This document discusses probiotics and their mechanisms against pathogens. It defines probiotics as live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts. Common probiotic bacteria include Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains. Prebiotics are non-digestible fibers that feed probiotic bacteria. Probiotics can inhibit pathogens by competing for adhesion sites, producing antimicrobial substances, and strengthening the gut barrier. They may help treat various gastrointestinal disorders and conditions like IBS, diarrhea, and inflammatory bowel disease. Probiotics modulate the microbiota and immune system to promote gut and overall health.
Probiotics are useful microorganisms to fight against pathogenic bacteria in human gut . Commercially bacteria and fungus are being used as probiotic organisms
Beneficial Effects of Probiotics
Introduction: PROBIOTICS are living microorganisms, when taken by mouth, benefit your health by improving the balance of bacteria in the intestines.
Often bacteria, but also include some kinds of yeast.
PROBIOTICS are “good” bacteria or non-pathogenic in healthy people.
Gut contains over 500 different types of beneficial bacteria.
Beneficial functions such as inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, aiding in digestion, and vitamin-B synthesis.
To consider Bacterium as Probiotics, must meet the following criteria:
It is a microbial organism which is not harmful
It remains alive during processing and the shelf life of the food
It must survive digestion and remain alive in the gut
It is able to bring about a response in the gut
It is associated with health benefits
Common Probiotic Bacteria
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus casei
Lactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Bifidobacterium animalis
Bifidobacterium infantis
Bifidobacterium lactis
Bifidobacterium longum
Beneficial Effects of Probiotics
Absorbing and/or destroying toxins released by certain “bad” bacteria that can make you sick.
Producing substances that prevent infection.
Preventing harmful bacteria from attaching to the gut wall and growing there.
Boosting your immune system
Sending signals to your cells to strengthen the mucus in your intestine, which helps it act as a barrier against infection.
Production of B vitamins. Vitamin B is important in maintaining healthy skin, a healthy nervous system and preventing anemia
Decrease gas production and bloating
Probiotics are useful microorganisms to fight against pathogenic bacteria in human gut . Commercially bacteria and fungus are being used as probiotic organisms
Beneficial Effects of Probiotics
Introduction: PROBIOTICS are living microorganisms, when taken by mouth, benefit your health by improving the balance of bacteria in the intestines.
Often bacteria, but also include some kinds of yeast.
PROBIOTICS are “good” bacteria or non-pathogenic in healthy people.
Gut contains over 500 different types of beneficial bacteria.
Beneficial functions such as inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, aiding in digestion, and vitamin-B synthesis.
To consider Bacterium as Probiotics, must meet the following criteria:
It is a microbial organism which is not harmful
It remains alive during processing and the shelf life of the food
It must survive digestion and remain alive in the gut
It is able to bring about a response in the gut
It is associated with health benefits
Common Probiotic Bacteria
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus casei
Lactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Bifidobacterium animalis
Bifidobacterium infantis
Bifidobacterium lactis
Bifidobacterium longum
Beneficial Effects of Probiotics
Absorbing and/or destroying toxins released by certain “bad” bacteria that can make you sick.
Producing substances that prevent infection.
Preventing harmful bacteria from attaching to the gut wall and growing there.
Boosting your immune system
Sending signals to your cells to strengthen the mucus in your intestine, which helps it act as a barrier against infection.
Production of B vitamins. Vitamin B is important in maintaining healthy skin, a healthy nervous system and preventing anemia
Decrease gas production and bloating
covers Introduction.
History of probiotics.
General characteristics of probiotics.
Why are probiotics important to human health?
Some probiotics strains.
Mechanism of action
Advantages of host and type of advantages.
Classification of probiotics and examples.
Probiotics but not antibiotics, explanation with AAD.
Some probiotic food.
Probiotics and cancer.
Disadvantages of probiotics
Status of probiotics in india
India and global probiotics manufactures.
covers Introduction.
History of probiotics.
General characteristics of probiotics.
Why are probiotics important to human health?
Some probiotics strains.
Mechanism of action
Advantages of host and type of advantages.
Classification of probiotics and examples.
Probiotics but not antibiotics, explanation with AAD.
Some probiotic food.
Probiotics and cancer.
Disadvantages of probiotics
Status of probiotics in india
India and global probiotics manufactures.
At the start of the 20th century, Russian noble prize winner and father of modern immunology, Elie Metchnikoff, a scientist at the Pasteur institute, was the first conceptualize “probiotics”.
In 1907 Metchnokoff proposed that the acid producing bacteria in fermented milk products could prevent “fouling” in the large intestine and if consumed regularly, lead to a longer, healthier life.
In early 1930’s, in Japan, Minoru shirota developed a fermented milk product called Yakult (probiotic yogurt like product made by fermenting a mixture of skimmed milk with a special strain of Lactobacillus casei shirota).
