Nutrigenomics and its application in aquaculture. Nutrigenomics is the manipulation of gene expression through diet to achieve optimal genetic performance. Probiotics and prebiotics are used in aquaculture to control disease, improve growth and health. Probiotics work by competitively excluding pathogens, producing inhibitory substances, and improving water quality. They also upregulate growth genes and immune genes, activate the immune system, and improve gut immunity. Symbiotics, which combine probiotics and prebiotics, have synergistic beneficial effects in aquaculture.

1. Nutrigenomics and its application in
aquaculture
Presented by: Simone Tharwat
Thabet
genetics and genetic
engineering lab
National institute of oceanography and fisheries
Branch of Alexandria 1

2. Genetic code
• Genetic content in all
cells of the body is the
same.
• Active genes differ
from cell type to
another.
• Genes can be switched
on or off depending on
position of cell in
body, developmental
stage, and surrounding
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3. Nutrigenomics
• Nutrigenomics is the
manipulation of gene
expression profile through diet.
• Nutrigenomics aim for
achieving the best performance
of creature’s genetic material.
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4. Classification of gene depending on
regulation
Constitutive genes
• Continuously expressed, its end
product present in all cells all the time
almost the same amount
• Example:-
• Β actin gene.
Regulated genes
• Genes which its expression pattern can
be modified depending on presence or
absence of certain chemical stimuli in
it’s environment.
• Example :-
• Genes of biosynsis (formation of amino
acids).
• Genes breakdown galactose, lactose
and fructose.
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5. Disease control in aquaculture
• Disease outbreaks caused by Infectious pathogens lead
to mass mortality and great economic losses in
aquaculture.
• Antibiotics have been used for disease control in
aquaculture in last decades, but it have its drawbacks
such as residual toxicity, emerging drug resistance,
immune suppression and reduced consumer preference
for drug treated aquatic products.
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6. Disease control in aquaculture
• Demands for non-antibiotic, environmentally friendly agents
for disease control led to the emergence of Nutrigenomic era
in aquaculture.
• Dietary supplement such as probiotic andor prebiotic provide
nonspecific disease protection also found to improve growth
rate and overall health of farmed fish.
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7. 1-Prebiotics and
aquaculture
• Prebiotics are indigestible fibers (ex:
plant extract).
• Examples of Prebiotics used in
aquaculture:
1. fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS).
2. Inulin.
3. mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS).
4. β-glucan.
5. galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS).
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8. 2-Probiotic applications in aquaculture
• Probiotics are live microbial feed supplement such as bacteria, yeast,
bacteriophage, and unicellular algae which beneficially affect the host
animal .
• Probiotics used in aquaculture either as a feed additive or as water
additive.
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9. List of some probiotic strains used in aquaculture
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10. 10

11. Mode of action of probiotic
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Action upon
pathogen
Competitive exclusion
Competition on nutrient
and energy
Production of inhibitory
substance
Action upon water
Improvement of overall
chemical parameter
Action upon
host(fish)
Increase overall health
Increase growth rate
Increase innate immunity

12. Probiotics and aquaculture
mode of action
1. Competitive exclusion : an important
mechanism of action in probiotic
bacteria is competition for adhesion
sites.
2. Production of inhibitory substances
with bactericidal or bacteriostatic
effects on other microbial
populations
3. Competition on nutrients that are
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13. Probiotics and
aquaculture
4. Improving water quality by
converting organic matter into
carbon dioxide, subsequently
reducing stress.
5. Improve the nutritional value of
diet through producing
extracellular enzymes and
essential micronutrients.
6. improving the integrity and
thickness of microscopic villi of
GIT.
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TEM micrographs from the gut region
of Litopenaeus vannamei fed control
diet, MOS-supplemented diets after
the 56 days feeding trial. Scale bar ¼ 1
mm

14. Probiotics and gene expression manipulation
1-Growth related genes 2-immune related genes
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15. Probiotics up-regulate growth related genes
in fish as
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Insulin like growth
factor I
Insulin like growth
factor II
Growth hormone
receptor I
Growth hormone
receptor II

16. Probiotic effect on myogenesis
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probiotics somatotrophic axis myogenesis

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Probiotics and activation
of immunity
Systemic immunity Gut immunity

18. Probiotic and activation of
systemic immunity
Increase
phagocyt
ic activity
Increase
lysozym
e
producti
on
Increase
production
of
IgM
Up-
regulation
of
pro-
inflammato
ry
cytokines
Up-
regulation
of
anti-
inflammato
ry
cytokines
Increase
respirator
y brust
Increase
peroxidase
production
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19. • Probiotics can effectively activate
phagocytic activity which is Main component
of innate immune system.
• Probiotic application increase respiratory
brust which is a rapid increase in the
production of reactive oxygen species (ros)
during the phagocytosis of microbes.
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Phagocytosis process

