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- 1. Dr. Tahir Abbas (Ph.D. Zoology) tahirabbasbloch@gmail.com 03339810179
- 2. MDCAT NUMS MCQ Cell Biology: animal, plant, prokaryotic cell, diffusion, osmosis, functions of membranes, cell inclusion, cell organelles Cell biology: microscopy, units of measurements, micrometry, telomere, stem cell, cell signaling, prokaryotic and eukaryotic 10 Biological Molecules: water, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, DNA, RNA, Enzymes Biological Molecules: water, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, DNA, RNA, Enzymes 10 Microbiology: Virus, Bacteria, Fungi Microbiology: Virus, virions, prions, viroids, Bacteria, Archeobacteria, Fungi, bacteria ecology, diversity, flora, protists 7 Animalia: Basic terminology, 5 phylum, medical importance of phyla Animalia: Basic terminology, all phylum, animal diversity, classification of animals 2 Human Physiology: 9 systems-digestive, respiratory, transport, homeostasis, reproduction, nervous, support, hormones, immunity and their disorders. Human Physiology: 9 systems abnormalities, effects of drugs –heroine, caffeine, alcohol, glue, nail polish remover, infertility, unfertility, sterility, IVF 43 Bioenergetics: photosynthesis, respiration Bioenergetics: photosynthesis, respiration, photorespiration 6 Biotechnology: DNA tec, gene therapy, tissue culture, cloning Biotechnology: DNA tec, telomere, gene therapy, tissue culture, cloning, IVF 5 Ecosystem: biological succession, human impacts, energy flow, ecological cycles, Ecosystem: biological succession, human impacts, energy flow, ecological cycles, 2 Evolution: Darwin, Lamarck, evidences Evolution: Darwin, Lamarck, evidences 3 Genetics: Mendelian and Non Mendelian Inheritance, Genetic linkage, Gene Dogma, Sex determination, Cell Division, Genetic Disorders Genetics: Mendelian and Non Mendelian Inheritance, Genetic linkage, Gene Dogma, Sex determination, Cell Division, Genetic Disorders, Gene Map, Probability 8 Diseases: AIDS, Measles, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis, muscular and skeletal related Diseases: AIDS, Measles, Hepatitis, Malaria, Tuberculosis, Sinusitus, otitis media, Cholera, viral, bacterial, fungal, animals pathogenic 2 Marks Distributions; Biology = 88 Chemistry = 58 Physics = 44 English = 30 Total = 220 Marks Distributions; Biology = 70 Chemistry = 45 Physics = 45 English = 20 Total = 180
- 4. • Axial division • Skull and associated bones: • Auditory ossicles • Hyoid bones • Vertebral column • Thoracic cage • Ribs + sternum
- 8. RRyy Rryy Rryy XY h XX H h Maternal grand father Mother XXH h XY H XXH H XY H XXH h XY h
- 9. b = 30% = 0.3, B = 1-0.3 = 0.7 Bb= 0.3x0.7= 0.21 x 2 = 0.42
- 11. Part of Cell Discovery Composition Functions Cell Wall Robert Hooke Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, silica, wax, salt Protection, covering, prevent from osmotic lysis Cell Membrane Schwann 60-80% proteins, 20-40% lipids, glycogen, cholestol Tranportation, passive transport, active transport, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, Cytoplasm H2O, enzymes, cytogel, cytosol, ground, fundamental substances Metabolic pathway-glycolysis, cyclosis, taxis, store house of chemicals, substrate phosphorylation E.R Keith R Porter RER, SER, cisternae Protein synthesis, transportation, detoxification, Ca transport Ribosome Polysome Palade rRNA, protein, 70S, 80S Protein synthesis by translation GB C.Golgi Cisternae, lipid, protein, forming and maturation face cell secretions (secretory house), formation of granules, vesicles, blebs, lysosomes