Bones develop through two main pathways: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification involves mesenchymal cells differentiating directly into bone cells within membranes to form flat bones like the skull. Endochondral ossification uses cartilage as a template, with cartilage replacing by bone except at joints, and involves growth plates that allow long bones to lengthen.
young bone , blood supply , types of epiphysis, parts of young bone, traction epiphysis, atavastic epiphysis, aberant epiphysis, pressure epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, part of long bone, internal structure of shaft, periosteum, cortex of bone, medullary cavity, epiphysial artery, metaphysial artery, periosteal artery, nutrient artery, arterial supply of short boneperi
synovial joint, definition of synovial joint, diarthrodial joints, components of synovial joint, types of synovial joints, hinge joint with examples, pivot joint with examples, condyloid joint with examples, saddle joint with examples, ball and socket joint with examples, gliding joint with examples, features of synovial joint, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, components of synovial membrane, meniscus, true and accessory ligament of synovial joint, bursae, blood supply of synovial joint, innervation of synovial joint
young bone , blood supply , types of epiphysis, parts of young bone, traction epiphysis, atavastic epiphysis, aberant epiphysis, pressure epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, part of long bone, internal structure of shaft, periosteum, cortex of bone, medullary cavity, epiphysial artery, metaphysial artery, periosteal artery, nutrient artery, arterial supply of short boneperi
synovial joint, definition of synovial joint, diarthrodial joints, components of synovial joint, types of synovial joints, hinge joint with examples, pivot joint with examples, condyloid joint with examples, saddle joint with examples, ball and socket joint with examples, gliding joint with examples, features of synovial joint, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, components of synovial membrane, meniscus, true and accessory ligament of synovial joint, bursae, blood supply of synovial joint, innervation of synovial joint
Blood vessels: Arteries, Veins and CapillariesAmir Rifaat
It is one of the circulatory systems. This explains the roles of arteries, veins and capillaries. It also differentiate between the arteries, veins and capillaries. This slide also explained the pulmonary circuit and systemic curcuit. This is an interesting notes and easy to be understand.
Bones of lower limb (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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A detail account of Bones, their histological features, classification, composition, Formation, blood and nerve supply, functions, plus some interesting facts about bones.
classification of joints. example of different types of joints. different types of joints on the basis of axis of movements. clinical aspects of joints. different between arthritis.
Blood vessels: Arteries, Veins and CapillariesAmir Rifaat
It is one of the circulatory systems. This explains the roles of arteries, veins and capillaries. It also differentiate between the arteries, veins and capillaries. This slide also explained the pulmonary circuit and systemic curcuit. This is an interesting notes and easy to be understand.
Bones of lower limb (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
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A detail account of Bones, their histological features, classification, composition, Formation, blood and nerve supply, functions, plus some interesting facts about bones.
classification of joints. example of different types of joints. different types of joints on the basis of axis of movements. clinical aspects of joints. different between arthritis.
• Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)• Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluarsubstance• Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
Structure of bone By M Thiru murugan.pptxthiru murugan
Structure of Bone
By,M. Thiru murugan
Structure of bone:
The basic structure of bones is bone matrix, which makes up the underlying rigid framework of bones, composed of both compact bone and spongy bone.
The bone matrix consists of tough protein fibers, mainly collagen, that become hard and rigid due to mineralization with calcium crystals.
Bone matrix is crossed by blood vessels and nerves and also contains specialized bone cells that are actively involved in metabolic processes.
Bone matrix provides bones with their basic structure. Notice the spongy bone in the middle, and the compact bone towards the outer region. The osteon is the functional unit of compact bone.
The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or Haversian system.
Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae (singular = lamella).
Running down the center of each osteon is the central canal, or Haversian canal, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.
These vessels and nerves branch off at right angles through a perforating canal, also known as Volkmann’s canals, to extend to the periosteum and endosteum
Bone Cells: Bones are made of four main kinds of cells:
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Lining cells.
Osteoblasts: are responsible for making new bone as your body grows.
They also rebuild existing bones when they are broken. To make new bone, many osteoblasts come together in one spot then begin making a flexible material called osteoid.
Minerals are then added to osteoid, making it strong and hard. When osteoblasts are finished making bone, they become either lining cells or osteocytes.
Osteocytes: Mature bone cells are called osteocytes
Osteoclasts: Bone-destroying cells & Break down bone matrix for remodelling and release of calcium
Lining cells: are very flat bone cells.
These cover the outside surface of all bones and are also formed from osteoblasts that have finished creating bone material.
These cells play an important role in controlling the movement of molecules in and out of the bone
Bone Tissues:
Bones consist of different types of tissue, including periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow.
