Cauliflower mosaic virus
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This document discusses the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) and its potential use for gene transfer in plants. CaMV is a plant virus that infects brassica plants like cauliflower and turnips. It has a circular double-stranded DNA genome and is spherical in shape. The 35S promoter from CaMV is commonly used in plant transformation due to its strong constitutive expression in dicots. For gene transfer, foreign DNA can be inserted into the non-essential genes II or VII of CaMV. However, CaMV has limitations for gene transfer due to its limited insertion capacity and loss of infectivity if too many nucleotides are added.
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Cauliflower mosaic virus ppt
INTRODUCTION:
The first plant virus shown to have a DNA genome and the first shown to replicate by reverse transcription.
Worldwide but only causes significantly losses locally.
It is transmitted by aphids .
Type member of the Caulimovirus genus, contains 11 species and 6 possible members.
significantly impact on plant virology and plant molecular biology.
The virus is an important source of gene regulatory elements, used exclusively in the genetic manipulation of plants.
STRUCTURE:Icosachedral with a diameter of 52Â nm built from 420 capsid protein subunits.
It contains a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of about 8.0 kB .
Dna is interrupted by sitespecific discontinuties resulting from its replication by reverse transcription.
After entering the host, the single stranded nicks in the viral DNA are repaired, forming a supercoiled molecule that binds to histones.
DNA is transcriped into a full length .
Replication
Risk Factors:The Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (CaMV 35S) is used in most transgenic crops to activate foreign genes which have been artificially inserted into the host plant. It is inserted into transgenic plants in a form which is different from that found when it is present in its natural Brassica plant hosts. This enables it to operate in a wide range of host-organism environments which would otherwise not be possible.
plant viruses- Geminivirus ppt
inroduction:Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants.
Pathogenic to higher plants.
. Harmless to human and other animals.
Reduce plant crop yield and quality of crops.
Some may be able to multiply within the bodies
Of aphids and nematodes.
History:Beijernick ( 1897) coined the latin name “VIRUS” meaning Poison. He studied plant juices and found they caused healthy plants to become sick.
Wendell Stanley (1935) crystallized sap from sick Tobacco plants. He discovered viruses were made of nucleic acids and proteins.
Geminivirus:one of the family of plant virus.
Currently over 360 species in this family, divided among 9 genera.
Diseases associated with this family include bright yellow mosaic , yellow mosaic, yellow mottle, leaf curling, stunting, streaks, reduced yields.
Ss circular dna diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication (AMBISENSE).
Virus Classification:Group – Group II (ssDNA)
Order - Unassigned
Family - Geminiviridae
Genera – Becurtovirus Grablovirus
Begomovirus Mastrevirus
Capulavirus Topocuvirus
curtovirus Turncurtovirus
Eragrovirus
Structure: have Circular single-stranded DNA.
Genome is either in two segments.
The non-segmented genome is 2500-3000 nucleotides long, and the segmented genome is 4800-5600 nucleotides long.
The genome encodes for both structural and non-structural proteins.
In geminivirus, both segments must be transmitted to the host for a full systemic infection to occur.
Virion Sturcture:Geminivirus are non-enveloped, icosahedral virions that consists of a capsid.
The capsid is germinate, or twinned, and consists of 22 Capsomers.
The capsid is 30nm long and has a diameter of 18-20nm.
Symptoms:the time of infection, the virus strains and the presence of mixed infections.
Common symptoms are stunting, curling, and twisting of leaves.
Short internodes and stunted appearance , no apical growth caused by early infection.
Replication:Geminivirus encodes only a few proteins, thus they need to dependent host cell factors for replication.
These factors are DNA polymerase and repair polymerase to amplify their genome.
Replicate by a rolling circle mechanism like bacteriophages such as M13, and many plasmids.
Cauliflower mosaic virus
CaMV Genome organization & their replication, Cauliflower Mosaic Virus belong to Group VII (ds-DNA-RT), Open circular double stranded DNA of 80kb and CaMV replicates by reverse transcription
Satellite viruses, satellite rna and viroid's
Satellite viruses are sub-viral agents that depend on a helper virus for replication. The first reported satellite virus was Tobacco necrosis satellite virus. Satellite viruses contain nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and lack genes for replication. Satellite genomes can be single-stranded RNA, DNA, or circular RNA.
Satellite RNAs are small, linear or circular RNA strands found in certain multicomponent virus particles. They do not encode their own coat protein and depend on a helper virus for replication and encapsidation.