Lysosome D Duve lipid, protein, enzymes, Pri & Sec lysosomes (autophagosome) Digestion, autophagy, autolysis, digestive organ of cell Storage Congenital Diseases, Glycogenosis, Tay Sach’s Peroxisome D Dove lipid, protein, enzymes metabolism of peroxides, microbodies Glyoxysome lipid, protein, enzymes metabolism of lipid, glyoxylate cycle , provide energy during seed germination, microbodies Vacuole lipid, protein, Food Vacuole, contractile vacuole, secretory vacuoles Tonoplast, prevent from osmotic lysis, cell elongation, turidity, Ψp, K, salt, food & starch, waste & extra water store. Cytoskeleton Protein-actin, myosin, tropomyosin, troponin, flagellin, tubulin Microtubules-assembly and disassembly spindle, formation of cilia, flagella, basal bodies and centrioles. Microfilaments- contain contractile actin protein, at plasma membrane, cyclosis and amoeboid movements. Intermediate filaments- maintain cell shape, cell shape and integration of cellular compartments. Centriole Centrosome Protein, nine microtubules with triplet, Location of furrowing formation during cell division (cytokinesis), and help in cilia formation. Mitochondria lipid, protein, enzymes, Cristae Power house of cell, Kreb’s cycle, ETC, chemiosmosis, oxidative phosphorylation, photorespiration, rigor mortis Plastids; Chloroplast, Chromoplast, Leucoplast lipid, protein, enzymes-Rubisco Photosynthesis-light&dark reaction (Calvin cycle), ETC, chemiosmosis, photolysis, photorespiration, photophosphorylation Nucleus Robert Brown lipid, protein, enzymes-nuclease, ligase Controlling authority, contain nucleolus, chromosomes, transcription, central (gene dogma) Virus DNA RNA Enveloped Non- Enveloped Bacteriophage DNA Non-Enveloped Pox virus DNA enveloped Herpes virus DNA enveloped Influenza viruses RNA enveloped Mumps RNA enveloped Measles RNA enveloped Paramyxoviruses RNA enveloped Polioviruses RNA Non-Enveloped Retrovirus RNA enveloped HIV RNA enveloped Oncovirus RNA enveloped Tumor Virus RNA enveloped HAV RNA Non-Enveloped HBV DNA enveloped HCV RNA enveloped HDV RNA enveloped HEV RNA Non-Enveloped Archaeobacteria Eubacteria Bacteria Cyanobacteria Do not form spores Form spores Form spore like akinetes Found in hot springs and hot lakes They are cosmopolitan In fresh water They produce methane They produce S They produce O2 Not pathogen or parasite They may pathogen or parasite Autotrophs only They do not contain peptidoglycan They contain peptidoglycan contain peptidoglycan Some without cell wall All contain cell wall Contain cell wall Contain sterol in cell membrane Don’t contain Don’t contain e.g. Mycoplasma e.g. cocci, bacilli, spirilla e.g. Nostoc
- 12. Category Microorganism Size smallest virus parvoviruses 20 nm largest virus poxviruses 250 nm smallest bacteria Mycoplasma 100 — 200 nm, or 0.1-0.2 µm longest bacteria Spirochetes 500 µm largest bacteria Epulopiscium fishelsoni 600 µm (L) 80 µm (W) most common bacteria Escherichia coli (E.coli) 2.0 - 6.0 µm (L) 1.1 - 1.5 µm (W) The smallest virus is parvoviruses which is 20 nm (produce diseases in gut and lymph). The largest and the most complex virus is poxviruses which is 250 nm. The longest bacteria is Spirochetes (gram-negative), which is about 500 µm long. The smallest bacteria is Mycoplasma, which is about 0.1-0.2µm. Categories Arrangements Division/ Planes Shape Examples Cocci Diplococci 1 plane pair of cocci Diplococcus pneumoniae Gram -v & +ve Tetrad 2 planes square of 4 cocci Micrococcus Sarcina 3 planes cube of 8 cocci (2x2x2), rectangular Clostridia Streptococcus 1 plane long chain of cells