Probiotic term coined in 1965 by Lilly and StillwellThe human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a highly specialised ecosystem that has evolved over
time, both physiologically and microbiologically. At least in part, this is a consequence of the
host and environmental pressures that it must counteract in order to maintain eubiosis. The
GI tract is one of the most diverse and metabolically active organs in the human body. The
human gut and its microbiota cannot be realistically considered as separate entities as they
represent a dynamic biological system that has co-evolved from birth. The human GI tract
is composed of highly adapted regions for mediation of its diverse functions, many of which
impact markedly upon host health and welfare. Physiological considerations in each unique
region infl uence the degree and type of colonisation and initial colonisers also modify the
physiological conditions therein. This results in the development of distinct microhabitats
along the length of the GI tract, which infl uence metabolism, protection and immune stimulation.
Such effects are both local and systemic as the GI tract is connected to the vascular,
lymphatic and nervous systems. The ability of the gut to sustain its benefi cial microbiota,
against harmful or opportunistic microbiota, in a desirable community structure, is critical
for host health and reduction of disease risk. The focus of this chapter is to discuss how the
complex interplays between the human GI tract and its indigenous microbiota affect host
health and how certain benefi cial microbial species, with their potential for manipulation,
are crucial to this processThe human gastrointestinal tract is sterile up until birth, when microbial colonisation begins
during the delivery process. The inoculum may be largely derived either from the mother’s
vaginal or faecal fl ora (in a conventional birth) or from the environment (in a caesarean
delivery).Hence, the microbiota that colonise the newborn tract are acquired post-natally.
This is of extreme importance in the choice of delivery, as newborns delivered by caesarean
section are exposed to a different microbiota than that of a vaginal delivery. Bacterial
populations develop progressively during the fi rst few days of life; facultative anaerobes
predominate initially and create a reduced environment that allows for the growth of strict
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1. Probiotics and its mechanistic behaviour
against pathogens
Submitted to:Dr Manjit mam
Submitted by:Komal
Btech biotech 3rd year
1800108006
2. Prebiotics
• Prebiotics are plant-derived polysaccharides that act as
food and fuel for probiotics.
• These include inulin, nonstarch polysaccharides found in
some cereal grains and seaweed or algae, disaccharides
(lactulose), and polysaccharides including
fructooligosaccharides (fos) and
galactooligosaccharides.
3. Present in
• Vegetables: Artichokes, Garlics, Onions- shallots, and spring
onions, Leeks, Savoy cabbage
• Legumes: Red kidney beans, Baked beans, and Soybeans,
Chickpeas
• Fruits: Bananas, Custard apples, watermelon, Grapefruits,
nectarines, white peaches
• Cereal grains: Bran, Barley, Oats
• Nuts & Seeds: Almonds, Flaxseeds, Pistachio nuts
4. Cont…
• Prebiotics are fermented by colonic bacteria, generating end -products
such as SCFAs that provide essential nutrients for the enteric
epithelium. They also induce anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells
(Tregs), and lower luminal Ph
• Prebiotics are also speculated to protect the gut epithelium by
increasing the mucus layer, elongating the microvilli, increasing
numbers of epithelial cells, and by preventing adherence of pathogenic
strains to the epithelial cells.
• Other SCFAs such as propionate appear to induce de novo generation
of Tregs in the peripheral immune system. A newly published study in
mice revealed that when deprived of fiber, commensal bacteria will
degrade the protective mucosal mucus layer, permitting invasion by
commensals and pathogens alike.
• Probiotic therapies can provide benefits independent of diet.
5. Probiotics
As defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations(FAO) and the World Health Organization(WHO)
in 2002, probiotics are : “Live micro-organisms which when
administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on
the host.” Probiotics are friendly bacteria or yeasts are a
concept in contrast to antibiotics.
Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are the most common probiotics
bacteria but the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and some
Escherichia coli strains are also used as probiotics.
Lactobacillus---(L. casei, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L.
bulgaricus)
Bifidobacterium---(B. longum, B. breve, B. infantis)
Additional microbes: Bacillus and Streptococcus
Yeast - Saccharomyces
boulardii
6. Lactobacilli
• Lactobacilli are Gram-positive,
non-spore forming rods or
coccobacilli. They are found in a
variety of habitats where rich,
carbohydrate containing
substrates are available, such as
human and animal mucosal
membranes, on plants or material
of plant origin, sewage and
fermenting or spoilt food.
Lactobacilli are normally found in
the intestine of infants in high
numbers, but decline rapidly after
infancy.
7. LACTOBACILLUS casei strain
SHIROTA
LACTOBACILLUS CASEI
• In 1930, Minoru Shirota
successfully cultured a
bacterial strain that was
able to survive throughout
the intestines.
• This strain, selected from
a large collection of lactic
acid bacteria was later
named as Lcatobacillus
casei strain Shirota and
found to act as a probiotic
agent.
o It is broadly distributed in
nature and isolated from dairy
products,silage and the
intestinal tracts of various
animals.
o It is suggested to have a wide
range of pH and temp. and most
common application in
industrial, specially for dairy
production.
o it’s dominant species of
nonstarter lactic acid bacteria
8. Bifidobacteria
• Bifidobacteria are non-motile,
non-sporulating Gram-
positive rods with varying
appearance. Most strains are
strictly anaerobic. They
constitute a major part of the
normal intestinal microflora
in humans, appearing in the
stools a few days after birth
and increasing in number
thereafter. The number of
bifidobacteria in the colon of
young children is high, but
this number decreases rapidly
with age.
