Lect 16 Viruses and Bacteria
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Viruses are infectious agents that do not have cells and require a host cell to multiply. They contain either DNA or RNA and come in a wide range of sizes. Viruses infect hosts by taking over the host cell's functions to produce more viruses, either through a lytic or lysogenic cycle. Some viruses can cause diseases by disrupting cell functions or initiating cancer. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells that can be harmful or helpful pathogens. They reproduce through binary fission and cause diseases by attaching to and damaging cells. Examples of bacterial infections include syphilis and gonorrhea.
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Morphology Of Viruses : Viruses, structure and characteristics
Viruses can be extremely simple in design, consisting of nuclei acid
surrounded by the protein coat as a capsid.
The capsid is composed of smaller protein components
referred to as capsomeres.
The capsid along with genome combination
is called a nucleocapsid.
The viruses can also posses additional components,
with most common being an additional membranous layer
that surrounds nucleocapsid called an envelope.
This envelope is actually acquired from the nuclear or
plasma membrane of the infected host cell and then
Modified with viral protein called peplomere.
A complete virus, with all the components needed for
host cell to cause infection is referred to as virions.
Viruses come in many shapes and sizes, but these are consistent
and distinct for each viral family.
The morphology of virus include size, shapes, genetic constituents,
and the nuclear envelope
An infective agent that typically consist of a nuclei acid molecule In protein coat, it is too small can not visible through naked eyes and even by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.
These are about 100 times smaller than bacteria and can only be observed by electron microscope.
These are small obligate intracellular parasites, which Contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus protein coat.
These are acellular, so they are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes because they lack the characters of living beings except the ability to replicate. And they infect all types of cells :- humans, animals, plants, bacteria, yeast, protozoa, etc.
VIRAL SIZE:-
These are much smaller than bacteria for a time
they were know as’filterable agents’ as they can pass through
filters that can hold back bacteria.
They can not be seen under light microscope hence
called as'ultramicroscopic‘. These viral particles seen in this
manner are know as ‘elementary bodies’.
The size ranges:- 5-300nanometer.
In recent years a number of viruses including mimivirus length of
virus up to 600nm,and Pandoravirus Ranges from 50-100nm
In length have been identified.
Most viruses vary in diameter from 250-400nm;the largest,
however measure about 500nm in diameter and are about 700-1,000nm in length.
Paramyxoviruses can be up to 14,000nm long, Rotavirus particles measures 76.5nm in diameter.
Viruses, VIRAL STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY
Viruses
Viruses can only reproduce by infecting living cells. There are two main types of viral infections: lytic infections immediately use the host cell to replicate new viruses which then burst out and kill the cell, while lysogenic infections insert viral DNA into the host cell's genome where it remains inactive for many generations before replicating in a lytic cycle. Viruses either replicate immediately through lytic infection or initially persist in an inactive state through lysogenic infection within the host cell before replicating.
Chr 19 pap new 2012
Viruses are non-living particles that contain genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. They can only replicate by infecting a living host cell and using its internal structures. There are two main viral infection cycles - the lytic cycle causes the host cell to burst and release new virus particles, while the lysogenic cycle integrates the viral DNA into the host cell DNA. Retroviruses have RNA that is converted to DNA and can integrate into the host cell genome. While most bacteria and viruses are harmless, some cause disease by interfering with host cell functions or releasing toxins. Common pathogenic bacteria and viruses include those that cause Lyme disease, polio infects motor neurons, and HIV causes AIDS.
Coronavirus
This document discusses coronaviruses, including their classification, structure, replication process, transmission, and diseases they cause. Coronaviruses are spherical or helical viruses 80-220nm in diameter that contain a positive-sense RNA genome. They have spike, envelope and membrane proteins and enter host cells by fusing with the cell membrane. The RNA is then translated and new viral proteins are assembled and released via exocytosis. Coronaviruses are transmitted through respiratory secretions and cause up to 15% of common colds as well as more severe diseases like MERS, SARS, pneumonia, and gastroenteritis.