Streptococcus Staphylococus random planes Irregular Staphylococcus Characteristics Gram-Positive Gram-negative 1. Gram’s Stain 2. CV complex 3. Number of major layers 4. Chemical nature of cell wall 5. Overall thickness (cell wall) 6. Outer membrane 7. Periplasmic space 8. Permeability 9. Pili 10. Examples stained purple retain the primary dye due to CV-1 complex 1 Peptidoglycan (50% of dry weight Teichoic acid Lipoteichoic acid Lipids (1-4%) 20-80nm No Present in some More permeable Absent Actinomycetes, Bacillus, Staphlococus, Streptococus stained pink retain secondary dye 2 Peptidoglycan (10% dry weight) of some bacterial cells Lipopolysaccharides Lipoproteins Lipids (11-12%) 8-11nm Yes Present in all Less permeable Present E. coli, Nitrobacteria, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Salmonella, Haemophillus Column I Column II Division in one plane; cocci arranged in pairs Diplococcus Division in one plane; cocci arranged in chains Streptococcus Division in two planes; cocci arranged in a square of four Tetrad Division in 3 planes; cocci arranged in a rectangle Sarcina Division in one plane: rods completely separate after division Bacillus Division in one plane; rods arranged in chains Streptobacillus Division in random planes; cocci arranged in a irregular cluster Staphylococcus A comma shaped bacterium Vibrio A thin, flexible spiral Spirochete Phylum Examples Sexual rep Asexual rep Hyphae Zygonycota (Zygonycotes) Rhizopus, (Black, bread mold) Pilobolus (spitting fungus) Zygospores Non – motile spores form in sporangia Non – septate, multi nucleate Ascomycota (Ascomycetes or sac – fungi) Yeasts, morels, truffles, powdery mildews, molds Ascospores inside ascus Like asci Conidia cut off from tips of conidiophores Septate, Lengthy dikaryotic phase. Basidiomycota (Basidiomycetes or club – fungi) Mushrooms, rusts, smuts, puff, balls, bracket fungi Basidiospores borne on club shaped basidia Uncommon Septate, Lengthy dikaryotic phase. Deuteromycota (Deuteromycetes/ Imperfect fungi) Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria Sexual phase has not been Observed Conidia Varied Organism Local Common Names Binomial Nomenclature Onion Pakistani Urdu names are 'Piyaz', 'ganda', basal,' vassal' Allium cepa Amaltas 'argvad', 'gurmala', 'golden shower', purging cassia' Cassia fistula 'Blue bell' dozens plants with bell shaped flowers 'Black bird crow as well as a raven Corvus corone (crow) Corvus corax (raven) Man Insan, banda, human, Homo sapiens Fish 'silver fish' and cray fish (arthropod), jelly fish'
- 13. GLANDS/ORGAN HORMONES FUNCTIONS DISEASES Hypothalamus ADH water reabsorption diabetes insipidus Pancreas Insulin Metabolism of glucose diabetes mellitus Hypothalamus Oxytocin parturition and suckling, let down milk sterility Anterior lobe of pituitary gland STH promote protein synthesis Gigantism Acromegaly Dwarfism Anterior lobe of pituitary gland TSH rapid growth and development Goiter Cretinism Thyroid Excess Thyroxin BMR Graves' disease cardiac failure Iodine Deficiency Growth, metabolism Goiter Lack of Thyroxin hypothyroidism growth and development Cretinism hypothyroidism Weight, growth Myxoedema calcitonin Lower Ca+2 in blood Massive Bone Parathyroid gland Parthormone Under-activity Increases Ca+2 Take Ca+2 from bone muscular tetany, osteoporosis Parthormone Over-activity Increases Ca+2 in blood Demineralization Kidney stone Anterior lobe of pituitary gland ACTH stress e.g. cold, heat, pain, fright, infections disturbance of normal adrenal functions Anterior lobe of pituitary gland FSH in Females follicle