This document provides an overview of plant classification and characteristics. It begins by defining what makes something a plant, including that plants are photosynthetic, multicellular organisms that alternate between two generations and produce embryos. It then covers the plant kingdom, describing the non-vascular and vascular plants. Key details are provided on gymnosperms, angiosperms, monocots, dicots, and their distinguishing traits. The document concludes with sections on scientific plant naming, other terminology, and reproductive structures like flowers, fruits, and inflorescences.
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed.
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed.
Anatomy of Reproductive Parts: Flower, Fruit,SeedFatima Ramay
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Flowers give rise to fruit and seeds. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen.
Fruit anatomy is the internal structure of fruits.
Fruits are the mature ovary or ovaries of one or more flowers. In fleshy fruits, the outer layer (which is often edible) is the pericarp, which is the tissue that develops from the ovary wall of the flower and surrounds the seeds.
But in some seemingly pericarp fruits, the edible portion is not derived from the ovary. For example, in the fruit of the ackee tree the edible portion is an aril, and in the pineapple several tissues from the flower and stem are involved.
The outer covering of a seed is tough because the parent plant needs to protect the plant growing.
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering known as the seed coat.
It is a characteristic of spermatophytes (gymnosperm and angiosperm plants) and the product of the ripened ovule which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant. The formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in seed plants (started with the development of flowers and pollination), with the embryo developed from the zygote and the seed coat from the integuments of the ovule.
Seeds have been an important development in the reproduction and spread of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & RootFatima Ramay
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of; India : 75% Amazon : 43% Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium) and partially secondary (interfascicular cambium).
Periderm originates from the cortical cells (extra stelar in origin).
In Dicot stem, for mechanical support xylem is with comparatively smaller vessels, greater fibers and less parenchyma.
More amount of cork is produces for protection.
Lenticels on periderm are very prominent.
The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
Periderm originates from the pericycle (intra stelar in origin).
In Dicot root, xylem is with big thin walled vessels with few fibers and more parenchyma.
Less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
Lenticels on periderm are not very prominent.
Translocation of food in plants
1. Source and sink
2. Pathway of translocation
3. Source-sink relationship/interaction
4. Source-sink pathways follow patterns
5. Materials transported
6. The mechanism of phloem transport
7. The Pressure -Flow Model
8. Phloem loading and unloading
9. Summary
Anatomy of Reproductive Parts: Flower, Fruit,SeedFatima Ramay
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Flowers give rise to fruit and seeds. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen.
Fruit anatomy is the internal structure of fruits.
Fruits are the mature ovary or ovaries of one or more flowers. In fleshy fruits, the outer layer (which is often edible) is the pericarp, which is the tissue that develops from the ovary wall of the flower and surrounds the seeds.
But in some seemingly pericarp fruits, the edible portion is not derived from the ovary. For example, in the fruit of the ackee tree the edible portion is an aril, and in the pineapple several tissues from the flower and stem are involved.
The outer covering of a seed is tough because the parent plant needs to protect the plant growing.
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering known as the seed coat.
It is a characteristic of spermatophytes (gymnosperm and angiosperm plants) and the product of the ripened ovule which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant. The formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in seed plants (started with the development of flowers and pollination), with the embryo developed from the zygote and the seed coat from the integuments of the ovule.
Seeds have been an important development in the reproduction and spread of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & RootFatima Ramay
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of; India : 75% Amazon : 43% Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium) and partially secondary (interfascicular cambium).
Periderm originates from the cortical cells (extra stelar in origin).
In Dicot stem, for mechanical support xylem is with comparatively smaller vessels, greater fibers and less parenchyma.
More amount of cork is produces for protection.
Lenticels on periderm are very prominent.
The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
Periderm originates from the pericycle (intra stelar in origin).
In Dicot root, xylem is with big thin walled vessels with few fibers and more parenchyma.
Less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
Lenticels on periderm are not very prominent.
Translocation of food in plants
1. Source and sink
2. Pathway of translocation
3. Source-sink relationship/interaction
4. Source-sink pathways follow patterns
5. Materials transported
6. The mechanism of phloem transport
7. The Pressure -Flow Model
8. Phloem loading and unloading
9. Summary
A Powerpoint intended for the South African Grade 11 Life Sciences syllabus. Contains information on plant classification, diversity, reproduction, the plant 'life cycle' and more.
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2. What makes a plant?