20. • Probiotics is found to increase the peroxidase production which is an
important enzyme that utilizes oxidative radicals to produce hypochlorous
acid to kill pathogens.
• Immunoglobulin M (Ig M) protects against bacteria, viruses, neutralizes
bacterial toxins, triggers complement systems and binds antigens to
enhance the effectiveness of phagocytosis.
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21. Effect of probiotic upon
lysozyme and
complement • probiotics are found to increase the
lysozyme level in teleosts.
• Probiotics can enhance natural
complement activity of fish
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22. Probiotics and
activation of
cytokines
Cytokines are proteins that regulate
and determine the nature of immune
responses. through, controlling
immune cell trafficking and the
cellular arrangement of immune
organs.
The type of cytokines produced in
response to an infection or stress
determines initially whether an
immune response develops or not
and its type for example cytotoxic,
humoral, cell-mediated, or allergic.
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23. probiotics and up regulation of immune
related genes in aquaculture as
1. Tumer necrosis factor α (TNFα).
2. Interferons γ (INF γ)
3. Interleukin-1 (IL1).
4. Interleukine-6 (Il6).
5. Interleukine 12 (IL12).
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24. probiotics and up regulation of immune
related genes in aquaculture
6. Interleukine 10 (IL-10).
7. Transforming growth factor β (tgf β)
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25. Probiotics and
activation of gut
immunity • The gut is the organ where probiotics not
only establish but also Execute their
functions including immunostimulaory
activity.
• The immune system Of the gut is referred
to as gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
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26. Probiotics and activation of gut immunity
• probiotics and/or its components and Products interact with
GALT to induce immune response. Through, Increasing
numbers and activity of intraepithelial lymphocytes, acidophilic
and granulocytes.
• Probiotics induce suppression of GALT pro-inflammatory
cytokines gene expression.
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27. Symbiotic and aquaculture
• Symbiotic are a combination of probiotic and prebiotic it
exhibit synergistic action, as it produce greater beneficial
effects rather than application of only one of them.
• Several studies showed that symbiotic can improve
health, digestibility, feed absorption, specific growth
rate, and digestive enzyme growth performance.
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28. Examples for symbiotic combinations used in
aquaculture
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29. List of Bibliography
• CEREZUELA, R. ET AL. 2011. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE IN SYNBIOTIC USE FOR FISH AQUACULTURE:
A REVIEW. JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (SPEC. ISSUE 1), PP. 1–7.
DOI: 10.4172/2155-9546.S1-008.
• DO HUU, H. AND JONES, C.M. 2014. EFFECTS OF DIETARY MANNAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE
SUPPLEMENTATION ON JUVENILE SPINY LOBSTER PANULIRUS HOMARUS (PALINURIDAE).
AQUACULTURE 432, PP. 258–264. AVAILABLE AT:
HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.AQUACULTURE.2014.05.013.
• LAKSHMI, B. ET AL. 2013. PROBIOTICS AS ANTIVIRAL AGENTS IN SHRIMP AQUACULTURE.
JOURNAL OF PATHOGENS 2013, PP. 1–13. DOI: 10.1155/2013/424123.
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30. • MIDHUN, S.J. ET AL. 2019. DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS HGA8B
IMPROVES GROWTH PARAMETERS, ENZYMATIC PROFILE AND GENE EXPRESSION OF
OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS. AQUACULTURE 505(FEBRUARY), PP. 289–296. AVAILABLE AT:
HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.AQUACULTURE.2019.02.064.
• NAYAK, S.K. 2010. PROBIOTICS AND IMMUNITY: A FISH PERSPECTIVE. FISH AND SHELLFISH
IMMUNOLOGY 29(1), PP. 2–14. AVAILABLE AT: HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.FSI.2010.02.017.
• PANIGRAHI, A. ET AL. 2011. REAL-TIME QUANTIFICATION OF THE IMMUNE GENE EXPRESSION IN
RAINBOW TROUT FED DIFFERENT FORMS OF PROBIOTIC BACTERIA LACTOBACILLUS RHAMNOSUS.
AQUACULTURE RESEARCH 42(7), PP. 906–917. DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2109.2010.02633.X.
• ZORRIEHZAHRA, M.J. ET AL. 2016. PROBIOTICS AS BENEFICIAL MICROBES IN AQUACULTURE: AN
UPDATE ON THEIR MULTIPLE MODES OF ACTION: A REVIEW. VETERINARY QUARTERLY 36(4), PP.
228–241. AVAILABLE AT: HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.1080/01652176.2016.1172132.
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