development and secretion of oestrogens Sterility, infertility Anterior lobe of pituitary gland FSH in Male Development of the germinal epithelium of testis and sperm production. Sterility, infertility Anterior lobe of pituitary gland Prolactin Stimulates milk production Anterior lobe of pituitary gland LH / FSH stimulate oestrogen secretion, Anterior lobe of pituitary gland ICSH in male stimulates the interstitial cells of testis to secrete testosterone Anterior lobe of pituitary gland MSH in pregnancy stimulates melanocytes in skin to produce melanin, which darkens the skin Addison's disease, Moon face disease Adrenal Glands ACTH, Cortical Hormones Stress, metabolism, Addison's Disease Pituitary Gland, Adrenal Glands ACTH, excess steroid cortical hormones metabolism Cushing's disease Anaerobic Respiration Lactic Acid Physilogical, Muscular activity muscle fatigue Parathyroid hypocalcaemia twitches and convulsion Tetany Clostridium tetani Toxic Effect Muscles stiffness of jaws and neck Tetanus Symbol Nature Ψw Water potential Ψs osmotic potential Ψp Pressure potential A Angstrom A anisotropic AA Amino Acids ABA Abscisic Acid ACTH Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone AD Alzheimer's disease ADH Antidiuretic Hormone or Vasopressin ADP Adenosine Diphosphate A anisotropic ANS Autonomic Nervous System ATP Adenosine Triphosphate BMR Basal metabolic rate CRF Corticotrophin Releasing Factor CNS Central Nervous System CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid D Dextro (right), clockwise d Deoxyribose DCT distal convoluted tubule DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid EEG Electroencephalography ER Endoplasmic Reticulum FA Fatty Acids FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone GH Gonadotrophic Hormones GDNF Glial cell-line Derived Neurotrophic Factor H hele HRF Hypothalamic Releasing Factor HSP Heat Shock Proteins I isotropic ICSH Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone IRM Innate Releasing Mechanism L Levo (left), anti-clockwise L- dopa Dopamine LH Luteinising Hormone LTH Luteotrophic Hormone, M Middle MSH Melanophore Stimulating Hormone OT Oxytocin PCF Pericardial Fluid PCT proximal convoluted tubule PD Parkinson’s Disease PIH Prolactin Inhibiting Factor PL Prolactin PNS Parasympathetic Nervous System RER Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum RNA Ribonucleic Acid S Svedberg SER Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum SNF Synovial Fluid SNS Somatic Nervous System SR sarcoplasmic reticulum SRF Somatotrophin Releasing Factor STH Somatotrophin Hormone T T-lymphocytes T-phage Bacteriophage T-tubule Transversal Tubules TG Triglyceride TMO trimethylamine oxide, creatine TMV Tobacco Mosaic Model T.P turgor pressure T, T3,T4 Thyroxin, tri and tetraiodo-thyonine: TRF Thyrotrophin Releasing Factor TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Z zwishen Organism Scientific / Botanical Names Onion Allium cepa first microbe of known genome Haemophilus influenza Digger Wasp Ammophila adriaanse Tetanus Bacteria Clostridium tetani Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris Cockroach Periplaneta americana Corn Zea mays amaltas Cassia fistula man Homo sapiens potato Solanum tuberosum brinjal Solanum melangena E. coli, Gram’s +ve bacteria Escherichia coli. M I C R O B O D I E S Peroxisome Glyoxysome i. The microbody which help in metabolism of peroxides The microbody which help in metabolism of lipid i. It helps in photorespiration It helps in glyoxylate cycle i. They remain functional throughout life They are functional only during seed germination i. Their enzymes are oxidative, peroxidase, catalase, glycolic acid oxidase Their enzymes are oxidative, catalase, glycolic acid oxidase i. They have 0.5 µm in diameter. They have 0.7 µm in diameter. i. E.g. in all eukaryotes. E.g. castor bean, sunflower and soya beans. Individual 2N (Body Cell) N (germ cell) Chimpanzee 48 24 Potato 48 24 Human 46 23 Frog 26 13 Onion 16 8 Garden Pea 14 7 Fruit fly (Drosophila 8 4