Viroids were discovered in 1971 and are small, circular, naked RNA molecules that replicate independently using host polymerases. Well-studied viroids include potato spindle tuber viroid and av
DNA containing plant viruses - Cauliflower mosaic virus & Geminivirus
This document provides a summary of a seminar on DNA containing plant viruses. It discusses the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) and Gemini virus. CaMV is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects members of the Brassicaceae family and causes mosaic symptoms. It replicates via reverse transcription. Gemini virus is a single-stranded DNA virus that infects many economically important crops and causes stunting and yellowing. It replicates via a rolling circle mechanism and is transmitted by insects like leafhoppers and whiteflies. Prevention of both viruses focuses on controlling their insect vectors and disinfecting equipment to avoid mechanical transmission.
Plant viruses
Viruses that infect plants, known as plant viruses, are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on plant cells to replicate. They have a variety of genome structures including single and double-stranded DNA and RNA. Plant viruses are spread through both horizontal transmission by vectors like insects, fungi, and nematodes, and vertical transmission from parent to offspring through seeds or grafts. Infection by plant viruses can stunt plant growth and decrease crop yields by inducing symptoms such as mosaic patterns, yellowing, and deformation. While there are no cures for plant viruses, integrated management practices like using virus-free seeds and controlling vectors can help reduce their impact.
Plant and animal viruse
This presentation about virus - virus structure, effect of virus on animal and plant pathogenicity, type of virus.
Lamda phage
Lambda phage is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli bacteria. It has two life cycles: a lytic cycle and a lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle, the phage genome is transferred into the bacterial cell where it replicates and causes the bacterial cell to burst, releasing new phage particles. In the lysogenic cycle, the phage genome integrates into the bacterial chromosome and replicates with the host DNA without killing the cell. The phage can switch between these two cycles depending on environmental conditions inside the infected bacterial cell.
Recommended
Cauliflower mosaic virus ppt
INTRODUCTION:
The first plant virus shown to have a DNA genome and the first shown to replicate by reverse transcription.
Worldwide but only causes significantly losses locally.
It is transmitted by aphids .
Type member of the Caulimovirus genus, contains 11 species and 6 possible members.
significantly impact on plant virology and plant molecular biology.
The virus is an important source of gene regulatory elements, used exclusively in the genetic manipulation of plants.
STRUCTURE:Icosachedral with a diameter of 52Â nm built from 420 capsid protein subunits.
It contains a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of about 8.0 kB .
Dna is interrupted by sitespecific discontinuties resulting from its replication by reverse transcription.
After entering the host, the single stranded nicks in the viral DNA are repaired, forming a supercoiled molecule that binds to histones.
DNA is transcriped into a full length .
Replication
Risk Factors:The Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (CaMV 35S) is used in most transgenic crops to activate foreign genes which have been artificially inserted into the host plant. It is inserted into transgenic plants in a form which is different from that found when it is present in its natural Brassica plant hosts. This enables it to operate in a wide range of host-organism environments which would otherwise not be possible.
plant viruses- Geminivirus ppt
inroduction:Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants.
Pathogenic to higher plants.
. Harmless to human and other animals.
Reduce plant crop yield and quality of crops.
Some may be able to multiply within the bodies
Of aphids and nematodes.
History:Beijernick ( 1897) coined the latin name “VIRUS” meaning Poison. He studied plant juices and found they caused healthy plants to become sick.
Wendell Stanley (1935) crystallized sap from sick Tobacco plants. He discovered viruses were made of nucleic acids and proteins.
Geminivirus:one of the family of plant virus.
Currently over 360 species in this family, divided among 9 genera.
Diseases associated with this family include bright yellow mosaic , yellow mosaic, yellow mottle, leaf curling, stunting, streaks, reduced yields.
Ss circular dna diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication (AMBISENSE).
Virus Classification:Group – Group II (ssDNA)
Order - Unassigned
Family - Geminiviridae
Genera – Becurtovirus Grablovirus
Begomovirus Mastrevirus
Capulavirus Topocuvirus
curtovirus Turncurtovirus
Eragrovirus
Structure: have Circular single-stranded DNA.
Genome is either in two segments.
The non-segmented genome is 2500-3000 nucleotides long, and the segmented genome is 4800-5600 nucleotides long.
The genome encodes for both structural and non-structural proteins.
In geminivirus, both segments must be transmitted to the host for a full systemic infection to occur.
Virion Sturcture:Geminivirus are non-enveloped, icosahedral virions that consists of a capsid.
The capsid is germinate, or twinned, and consists of 22 Capsomers.
The capsid is 30nm long and has a diameter of 18-20nm.
Symptoms:the time of infection, the virus strains and the presence of mixed infections.
Common symptoms are stunting, curling, and twisting of leaves.
Short internodes and stunted appearance , no apical growth caused by early infection.
Replication:Geminivirus encodes only a few proteins, thus they need to dependent host cell factors for replication.