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This document discusses viroids, prions, and phytoplasmas. It defines them as follows: viroids are small circular RNA molecules that infect plants and disrupt protein synthesis; prions are misfolded infectious proteins that cause diseases like mad cow disease; and phytoplasmas are wall-less bacteria that infect plant phloem and are transmitted by insects. It provides details on their structures, modes of infection/multiplication, and diseases caused. Control measures mentioned include breeding resistance, insect control, cryotherapy, and antibiotics.
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Morphology Of Viruses : Viruses, structure and characteristics
Viruses can be extremely simple in design, consisting of nuclei acid
surrounded by the protein coat as a capsid.
The capsid is composed of smaller protein components
referred to as capsomeres.
The capsid along with genome combination
is called a nucleocapsid.
The viruses can also posses additional components,
with most common being an additional membranous layer
that surrounds nucleocapsid called an envelope.
This envelope is actually acquired from the nuclear or
plasma membrane of the infected host cell and then
Modified with viral protein called peplomere.
A complete virus, with all the components needed for
host cell to cause infection is referred to as virions.
Viruses come in many shapes and sizes, but these are consistent
and distinct for each viral family.
The morphology of virus include size, shapes, genetic constituents,
and the nuclear envelope
An infective agent that typically consist of a nuclei acid molecule In protein coat, it is too small can not visible through naked eyes and even by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.
These are about 100 times smaller than bacteria and can only be observed by electron microscope.
These are small obligate intracellular parasites, which Contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus protein coat.
These are acellular, so they are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes because they lack the characters of living beings except the ability to replicate. And they infect all types of cells :- humans, animals, plants, bacteria, yeast, protozoa, etc.
VIRAL SIZE:-
These are much smaller than bacteria for a time
they were know as’filterable agents’ as they can pass through
filters that can hold back bacteria.
They can not be seen under light microscope hence
called as'ultramicroscopic‘. These viral particles seen in this
manner are know as ‘elementary bodies’.
The size ranges:- 5-300nanometer.
In recent years a number of viruses including mimivirus length of
virus up to 600nm,and Pandoravirus Ranges from 50-100nm
In length have been identified.
Most viruses vary in diameter from 250-400nm;the largest,
however measure about 500nm in diameter and are about 700-1,000nm in length.
Paramyxoviruses can be up to 14,000nm long, Rotavirus particles measures 76.5nm in diameter.
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Viruses
Viruses can only reproduce by infecting living cells. There are two main types of viral infections: lytic infections immediately use the host cell to replicate new viruses which then burst out and kill the cell, while lysogenic infections insert viral DNA into the host cell's genome where it remains inactive for many generations before replicating in a lytic cycle. Viruses either replicate immediately through lytic infection or initially persist in an inactive state through lysogenic infection within the host cell before replicating.
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Viruses are non-living particles that contain genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. They can only replicate by infecting a living host cell and using its internal structures. There are two main viral infection cycles - the lytic cycle causes the host cell to burst and release new virus particles, while the lysogenic cycle integrates the viral DNA into the host cell DNA. Retroviruses have RNA that is converted to DNA and can integrate into the host cell genome. While most bacteria and viruses are harmless, some cause disease by interfering with host cell functions or releasing toxins. Common pathogenic bacteria and viruses include those that cause Lyme disease, polio infects motor neurons, and HIV causes AIDS.
Coronavirus
This document discusses coronaviruses, including their classification, structure, replication process, transmission, and diseases they cause. Coronaviruses are spherical or helical viruses 80-220nm in diameter that contain a positive-sense RNA genome. They have spike, envelope and membrane proteins and enter host cells by fusing with the cell membrane. The RNA is then translated and new viral proteins are assembled and released via exocytosis. Coronaviruses are transmitted through respiratory secretions and cause up to 15% of common colds as well as more severe diseases like MERS, SARS, pneumonia, and gastroenteritis.
gene therapy
Gene therapy involves inserting genes into cells to treat disease. It was first tested in animals and then used in humans. The first approved gene therapy experiment occurred in 1990 and treated a child named Ashanti DeSilva for ADA-SCID. There are two main types of gene therapy - somatic cell gene therapy, which targets non-reproductive cells and is preferred since genetic changes are not passed to offspring, and germ line gene therapy, which targets reproductive cells. A common method is ex vivo gene therapy, which involves removing cells like bone marrow, modifying them in a lab, and returning them to the patient.