- 14. Process Step No ATP use Direct ATP Produced NADH FADH ETC CO2 produce H2O Total ATP GLYCOLYSIS 1 ATP GLYCOLYSIS 3 ATP GLYCOLYSIS 6 2 NADH 6 ATP GLYCOLYSIS 7 2 ATP 4- 2=2 GLYCOLYSIS 9 2 H2O produce GLYCOLYSIS 10 2 ATP INTERMEDIATE 1 2 NADH 6 ATP 2CO2 KREB’s CYCLE 2 2 H2O use KREB’s CYCLE 5 2 NADH 6 ATP 2CO2 KREB’s CYCLE 6 2 NADH 6 ATP 2CO2 KREB’s CYCLE 7 2 GTP KREB’s CYCLE 8 2FADH 4 ATP KREB’s CYCLE 9 2 H2O use KREB’s CYCLE 10 2 NADH 6 ATP TOTAL 2 use ATP 6 ATP produce 10 ETC Cristae 2 ETC Cristae 34 ATP 6 produce 38 ATP For 1 Glucose Molecule: GLYCOLYSIS = 1 Phosphorylation = 4 Dephosphorylation = 4 Oxidation = 2, Dehydration = 2 Dehydrogenation = 12 INTERMEDIATE STEP = 2 Oxidation = 2 KREB’s CYCLE = 2 Oxidation = 8 ETC = 12 Light Reaction = 12 Water use = 12 Photolysis = 12 O atom produce = 12 ATP produce = 12 NADPH produce = 12 Cyclic = 6 Non cyclic = 12 Dark Reaction = 6 CO2 use = 6 REDUCTION = 6
- 15. offspring Part of Cell Discovery Composition Functions Cell Wall Robert Hooke Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, silica, wax, salt Protection, covering, prevent from osmotic lysis Cell Membrane Schwann 60-80% proteins, 20-40% lipids, glycogen, cholestol Tranportation, passive transport, active transport, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, Cytoplasm H2O, enzymes, cytogel, cytosol, ground, fundamental substances Metabolic pathway-glycolysis, cyclosis, taxis, store house of chemicals, substrate phosphorylation E.R Keith R Porter RER, SER, cisternae Protein synthesis, transportation, detoxification, Ca transport Ribosome Polysome Palade rRNA, protein, 70S, 80S Protein synthesis by translation GB C.Golgi Cisternae, lipid, protein, forming and maturation face cell secretions (secretory house), formation of granules, vesicles, blebs, lysosomes Lysosome D Duve lipid, protein, enzymes, Pri & Sec lysosomes (autophagosome) Digestion, autophagy, autolysis, digestive organ of cell Storage Congenital Diseases, Glycogenosis, Tay Sach’s Peroxisome D Dove lipid, protein, enzymes metabolism of peroxides, microbodies Glyoxysome lipid, protein, enzymes metabolism of lipid, glyoxylate cycle , provide energy during seed germination, microbodies Vacuole lipid, protein, Food Vacuole, contractile vacuole, secretory vacuoles Tonoplast, prevent from osmotic lysis, cell elongation, turidity, Ψp, K, salt, food & starch, waste & extra water store. Cytoskeleton Protein-actin, myosin, tropomyosin, troponin, flagellin, tubulin Microtubules-assembly and disassembly spindle, formation of cilia, flagella, basal bodies and centrioles. Microfilaments- contain contractile actin protein, at plasma membrane, cyclosis and amoeboid movements. Intermediate filaments- maintain cell shape, cell shape and integration of cellular compartments. Centriole Centrosome Protein, nine microtubules with triplet, Location of furrowing formation during cell division (cytokinesis), and help in cilia formation. Mitochondria lipid, protein, enzymes, Cristae Power house of cell, Kreb’s cycle, ETC, chemiosmosis, oxidative phosphorylation, photorespiration, rigor mortis Plastids; Chloroplast, Chromoplast, Leucoplast lipid, protein, enzymes-Rubisco Photosynthesis-light&dark reaction (Calvin cycle), ETC, chemiosmosis, photolysis, photorespiration, photophosphorylation Nucleus Robert Brown lipid, protein, enzymes- nuclease, ligase Controlling authority, contain nucleolus, chromosomes, transcription, central (gene dogma) PROMOTER SEQUENCE PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES TATAAT (TATA box) -10 -25 TTGACA (CAAT box) -35 -75, -70