• Photosynthetic and contain chlorophyll a & b
• Multicellular
• Alternates between two generations
• Produces embryos
• Has cell walls made of cellulose
• Mushrooms are not plants!
3. Plant kingdom
Non-vascular Vascular (Tracheophyta)
Plants without seeds
Mosses
Liverworts (Seedless vascular Plants with seeds
(very moist areas) plants) (seeded vascular plants)
Horsetails
Ferns
Gymnosperms: Angiosperms:
Fronds & cones flowers & fruits
spores
Wetter areas
4. Gymnosperms
page 2
Conifers
Often trees with needle-like or scale-like leaves, male and female cones;
female cones produce seeds (includes Podocarps)
Cycads
Large, pinnately compound leaves, male and female cones, cones large
and colorful; female cones produce seeds
Others:
Ginko biloba
Gnetales
5. angiosperms
Monocots – one seed cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, flowers with
multiples of 3 (3, 6, 9), stems lack secondary growth, most are
herbaceous, fibrous root systems
Eudicots – (dicots), 2 seed cotyledons, veins are usually netted,
flowers are in multiples of 4 or 5, stems may have secondary growth,
many are herbaceous, many are woody, tap root systems (fleshy
included in this category)
Others: Basal angiosperms
Includes groups that are not monocots or eudicots
Ex: water lily
6. Plant Monocot “Dicot”
characteristic
Plant 2,700/ 58,000 9,900/175,700
genera/species
(approx.)
Cotyledons 1, usually develop 2, usually develop
underground or above the ground
inside the fruit
Mature root adventitious, often Mostly taproot
system above ground, often system,
prop roots occasionally
adventitious
Leaf venation Usually parallel Usually netted
7. Stem Scattered; Arranged in a ring
appearing around the stem; pith
random distinct
Cambium Usually absent - Usually present – “true”
no true secondary growth
secondary
growth
Habit herbaceous Woody or herbaceous
Floral parts Typically in Typically in multiples of
multiples of 3 4 or 5
Propagation Underground stem or seed Propagate from stem or leaf cuttings (success
depends on the species and various techniques);
seed, some tubers or underground stems will
grow.
8.
9.
10. Scientific names
Individual: Theobroma cacao Quercus virginiana
Cacao Live Oak
Classification
Kingdom Plantae Plantae
Division (Phylum) Magnoliophyta Magnoliophyta
Class Angiospermae (flowering Angiospermae (flowering
plants) plants)
Order Malvales Fagales
Family Malavaceae (hibiscus family) Fagaceae
Genus (pl. genera) Theobroma Quercus
Species Theobroma cacao Quercus virginiana
Just remember: King David Came Over For Good Soup
11. Other terms
Other terms Hybrids
Subspecies: ssp. Species hybrid: Cattleya skinneri X
guatemalensis
Variety: var.
Cultivar (cultivated variety): Variety hybrid: Maypan (Malay dwarf
cv “Malay dwarf” or “big boy” X Panama tall)
12.
13. activity
• Plants in the room – identify to basic group
• Moss (non-vascular), fern, gymnosperm,
angiosperm
• Nursery tour
14. Vegetative characteristics-stems
• Support structure of the plant
• Hold leaves
• Figure 22 page 9
• Read specialized stem structure pages 9-15
16. Vegetative characteristics-
leaf function
• Leaves – primary photosynthetic organ
• Take in sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water
and convert it into sugars
22. activity
• Two example stems
• For each stem determine:
– 1. leaf type
– 2. leaf shape
– 3. leaf arrangement
– 4. leaf margin
23. Reproductive organs
• Flowers & fruit – only in angiosperms (pg 28-32)
Collectively
Collectively = calyx
= corolla
pedicel
24. Flower terminology cont.
• Perfect – contains all parts, both male
(stamens) and female (pistil)
• Imperfect – does not contain all parts, only
male or female flower
• Naked flower – usually wind pollinated, no
petals or sepals, often imperfect
25. Reproductive organs - inflorescence
• Flowers are found on a stem (peduncle)
• The flowering stem with flowers is called an
inflorescence
• Page 23-27
27. activity
• Dissect 3 flowers and label the parts
• For each flower, determine:
– 1. perfect or imperfect
– 2. ovary superior or inferior
– 3. monocot or eudicot
28. Homework & activities to turn in
• 1. turn in keyed out leaf – 2 examples
• 2. flower diagrams – 3 flowers
• Assigned reading: Botany Handbook for
Florida – full booklet