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Viruses are genetic elements that cannot replicate independently and cause many diseases. They come in various shapes and sizes and have either DNA or RNA genomes. Viruses infect all types of living organisms including bacteria, archaea, animals, and plants. They replicate inside host cells and can cause cell lysis or establish persistent infections. Important viral models include bacteriophages and retroviruses. Viruses display both lytic and lysogenic life cycles and use a variety of mechanisms to infect hosts and replicate their genomes.
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Classification of fungi
As part of our project on educational technology 3/ field study 3
I am asking for your help with regards to the ppt that i made kindly leave a comment on my presentation thanks alot
Fungi
Biology I Presentation
FUNGI
We will learn
General characteristics of fungi
Structure of fungi
Economic Importance
Pathogenicity
Brief intro of some fungi
THE SIX KINGDOMS
Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom called the kingdom fungi
OF FUNGI
CHARACTERISTICS
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms)
The Characteristics of Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
Store food energy as glycogen
The Characteristics of Fungi
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
fungi as a decomposers
The Characteristics of Fungi
Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus
Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some fungi are internal or external parasites
A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some are edible, while others are poisonous
The Characteristics of Fungi
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
The Characteristics of Fungi
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi
A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
FUNGI SIZE
NON-REPRODUCTIVE
Vegetative Structures
Hyphae
Tubular shape
ONE continuous cell
Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei
Multinucleate
Hard cell wall of chitin also in insect exoskeletons
Hyphae
Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus
Hyphae
Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments
Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm
Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)
Absorptive Heterotroph
Fungi get carbon from organic sources
Tips of Hyphae release enzymes
Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
Products diffuse back into hyphae
Modifications of hyphae
Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis)
Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa)
Septate (with septa)
Modifications of hyphae
Hyphal growth
Hyphae grow from their tips
Mycelium is an extensive, feeding web of hyphae
Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
REPRODUCTION
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ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms
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FUNGi POWER POINT
This document provides information about fungi through text and images. It describes the main characteristics of fungi, including that they are eukaryotic and heterotrophic, absorbing nutrients from dead organisms. It details their structures, including being made of hyphae and having cell walls containing chitin. The document outlines the different phyla of fungi and their characteristics. It also discusses fungi's roles in ecosystems, such as recycling nutrients, being plant parasites, and forming symbiotic relationships in lichens and mycorrhizae.
Bacteria powerpoint
Bacteria are found nearly everywhere on Earth and have evolved into hundreds of thousands of species over billions of years. They are classified into groups based on their structure, physiology, composition, and staining properties. The two main bacterial kingdoms are Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, which include extremophiles that thrive in extreme environments like hot springs, salt lakes, and acidic ocean vents. Common pathogenic bacteria include Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, which can cause infections like acne, strep throat, and food poisoning.
Fungi
1) Fungi have cell walls made of chitin, absorb nutrients from other organisms, and their bodies are made of long filaments called hyphae. 2) The five major phyla of fungi are Zygomycota, Oomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Deuteromycota. 3) Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through structures like mushrooms, puffballs, and molds.
Bacteria
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Fungi can never be classified in the kingdoms Plantae or Animalia because:
- Fungi are non-motile (lack mobility) unlike animals which are motile.
- Fungi reproduce via spores unlike plants which reproduce via seeds and animals which reproduce sexually.
- Fungi are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients externally from their environment unlike plants which produce their own food via photosynthesis. Animals obtain nutrients internally through ingestion and digestion.
- Fungi lack chloroplasts and chlorophyll for photosynthesis unlike plants. They also lack organized tissues like plants.
- Fungi are more similar to protists in their nutrition and some reproductive characteristics. But they
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