- 16. i O A B AB O A B AB O + A - A+ A+ AB+B - B+ AB - AB+ AB- B - B+ A -O - O + O - ii, dd, hh ii, DD, Dd, HH, Hh IAIA, IAi, dd, Hh, hh IAIA, IAi, DD, Dd, Hh, hh IBIB, IBi, dd, Hh, hh IBIB, IBi, DD, Dd, Hh, hh IAIB, dd, Hh, hh IAIB, DD, Dd, Hh, hh Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYesYes Yes Yes Yes A+ A- O+ O- O- O+ O- A- O- A+ A- O+ O- B- O- B+ B- O+ O- A- B- A+ A- B- O+ O- O+ A- O- A+ O+ O- A+ A- O+ O- B+ B+ O+ B- O- B+ O+ B- O- A+ B+ A- B- A+ B+ A- B- A- O- A+ O+ A- O- A- O- A+ O+ A- O- A- B- AB- O- A+ B+ AB+ O+ A- B- AB- O- A- B- AB- A+ B+ AB+ A- B- AB- A+ O+ A- O- A+ O+ A- O- A+ O+ A- O- A+ B+AB+O+ A- B-AB- O- A+ B+AB+ O+ A- B- AB- O- A+ B+ AB+ A- B- AB- A+ B+ AB+ A- B- AB- B- O- B+ O+ B- O- A- B- AB- O- A+B+AB+O+ A-B-AB-O- B- O- B+ O+ B- O- A- B- AB- A+ B+ AB+ A- B- AB- B+ O+ B- O- B+ O+ B- O- A+B+AB+ O+ A- B- AB- O- A+B+AB+ O+ A- B- AB- O- B+ O+ A- O- B+ O+ A- O- A+ B+ AB+ A- B- AB- A+ B+ AB+ A- B- AB- A- O- A+ B+ A- B- A- B- AB- A+ B+ AB+ A- B- AB- A- B- AB- A+ B+ AB+ A- B- AB- A- B- AB- A+ B+ AB+ A- B- AB- A+ A- B+ B- A+ A- B+ B- A+ B+ AB+ A- B- AB- A+ B+ AB+ A- B- AB- A+ B+ AB+ A- B- AB- A+ B+ AB+ A- B- AB- A+ B+ AB+ A- B- AB- A+ B+ AB+ A- B- AB- B l o o d T r a n s f u s i o n
- 19. MDCAT, NUMS, NTS, AMC, LDMCAT MCQ Test i. The ability to maintain their internal conditions constant is ------------------ A) thermoregulation B) osmoregulation C) excretion D) homeostasis i. The ability of an organism to regulate it fluid contents is -------------------- A) thermoregulation B) osmoregulation C) excretion D) homeostasis i. Sweating is a ------------process. thermoregulation B) osmoregulation C) excretion D) homeostasis i. In dehydrated condition body need ------------------ A) water excretion B) water conservation C) evaporation D) osmoregulation B) The major control center of cell during homeostasis is ------------ Nucleus B) cell membrane C) Brain D) Gene The control center of cell is ------------ Nucleus B) cell membrane C) Brain D) Gene The detoxification of ammonia to ------------require the precursor of ornithine. A) citruline B) arginine C) urea D) drugs In kidney nephron is closely associated with network of ----------------- A) Henle’s loop B) afferent arteriole C) efferent arteriole D) peritubular artery In insects salt and water reabsorption takes place in the ----------------------- Flame cell B) nephridium C) malpighian tubules D) rectal gland CRITICAL QUESTIONS: I. Differentiate excretion/egestion? II. Write the functions/significance of counter current method? III. Why hemodialysis is better than peritoneal dialysis? IV. How insulin is regulated during metabolism? V. Justify “Urea factory is Liver while Urine factory is Kidney”. VI. Justify “All endothermic are warm blooded but all warm blooded are not endothermic”. VII. Why right kidney is below the left kidney? VIII.Why osmoconformers have less biodiversity and evolution than osmoregulators? IX. Why marine water fish drink water while fresh water fish eat water? X. Write the medical use of trimethylamine oxide? XI. Why Gardner use autumn leaves as fertilizer? XII. Why metanephridium is superior to pronephridium?
