The document discusses herbal remedies used in aquaculture. It provides an introduction to herbal products and their advantages over chemical products, including fewer side effects. Several herbal plants and their properties are described, including neem, tulsi, garlic, and onion. The herbal plants have antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal properties. The document also discusses limitations of herbal plants and concludes that natural herbal products present a safer alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture.

1. WEST BENGAL UNIVERSITY OF ANIMAL AND FISHERY SCIENCES
SEMINAR ON : HERBAL REMEDIES USED IN AQUACULTURE
AAH-312
SUBMITTED TO:
Prof. G. Dash
Dept. of AAH
SUBMITTED BY:
Shirsak Mondal
B.F.Sc 3rd Year 1st sem
F/2015/31

2. INTRODUCTION
Herbal products means the products origins from any plant material. Now a
days chemical materials are in use very much but these materials has side
effects. But herbal material have less or no side effects .
The total global herbal drug market is estimated as 62 Billion USD and
expected to 5 Trillion USD in the year 2050 . India has trade of 10 Billion USD
per annum with the export value of 1.1 Billion USD. Every year using of herbal
products in pharmaceutical works in the rate of 10%-15% . They have the
characters of antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti parasitic and antimicrobial
properties.

3. It is well known and documented that medicinal plants have strong
antibacterial effects. Phenolic, polysaccharides, proteoglycans and
flavonoids known to play an important role in preventing and/or
controlling bacterial infections. Herbs such as S. triblobatum and P.
corylifolia were found to reduce vibrio in P. monodon three time when
supplied in enriched Artemia (Citrasuet al. 2002, 2009). Many other studies
with different species and with different herbal extracts and medicinal
plants were published. Several plant products found to have potent
antiviral activity against fish and shrimp viruses. For example,
Direkbusarakom et al. 1996found that shrimp fed ethanol extract
of Clinacanthus nutans had 95 percent survival rates when exposed to
Yellow head virus(YHV) compared to only 25 percent survival in control
group of black tiger shrimp. Antifungal properties were also found in many
plants.
MEDICINAL PLANTS

4. Advantages of herbal products
 These are plenty in available and cheap.
 Their action is effective.
 No adverse effect on natural ecosystem.
 These act as growth promoter.
 Herbal drugs has a anti-viral properties.
 Herbal drugs has a anti-bacterial properties.
 Herbal drugs act as a immune stimulant.
 Can be easily mixed with feed, fertilizer and other materials.
 Herbal drugs act as a anti-fungal agent.
 Anti-parasitic properties is also present.

5. Important effects are………………..
Antimicrobial Activity
 Many phenolics, polysaccharides, proteoglycans and flavonoids can play a major role in preventing
or controlling infectious microbes.
 The antibacterial active components of the herbal extracts may lyse cell walls, block protein
and DNA synthesis, inhibit enzyme secretions.
 Ethanol extracts of roots had excellent inhibitory effects on the growth of Gram positive and
negative microorganisms.
 In practice, most individual herb or spice extracts must be included at a high concentration to
observe effects comparable to those of antibiotics. Many extracts contain a multitude of active
substances. Oregano (Origanum vulgare) contains more than 30 antibacterial chemicals.
Antiviral Activity
 Several plant products have potent antiviral activity against fish and shrimp viruses. For example, black
tiger shrimp fed ethanol extract of exposed to yellowhead virus (YHV) had 95 percent survival rates .
 Methanol extracts of different herbal medicinal plants, such as Cynodon dactylon,were incorporated
into a diet for WSSV-infected shrimp.

6. Cont……………………
Antifungal Activity
 Herbal plant extracts affect lysis of fungal cell walls, alter membrane
permeability, affect metabolism and protein synthesis, ultimately leading to
death.
 Many plants have antifungal properties. Infection by molds Aspergillus flavus can
be controlled with basil extract .
Antistress Activity
 Herbal formulations claimed to enhance physical endurance, mental functions and non-
specific resistance of the body have been termed adaptogenic.
 Safer and cheaper herbal medicines are useful as antistress agents because animals can
withstand stress without altering physiological functions. The best example is the herb
Picrorhiza kurroa, used as an antistress compound for shrimp.
 Rutin is a bioflavonoid with strong antioxidant and antistress activity in biochemical,
immunological and haematological response to stress.

