineering of probiotics to make them more efficacious should be pursued. • Should be focus on the mechanisms of action within system, which stimulate the in vivo effects. • Oligonucleotide sequence, which triggers innate immunity system, will go a long way to help understand the mechanism by which immunostimulatory potentials of probiotics are mediated.
- 45. Future perspectives ofprobiotics • This investigation reveal which CpG motif within probiotic DNA (CpG DNA) actually responsible for stimulation of immune system of humans. • Phytase enzymes can rise the nutritional value of food & feed by liberating inorganic phosphate from phytate, the major storage form of phosphate in plants. • Bacillus coagulans is a lactic acid producing & spore forming probiotic bacteria recombinant tested for Phytase activity on test plates at PH (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) to obtain any changing in PH optimum of the enzyme in the new host but no Phytase activity was observed on the plates.
- 46. conclusion • FAO shouldbe recommend the sustainable use of Probiotics & their complex (Biofloc) in replacing the Antibiotics & excess artificial feed in Aquaculture to discourage aquatic habitat pollution. • Enhance ecofriendly, sustainable, consumer safety. • Utilized in multiple aquaculture production process due to its multiple beneficial action both externally & internally. • Lack of knowledge on modes of actions is very evident.
- 47. Cont… • Reduce pollutantsharmful effects by their direct utilization for microbial food production process which makes them very less harmful form (degradation, bioremediation, symbiotic, commensals, modification & other beneficial unknown action of probiotic organisms). • More information on competitive process between bacteria is required. • More information on relationship between bacteria & their micro biota required
- 48. Special thanks to Dr.Yusufzai sir associate professor, Head of dept. of Aquaculture Gratitude To My Beloved Parents Sacrifices, India