- 20. Exoskeleton Endoskeleton i. It develops from ectoderm. ii. It is inert and nonliving. iii. It has poor regeneration. iv. It needs ecdysis for growth. v. It is present outside the soft parts. It develops from mesoderm. It is living and show homeostasis. It has regeneration and growth. It does not need ecdysis. It is present inside the soft parts. Primary Growth Secondary Growth The growth due to apical meristematic tissue. The growth due to lateral meristematic tissue. The length of plant increased The girth / diameter of plant increased. It takes place in non woody parts It takes place in woody parts. It is started from seed germination and remain Throughout life. It is only during maturity of woody plants. It is rapid process It is slow process e.g. in all plants from bryophyte to angiosperm It is only in dicot and gymnosperm Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Skeletal Muscle i. earliest and simplest muscle heart muscle attach to skeleton i. non-striated striated striated i. uninucleated uninucleated multinucleated i. spindle shape branched Elongated fibres i. without intercalated disc with intercalated disc without intercalated disc i. involuntary involuntary Voluntary except diaphragm i. around viscera In heart wall Bicep, tricep Tetanus Tetany It is bacterial disease. It is nutritional disease. It is caused by Clostridium tetani It is caused by deficiency of Ca It causes stiffness of jaws and neck It causes loss of sensations It can be treated by antibiotics It is treated by Ca nutrition MITOSIS MEIOSIS The type of cell division in which chromosomes remain constant from parent to daughter cell. The type of cell division in which chromosomes reduced half from parent to daughter cell. It is present in both N and 2N cell. It is only in 2N cell. It is present in somatic or vegetative cell It is only in germ line cell It helps in growth and in asexual reproduction It helps in sexual reproduction It takes place through out life It takes place only during gametes and spore formation. It is without crossing over The crossing over and recombination exit There is no genetic variability. There is genetic variability and evolution. It is same in male and female It is different in male and female The resulting cells are 2 The resulting cells are 4 It is completed by single stage It is completed by two stages I & II Error in mitosis produce tumor and cancer Error in meiosis cause non-disjunction and syndromes. Characters ALGAE PLANTAE Chlorophyta BRYOPHYTA TRACHEOPHYTA ULVA Liver wort s Moss Hornwor ts Psilosida Lycopsida Sphe nops ida Pteropsida/Filicinae Ancestor of Plants Marc ha ntia Mus Ci, Fun aria, Bryopsida Anthoce ropsida Anthoce rus, Psilotum Spike Moss Club Moss Hors e Tail Equi setu m Non Seeded Seeded SPERMATO PHYTES Adiantum Gymno Angiosper m Morphic isomorphic HETROMORPHIC Fertilizati on Non Embryop hytes EMBRYOPHYTES Gametes isogamous HETROGAMOUS Spore Iso/zoos pore ISOSPOROUS HETROSPOROU S iso Hetro Habitat Aquatic Amphibious Terrestrial/Aquatic/Xerophyte/Halophytes Vascular No No Xylem, Phloem
- 21. GLANDS/ORGAN HORMONES FUNCTIONS DISEASES Hypothalamus Posterior lobe of Pituitary Gland ADH water reabsorption diabetes insipidus Oxytocin parturition and suckling, let down milk sterility Anterior lobe of pituitary gland STH, hGH Human Growth Hormone promote protein synthesis Gigantism Acromegaly Dwarfism TSH rapid growth and development Goiter Cretinism ACTH stress e.g. cold, heat, pain, fright, infections disturbance of normal adrenal functions FSH in Females follicle development and secretion of oestrogens Sterility, infertility FSH in Male Development of the germinal epithelium of testis and sperm production. Sterility, infertility Prolactin Stimulates milk production LH / FSH stimulate oestrogen secretion, ICSH in male stimulates the interstitial cells of testis to secrete testosterone Median lobe of pituitary gland MSH in pregnancy stimulates melanocytes in skin to produce melanin, which darkens the skin Addison's disease, Moon face disease Adrenal Glands ACTH, excess steroid cortical hormones metabolism Cushing's disease Pancreas Insulin, Glucagon