Periosteum.
Cortical, or Compact Bone.
Cancellous, or Spongy Bone.
Bone Marrow.
1.Periosteum: The periosteum is a tough membrane that covers and protects the outside of the bone.
2.Compact bone: Below the periosteum, compact bone is white, hard, and smooth. It provides structural support and protection.
3.Spongy bone: The core, inner layer of the bone is softer than compact bone. It has small holes called pores to store marrow
4. Bone Marrow: The inside bones are filled with a soft tissue called marrow.
There are 2 types of bone marrow: red and yellow.
Red bone marrow is where all new RBC, WBC, and platelets are produced.
Red bone marrow is found in the center of flat bones such as your scapula and ribs.
Yellow marrow is made mostly of fat and is found in th
CHONDROBLAST:Progenitor of chondrocytes
Lines border between perichondrium and matrix
Secretes type II collagen and other ECM components
CHONDROCYTE: Mature cartilage cell
Reside in a space called the lacuna
Clear areas = Golgi and lipid droplets,RER
PERICHONDRIUM:Dense irregularly arranged connective tissue
Ensheaths the cartilage
Houses the blood vessels that nourish chondrocytes
CARTILAGE GROWTH:Appositional
Increasing in WIDTH; chondroblasts deposit matrix on surface of pre-existing cartilage
Interstitial
Increasing in LENGTH; chondrocytes divide and secrete matrix from w/in lacunae
Similar to Lecture 3 (bone marking and development) (20)
Common medication used for anesthesia, there action; dosage; adverse effect; duration of action.
They Include {inhalation + Induction + Muscle relaxant + Anticholinergic + Analgesic + Resuscitation}
in this presentation lecture we gone take a hypo and hyper thyrodism that affect the human cell because both situation may increase or decrease the basal metabolic rate.
When the pituitary Gland it' s function is increased whether the cause are?
Both anterior and Posterior gland secretions are increased the most causes are ADENOMAS
in this presentation you will be learn the different drug form that all medical health workers prescribing the medication.
the medical student should have a good knowledge and keep in mind these drug forms based on medical administration the drugs are classified into invasive (injection and transdermal implantation) and non invasive (oral, inhalers, suppository)
Medical equipment and tools are crucial to saving a person's life or performing any procedure.
i presented here the most and commonly equipment used by medical student to improve their skills
This note paper is short notes of general physiology for medical students who which to understand the concept of the physiology, physiology is the mother of medicine.
A summary of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxationAyub Abdi
it consist for 4 pages and cover all the steps that occur during muscle contraction and relaxation, I does not take a time just 5 minute is enough to read. I hope it's interesting.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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Lecture 3 (bone marking and development)
1.
2. • The surface features of bones vary considerably,
depending on the function and location in the
body.
• There are three general classes of bone
markings:
(1) articulations,
(2) projections,
(3) holes.
3. Articulation:
• An articulation is where two bone surfaces
come together (articulus =“joint”).
• These surfaces tend to conform to one
another, such as
1. One being rounded and the
2. Other cupped,
• To facilitate the function of the articulation.
4. Projection:
• is an area of a bone that projects above the
surface of the bone.
• These are the attachment points for tendons
and ligaments.
• In general, their size and shape is an indication
of the forces exerted through the attachment
to the bone.
5. Hole:
• A is an opening or groove in the bone that
allows blood vessels and nerves to enter the
bone.
• As with the other markings, their size and
shape reflect the size of the vessels and
nerves that penetrate the bone at these
points.
6.
7.
8. Bone Formation and Development:
• In the early stages of embryonic development,
the embryo’s skeleton consists of fibrous
membranes and hyaline cartilage.
• By the sixth or seventh week of embryonic life,
the actual process of bone development,
ossification (osteogenesis), begins.
• There are two osteogenic pathways
1. Intramembranous ossification.
2. Endochondral ossification.
9.
10. 1- Intramembranous Ossification:
• Intramembranous ossification is the simpler of
the two methods of bone formation.
• The flat bones of the skull, most of the facial
bones, mandible (lower jawbone), and the
medial part of the clavicle (collar bone) are
formed in this way.
• Compact and spongy bone develops directly
from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated)
connective tissue.
11. • The process begins when mesenchymal cells
in the embryonic skeleton gather together and
begin to differentiate into specialized cells.
• Some of these cells will differentiate into
capillaries, while others will become
osteogenic cells and then osteoblasts.
• Although they will ultimately be spread out by
the formation of bone tissue, early osteoblasts
appear in a cluster called an ossification
center.
12. • The osteoblasts secrete osteoid, uncalcified
matrix, which calcifies (hardens) within a few
days as mineral salts are deposited on it, thereby
entrapping the osteoblasts within.
