This document summarizes the key topics covered in a lecture on digital electronics, including: - Common logic gates like AND, OR, NOT and their truth tables. - Flip flops which are used to store digital data and come in types like SR, D, JK. - Clocked flip flops which only change state on the rising/falling edge of a clock pulse for synchronization. - Other common digital components like registers, counters, multiplexers and decoders.

1. Review of Basics of Digital Electronics 1 Lecture 1
CSE 211, Computer Organization and Architecture Harjeet Kaur, CSE/IT
Overview
Introduction
Logic Gates
Flip Flops
Registers
Counters
Multiplexer/ Demultiplexer
Decoder/ Encoder

2. Review of Basics of Digital Electronics 2 Lecture 1
CSE 211, Computer Organization and Architecture Harjeet Kaur, CSE/IT
Introduction
Digital Computer
A computer that stores data in terms of digits (numbers)
and proceeds in discrete steps from one state to the next
Binary digits
The states of a digital computer typically involve binary
digits. A binary digit is called a bit
RAM
CPU
O/P
Device
I/P
Device
IOP
Block diagram of a digital computer

3. Review of Basics of Digital Electronics 3 Lecture 1
CSE 211, Computer Organization and Architecture Harjeet Kaur, CSE/IT
Logic Gates
A
X X = (A + B)’
B
Name Symbol Function Truth Table
AND
A X = A • B
X or
B X = AB
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
OR
A
X X = A + B
B
I A X X = A
0 1
1 0
Buffer A X X = A
A X
0 0
1 1
NAND
A
X X = (AB)’
B
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
NOR
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
XOR
Exclusive OR
A X = A  B
X or
B X = A’B + AB’
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
A X = (A  B)’
X or
B X = A’B’+ AB
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
XNOR
Exclusive NOR
or Equivalence
A B X
A B X
A X
A B X
A B X
A B X
A B X

4. Review of Basics of Digital Electronics 4 Lecture 1
CSE 211, Computer Organization and Architecture Harjeet Kaur, CSE/IT
Flip Flops
Characteristics
- 2 stable states
- Memory capability
- Operation is specified by a Characteristic Table
The Storage elements employed in clocked sequential circuits,
capable of storing one bit of information, are called Flip Flops
The most common types of flip flops are
SR (Set Reset)
D (Data)
JK
T (Toggle)

5. Review of Basics of Digital Electronics 5 Lecture 1
CSE 211, Computer Organization and Architecture Harjeet Kaur, CSE/IT
Clocked Flip Flops
In a large digital system with many flip flops, operations of
individual flip flops are required to be synchronized to a clock
pulse. Otherwise, the operations of the system may be
unpredictable.
S Q
c
R Q’
S Q
c
R Q’
Clock pulse allows the flip flop to change state only when there is a
clock pulse appearing at the c terminal (as shown in fig).
Edge Triggered Flip Flops
operates when operates when
clock is high clock is low
State transition occurs at the rising edge or falling edge of the clock pulse

6. Review of Basics of Digital Electronics 6 Lecture 1
CSE 211, Computer Organization and Architecture Harjeet Kaur, CSE/IT
S Q
c
R Q’
S R Q(t+1)
0 0 Q(t)
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 indeterminate
(forbidden)
Flip Flop GraphicalSymbol Characteristic Table
SR (Set
Reset)
D (Data)
D Q(t+1)
0 0
1 1
J Q
C
K Q'
Flip Flops

7. Review of Basics of Digital Electronics 7 Lecture 1
CSE 211, Computer Organization and Architecture Harjeet Kaur, CSE/IT
J Q
c
R Q’
S R Q(t+1)
0 0 Q(t)
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 indeterminate
(forbidden)
Flip Flop GraphicalSymbol Characteristic Table
J-K
T (Toggle)
T Q
c
T Q(t+1)
0 Q(t)
1 Q’(t)
J Q
C
K Q'
J K Q(t+1)
0 0 Q(t)
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 Q’(t)
Flip Flops