These factors are DNA polymerase and repair polymerase to amplify their genome.
Replicate by a rolling circle mechanism like bacteriophages such as M13, and many plasmids.
Cauliflower mosaic virus
CaMV Genome organization & their replication, Cauliflower Mosaic Virus belong to Group VII (ds-DNA-RT), Open circular double stranded DNA of 80kb and CaMV replicates by reverse transcription
Satellite viruses, satellite rna and viroid's
Satellite viruses are sub-viral agents that depend on a helper virus for replication. The first reported satellite virus was Tobacco necrosis satellite virus. Satellite viruses contain nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and lack genes for replication. Satellite genomes can be single-stranded RNA, DNA, or circular RNA.
Satellite RNAs are small, linear or circular RNA strands found in certain multicomponent virus particles. They do not encode their own coat protein and depend on a helper virus for replication and encapsidation.
Viroids were discovered in 1971 and are small, circular, naked RNA molecules that replicate independently using host polymerases. Well-studied viroids include potato spindle tuber viroid and av
DNA containing plant viruses - Cauliflower mosaic virus & Geminivirus
This document provides a summary of a seminar on DNA containing plant viruses. It discusses the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) and Gemini virus. CaMV is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects members of the Brassicaceae family and causes mosaic symptoms. It replicates via reverse transcription. Gemini virus is a single-stranded DNA virus that infects many economically important crops and causes stunting and yellowing. It replicates via a rolling circle mechanism and is transmitted by insects like leafhoppers and whiteflies. Prevention of both viruses focuses on controlling their insect vectors and disinfecting equipment to avoid mechanical transmission.
Plant viruses
Viruses that infect plants, known as plant viruses, are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on plant cells to replicate. They have a variety of genome structures including single and double-stranded DNA and RNA. Plant viruses are spread through both horizontal transmission by vectors like insects, fungi, and nematodes, and vertical transmission from parent to offspring through seeds or grafts. Infection by plant viruses can stunt plant growth and decrease crop yields by inducing symptoms such as mosaic patterns, yellowing, and deformation. While there are no cures for plant viruses, integrated management practices like using virus-free seeds and controlling vectors can help reduce their impact.
Plant and animal viruse
This presentation about virus - virus structure, effect of virus on animal and plant pathogenicity, type of virus.
Lamda phage
Lambda phage is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli bacteria. It has two life cycles: a lytic cycle and a lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle, the phage genome is transferred into the bacterial cell where it replicates and causes the bacterial cell to burst, releasing new phage particles. In the lysogenic cycle, the phage genome integrates into the bacterial chromosome and replicates with the host DNA without killing the cell. The phage can switch between these two cycles depending on environmental conditions inside the infected bacterial cell.
Mu phage
The document discusses integrons and the MU phage. Integrons are genetic elements in bacteria that can integrate and express gene cassettes, allowing for the spread of antibiotic resistance. The MU phage infects enterobacteria and has a life cycle involving both lysogenic and lytic replication. It has a dsDNA genome that integrates into the host chromosome and can replicate through transposition. The phage attaches to host cells, injects its genome, and can either enter a latent phase or begin lytic replication, assembling new phage particles that are released to infect more cells.
ti plasmid
Ti plasmids are found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria and contain genes that allow the bacteria to transform plant cells and cause crown gall tumors. The plasmid contains virulence genes that are activated by plant signals and mediate transfer of T-DNA into the plant genome. T-DNA integration results in tumor formation and production of opines that the bacteria can utilize. Ti plasmids have been engineered as vectors for plant transformation by removing oncogenes and adding gene of interest between the border sequences, allowing transformation via Agrobacterium infection of wounded plant tissues.
Tobacco mosaic virus
TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS (Genome organization &their replication) TMV is a plant virus which infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae and cucumbers, and a number of ornamental flowers.
Phagemid vector
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Animal viruses
Animal viruses are self replicating, intracellular parasites that completely rely on host animal cell for reproduction. They use the host's cellular components to replicate, then leaves the host cell to infect other cells.
tobacco mosaic virus
TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus) is the most serious pathogen affecting tobacco plants. It causes mosaic symptoms on the leaves and stunts plant growth. TMV has a rod-shaped structure and is composed of RNA inside a protein capsid. The viral RNA directs the production of coat proteins and other proteins upon entry into host cells. TMV spreads through mechanical transmission via contact with infected plant matter and can contaminate seeds, but is not insect-transmitted. Management of TMV involves crop rotation, sanitation practices, and the use of resistant varieties.