9. Probiotics cont..
• Probiotics must survive the acidic environment of the stomach and
bile acid to colonize the intestines.
• Probiotics appear to confer benefits without changing the
microbiome permanently and transient colonization is still
associated with beneficial effects in the host.
• Probiotics, through secreted molecules, influence the innate
inflammatory response of epithelial cells to stimuli from the gut
lumen, and reduce mucosal inflammation.
• Probiotics have implications for the treatment of several
gastrointestinal diseases including antibiotic-associated colitis,
acute gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer,
and irritable bowel syndrome.
11. Mechanisms through which probiotics
improve host health:
1. Reducing intestinal permeability by upregulation of tight junction
proteins.
2. Increasing mucin secretion by goblet cells.
3. Increasing secretion of defensins which prevent pathogen
colonization,
4. Production of scfas, stimulation of iga secretion.
5. Decreasing luminal ph, and enhancing and directing immune cells to
promote tolerance to commensals while maintaining protection
against pathogens.
6. Even nonviable organisms might confer health benefits by adhering
to the mucus layer and stimulating immune function in dogs.
7. Capsular polysaccharide from bacteroides fragilis, for instance,
activates tregs and decreases severity of colitis in mice .
13. Probiotics help in
• Modulation of gut microbiota i.e. increased beneficial bacteria
and decreased pathogenic bacteria
• Improvement of colonic physico-chemical conditions:
decreased pH, improved fermentation
• Reinforce gut epithelial barrier:
• ↑Defensins and mucus production by goblet cells
• ↑Permeability
• ↑Cytoprotective heat-shock proteins
• ↓ Bacteria producing harmful enzymes:
14. Cont..
•Binding, deactivation of carcinogens:↑Detoxifying
enzymatic antioxidants: GTS, glutathione, glutathione
reductase, Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase
and catalase
•Anti-carcinogenic metabolites: SCFAs, CLAs, phenols;
↑Apoptosis; ↑Differentiation in cancer cells
•↓Intestinal inflammation: ↓TLR-4, ↑IL-10, IL-8
secretion, NF-kB activation immune response against
tumour cells: ↑TNF and NO production in epithelial cells
↑Regulatory T-cell activity ↑Bactericidal phagocytic
activities of neutrophils↑IL-12, stimulation of DCs and
NK cells
•
15. Cont..
• Improvement in autoimmune arthritis af ter supplementation with live cultures
of Streptococcus lacticus and Bacillus bulgaricus was reported in 1909.
• Bifidobacterium longum ssp. longum (JCM 1217) has been shown to protect
against E. Coli O157:H7 -induced enteropathogenic infection in mice.
• Streptococcus salivaris termed VSL#3 - humans with ulcerative colitis
• Lactobacillus rhamnosus was associated with decreased duration of diarrhea
compared with a placebo.
• A small clinical trial with a probiotic strain of Saccharomyces boulardii
improved clinical signs in dogs with IBD and protein losing enteropathy.
• Enterococcus faecium SF68 is a lactic acid -producing strain that has been
shown to increase antibody secretion in mice with Giardiasis as well as
decrease fecal shedding of Giardia. It is associated with increased serum IgA
levels & significantly decreased the incidence of diarrhea. Also, there was also
a decrease in fecal C. perfringens and an increase in Bifidobacteria associated
with probiotic administration.
16. Cont..
• multispecies symbiotic containing Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus coagulans,
and Lactobacillus acidophilus , along with prebiotics, improved fecal scores and
reduced the incidence of diarrhea
• Evidence of the role of probiotics in treatment of CRC have been reported as
LAB play a key role in
• In modulating the microbiota,
• In improving the physico-chemical conditions of the gut and
• In reducing oxidative stress.
• Probiotic formulations have shown great promise in CRC as preventive, early
stage therapeutics and their role in modulating the microbiota, in improving the
physico-chemical conditions of the gut and in reducing oxidative stress.
• LAB may also modify luminal secretions, reinforce the mucosal barrier, affect
epithelial cell proliferation and reduce the exposure to toxic and carcinogenic
compounds in the colon.
17. How it function in human
body
1)Antibiotic pathogenic bacteria + Probiotic
capsule.
2)Harmful organism will be destroyed.
3)Beneficial bacteria multiplies rapidly.
4)Wound healing occur.
5)Healthy immune respon
18. Schematic representation of anti-adhesive properties of
probiotics and prebiotics:
A. Pathogens, probiotic and
bacterial toxins adhere to cell
surface oligosaccharides
carried on glycolipids and
glycoproteins;
B. Prebiotic oligosaccharides,
particularly galacto-
oligosaccharides (GOS) have
some structural similarity to
cell surface glycoproteins and
are postulated to inhibit
adhesion of toxins and
pathogens to cells;
C. The adhesion of probiotic
bacteria to cell surface
receptors is postulated to
inhibit adhesion of toxins and
pathogens to those receptors