Metabolism of glucose diabetes mellitus Thyroid Excess Thyroxin BMR (basal metabolic rate) Graves' disease cardiac failure Iodine Deficiency Growth, metabolism Goiter Lack of Thyroxin hypothyroidism growth and development Cretinism hypothyroidism Weight, growth Myxoedema calcitonin Lower Ca+2 in blood Massive Bone Parathyroid gland Parthormone Under-activity Increases Ca+2 twitches and convulsion, Take Ca+2 from bone muscular tetany, osteoporosis hypocalcaemia Parthormone Over-activity Increases Ca+2 in blood Demineralization Kidney stone Adrenal Glands ACTH, Cortical Hormones Stress, metabolism, Addison's Disease Animal Phylum/Sub-taxa Flatworm Pltyhelminthes, Acoelomata Tape worm (Segmented) Pltyhelminthes , Acoelomata Roundworm Nematoda , Pseudocoelomata Pinworm Nematoda , Pseudocoelomata Pig worm (Ascaris) Nematoda , Pseudocoelomata Hookworm Nematoda , Pseudocoelomata Whipworm Nematoda , Pseudocoelomata Threadworm Nematoda , Pseudocoelomata Segmented worm Annelida, Protostome Sandworm, Lugworm Annelida, Protostome Earthworm Annelida, Protostome Rag worm Annelida, Protostome Shipworm, Pileworm Mollusca, Protostome Silk worm (insect) Arthropod, Protostome Slow worm, Blind worm Reptiles, Deuterostome Acron worm Hemichordata, Deuterostome Blood fluke Pltyhelminthes, Acoelomata Liverfluke Pltyhelminthes, Acoelomata Planaria Pltyhelminthes, Acoelomata Leech Annelida, Protostome Centipede Arthropod, Protostome Millipode Arthropod, Protostome Cray fish, Craw fish, Prawn Arthropod, Protostome Cuttle fish Mollusca , Deuterostome Star fish Echinodermata, Deuterostome Fish (Pisces) Chordata, Deuterostome Ring worm (Dermatophyte) Fungal disease
- 22. Scientists Discovery Alois Alzheimer Alzheimer's disease Aristotle Abiogenesis August Weismann Cells are basically similar Bradford movement of cilia Camillo Golgi G. Complex Callous Linnaeus binomial nomenclature Darwin definition of instincts behavior Charles Chamberland porcelain filters paper De Duve Lysosome , Peroxisome Ernst Hackel proposed a third kingdom Protista E-Chatton suggested differentiating terms Procariotique & eu-cariotique H. Huxley and A. F. Huxley Sliding filament model Ivanowski TMV Jean Baptist de-Lamarck Evolution, Keith R. Porter E.R Kohler Insight Learning Lorenz Oken Cells are vesicle like structure in livings Louis Pasteur Biogenesis Lynn Margulis and Karlene Schwartz modified 5 kingdom classification Palade Ribosome Pavlov Conditioning or conditioned reflex type I Richard Altmann Mitochondria (bioblast) Robert Brown Discover Nucleus Robert Hooke Discover cell, Micrographia Robert Whittaker 5 kingdom system Robert Koch Germ Theory Rudolf Virchow Support Cell Theory, Glial cell discover, Omnis cellula e cellula SJ Singer and GL Nicolson Fluid Mosaic Model Theodor Schwann and Schleiden Cell Theory Thorndike and B.F. Skinner Operent conditioning reflex type II Uexkull and Lorenz Sign Stimulus Plant Cell Animal Cell i. They contain cell wall They are without cell wall. i. They contain chloroplast They are without chloroplast i. They contain Glyoxisome They are without Glyoxisome i. They are without centriole They contain centriole i. They show photosynthesis They don’t show photosynthesis i. Cytokinesis is by phragmoplast Cytokinesis is by furrow formation i. They store starch They store glycogen Prokaryotic Cell Euokaryotic Cell i. The cell without nucleus The cell with nucleus i. They are without membranous organelles They contain membranous organelles i. Their cell wall contain murein Their cell wall contain cellulose i. Their ribosome is 70S Their ribosome is 80S i. They asexually divide by binary fission They asexually divide by binary fission and some other methods of asexual reproduction i. They sexually reproduce by conjugation They sexually reproduce by conjugation and some other methods of sexual reproduction i. They are unicellular and haploid They are unicellular, multicellular, haploid, diploid and triploid. i. They form endospore They form exospore i. Archeobacteria, Bacteria, Cyanobacteria Plant cell, animal cell, man cell, protozoa
- 25. Algae Chlorophyta Green Algae Ulva Alternation of Generation Isomorphic AOG