• Once entrapped, the osteoblasts become
osteocytes.
• As osteoblasts transform into osteocytes,
osteogenic cells in the surrounding connective
tissue differentiate into new osteoblasts.
13. • Osteoid (unmineralized bone matrix) secreted
around the capillaries results in a trabecular
matrix, while osteoblasts on the surface of the
spongy bone become the periosteum.
• The periosteum then creates a protective layer
of compact bone superficial to the trabecular
bone.
• The trabecular bone crowds nearby blood
vessels, which eventually condense into red
marrow.
14. • Intramembranous ossification begins in utero
during fetal development and continues on into
adolescence.
• At birth, the skull and clavicles are not fully
ossified nor are the sutures of the skull closed.
• This allows the skull and shoulders to deform
during passage through the birth canal.
• The last bones to ossify via intramembranous
ossification are the flat bones of the face, which
reach their adult size at the end of the adolescent
growth spurt.
15.
16. 2- Endochondral Ossification:
• In endochondral ossification, bone develops
by replacing hyaline cartilage.
• Cartilage does not become bone.
• Instead, cartilage serves as a template to be
completely replaced by new bone.
• Endochondral ossification takes much longer
than intramembranous ossification.
• Bones at the base of the skull and long bones
form via endochondral ossification.
17. 1- Development of the cartilage
model:
• At the site where the bone is going to form,
specific chemical messages cause the
mesenchymal cells to crowd together in the
general shape of the future bone, and then
develop into chondroblasts.
• The chondroblasts secrete cartilage extracellular
matrix, producing a cartilage model consisting of
hyaline cartilage.
• A covering called the perichondrium (per-i-KON-
dre¯-um) develops around the cartilage model.
18.
19. 2- Growth of the cartilage model:
• Once chondroblasts become deeply buried in the cartilage
extracellular matrix, they are called chondrocytes.
• The cartilage model grows in length by continual cell
division of chondrocytes, accompanied by further
secretion of the cartilage extracellular matrix.
• This type of cartilaginous growth, called interstitial
(endogenous) growth (growth from within), results in an
increase in length.
• In contrast, growth of the cartilage in thickness is due
mainly to the deposition of extracellular matrix material
on the cartilage surface of the model by new
chondroblasts that develop from the perichondrium.
• This process is called appositional (exogenous) growth,
meaning growth at the outer surface (increase in
diameter).
20. • As the cartilage model continues to grow,
chondrocytes in its mid-region hypertrophy
(increase in size) and the surrounding cartilage
extracellular matrix begins to calcify.
• Other chondrocytes within the calcifying
cartilage die because nutrients can no longer
diffuse quickly enough through the extracellular
matrix.
• As these chondrocytes die, the spaces left behind
by dead chondrocytes merge into small cavities
called lacunae.
21.
22. 3- Development of the primary
ossification center:
• A nutrient artery penetrates the perichondrium
stimulating osteogenic cells in the perichondrium to
differentiate into osteoblasts.
• Once the perichondrium starts to form bone, it is known
as the periosteum. Near the middle of the model,
periosteal capillaries grow into the disintegrating calcified
cartilage, inducing growth of a primary ossification center,
a region where bone tissue will replace most of the
cartilage.
• Osteoblasts then begin to deposit bone extracellular
matrix over the remnants of calcified cartilage, forming
spongy bone trabeculae.
• Primary ossification spreads from this central location
toward both ends of the cartilage model.
23.
24. 4- Development of the medullary
(marrow) cavity:
• As the primary ossification center grows
toward the ends of the bone, osteoclasts
break down some of the newly formed spongy
bone trabeculae.
• This activity leaves a cavity, the medullary
(marrow) cavity, in the diaphysis (shaft).
• Eventually, most of the wall of the diaphysis is
replaced by compact bone.
25.
26. 5- Development of the secondary
ossification centers:
• When branches of the epiphyseal artery enter the
epiphyses, secondary ossification centers develop,
usually around the time of birth.
• Bone formation is similar to what occurs in primary
ossification centers.
• However, in the secondary ossification centers spongy
bone remains in the interior of the epiphyses (no
medullary cavities are formed here).
• In contrast to primary ossification, secondary
ossification proceeds outward from the center of the
epiphysis toward the outer surface of the bone.
27.
28. 6- Formation of articular cartilage
and the epiphyseal (growth) plate:
• The hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphyses
becomes the articular cartilage.
• Prior to adulthood, hyaline cartilage remains
between the diaphysis and epiphysis as the
epiphyseal (growth) plate, the region
responsible for the lengthwise growth of long
bones that you will learn about next.