7. Different herbal materials used are……….
NEEM TREE (Azadirachta indica )
 It is called Indian herbal doctor.
 Leaves , bark, fruit extract are directly used.
 It has a great effect on Bacteria like E.coli; Staphylococcus aureus which are causes of blood and
food poisioning,typhoid,meningitis.
 It has more than 25 components including Vepol, Salannin which have a great aspect on virus
fungus and parasite resistance.
 There are some polysaccharides present in Bark which helps in growing immune system in fish.

8. Cont……….
TULSI (Ocimum sanctum )
 Leaves, stem, flower, root, seed are used in aquaculture.
 It has some chemicals which helps fish in phagocytic activity. Also increases the immunity
power of fish .
 Especially it helps fish to fight against fungal and bacterial diseases.
 Its main function is to secrete the antibody in fish body for improving defence mechanism.
KALMEGH (Andrographis paniculata )
 Mainly leaves are used.
 It is very bitter in taste because of Kalmeghin and Andrographolide.
 It is very effective in Columnaris disease.
 Also helps to increase immunity power.

9. Cont………..
Garlic (Allium sativum )
 Garlic has a component named Allicin . Which resist EUS disease.
 It is very heat sensitive, after getting heat it becomes useless .
 It should be used in limit, or it can irritate the mucus membrane and anaemia also.
 Garlic (2 kg)+ Salt (2 kg)+CuS04 (20 gm)+ KMn04 (20 gms) mixture should use as 30-50 lit of water
in 0.133 ha pond .
Onion (Allium cepa )
 It is mainly used for growth of fish.
 Also effective in disease resistance and improving of body immunity power.
 Generally onion paste is mix with feed to give the fish.

10. Cont……..
Use of banana log
 Banana logs are cut into pieces and immersed into pond water.
 Banana plant cell helps in increasing pH of the pond water through their alkaline secretion.
 To minimize Protozoan disease and worm of fish.
Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis )
 In Bengali it is called Veranda plant.
 At first we tie the leaves and put it in water of the pond.
 It works well to resist EUS disease.
 5-30 kg for 1000 square meter area dose generally used.

11. Cont…….
Bhringaraj (Eclipta alba )
 Mainly used for parasites control In fish ponds.
 We generally use the leaves of this tree and mix with feed.
 10 gm.of leaves are given 1-3 times /day.
Water Hyacinth
 It’s main object is to maintain or purify the water.
 It has the special capability to absorb heavy metals like Lead(Pb) Mercury(Hg).
 It also rectify the odor of water also.

13. Limitations of Herbal plants-
1- Lack of knowledge
It is cheap and good but the dose and methods of it’s use in proper way is not know to all farmer.
2- More amount
It is not much effective like chemical, so much amount of herbal material need, which become costly.
3- Time consuming
It works good but slow, so it takes much time to bring effect.
Although herbal remedies have been in use for human therapy for millennia, there has been relatively little
research into the use of medicinal plants in aquaculture . Standardization is an issue when whole plant or
herb is used during the extraction process. Moreover, in many countries including the EU, US and Australia,
the same herbals extracts approved for use in human naturopathy and herbal medicine are treated as drugs
when used in aquaculture, forcing the registration of herbal remedies, a process that cost hundreds of
thousands or even millions of dollars and can takes years. A review of this legislation should be carried out
taking into account the benefits of herbal remedies over currently used chemotherapeutic agents. Herbals
can be used not only as remedies but even more so, as growth promoters, stress resistance boosters and
preventatives of infections.

14. Conclusion
The development of drug-resistant pathogens has been reported from all areas of aquaculture.
Treating microbial infections in fish and crustaceans involves dissolving high quantities of broad-
spectrum chemo-therapeutic agents in the culture medium or supplying it in the food. Most of these
antibiotics and drugs are now banned for use in the EU, USA and many other countries. Natural plant
products present available alternative to antibiotics and other banned drugs being safer for the reared
organism and humans, as well as, the environment. Authorities should review the current legislation
regarding the use of herbal an natural remedies in aquaculture taking the above issues into
consideration and allowing more flexibility in the use of herbal medicine in aquaculture.

15. Reference
 Google.
 Encyclopaedia
 FAO