Sv40 virus
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Purification of viruses
This document discusses techniques for purifying viruses, specifically density gradient centrifugation and isopycnic centrifugation. Density gradient centrifugation separates particles based on their buoyant densities by layering solutions of decreasing density in a centrifuge tube, then centrifuging the virus sample on top for a short time. This allows different viruses to separate into discrete zones based on their sedimentation rates. Isopycnic centrifugation forms the density gradient during a long, high-speed centrifugation, allowing separation of particles that differ slightly in density but not size. Precipitation with ammonium sulfate or ethanol can also be used to purify viruses.
Plant virus
The document discusses plant viruses. It begins by outlining learning objectives about plant virus infections, life cycles, transmission, structures, classification, replication, symptoms, identification, and control. It then provides details on the characteristics of plant viruses, including their non-cellular nature and dependence on host cells. The document discusses plant virus transmission methods, proteins, capsids, classifications, replication cycles for different types of viruses, symptoms, and methods of detection, identification, and control.
Tmv
This document discusses Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), which infects over 350 plant species including economically important crops like tobacco and tomatoes. TMV is a rod-shaped virus composed of RNA and coat proteins. It replicates by translating its RNA inside plant cells and using movement proteins to spread between cells. Infection causes mosaic patterns, necrosis, curling and stunted growth. TMV is transmitted mechanically through contaminated tools or plant material and can overwinter in weeds or debris. Management strategies include using virus-free plants, removing weeds, disinfecting tools, and propagating through seed rather than vegetative material.
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Modified M13 vectors have a large number of cloning sites which allow for insertion of foreign DNA. These vectors are derived from the M13 bacteriophage and are commonly used for DNA sequencing, mapping and mutagenesis experiments in molecular biology research. The document appears to be a seminar topic submission about using the M13 phage for biotechnology applications.
Plant expression vectors
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• Plasmids are extra-chromosomal genetic elements that replicate independently of the host chromosome.
• They are small, circular (some are linear), double-stranded DNA molecules that exist in bacterial cells and in some eukaryotes.
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l4. bacteriophage lambda and m13 vectors (1)
This document describes the bacteriophages λ and M13, which are commonly used as cloning vectors. λ phage is a temperate phage that infects E. coli and has a double-stranded linear DNA genome. Its genome is organized into regions that encode proteins for the phage head, tail, and lysogeny/lysis functions. M13 is a filamentous phage with a single-stranded circular genome. Both phages can be modified and used to insert and replicate foreign DNA fragments in E. coli for cloning purposes.
Ti plasmid as a vector,
Introduction
Ti plasmid
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Ti plasmid structure
Overview of infection process
Ti plasmid derived vector systems
Cointegrate vectors
Binary vectors
Agrobacterium mediated transformation of explants
Conclusions
References
Virus resistance plant, production
introduction
What is virus
What is virus resistance plant
History
Gene use for develop virus resistance plant
Coat protein gene
cDNA of satellite RNA
Defective viral genome
Antisense RNA approach and
Ribozyme – mediated protection
conclusion
References
M13 and Mu Virus Structure and Life Cycle
The document summarizes the life cycles of M13 and Mu viruses. M13 is a filamentous bacteriophage that infects E. coli. It has a single stranded DNA genome packed inside a protein capsid. It replicates through the attachment to and penetration of host cells, followed by replication of its genome and production of new virus particles. Mu is a temperate bacteriophage that can enter a lysogenic cycle by integrating its double stranded DNA into the host genome. It has an icosahedral head and tail structure and replicates through a "cut and paste" mechanism where its DNA integrates into the host chromosome.
Viriods and prions
Viriods are small circular RNA molecules without a protein coat that infect plants and animals. They replicate by hijacking the host's machinery and can cause diseases like potato spindle tuber disease in plants and Hepatitis D in humans. Prions are infectious protein particles that cause neurodegenerative diseases by changing the folding of normal host proteins. Examples include scrapie in sheep and mad cow disease in cattle. They are transmitted through ingestion and cause diseases by triggering apoptosis in the brain.
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bacteriophages require bacterial host to complete its life-cycle, wherein site-specific genetic recombination occurs. furthermore, homologous recombination also occur in phages in case of multiple infection of the host cell.
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ti plasmid
Ti plasmids are found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria and contain genes that allow the bacteria to transform plant cells and cause crown gall tumors. The plasmid contains virulence genes that are activated by plant signals and mediate transfer of T-DNA into the plant genome. T-DNA integration results in tumor formation and production of opines that the bacteria can utilize. Ti plasmids have been engineered as vectors for plant transformation by removing oncogenes and adding gene of interest between the border sequences, allowing transformation via Agrobacterium infection of wounded plant tissues.
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Phagemid vector
This document discusses the phagemid vector pBluescript, which can be used in either the positive or negative orientation. pBluescript is a phagemid vector that can be used to clone DNA fragments for sequencing, mutagenesis, protein expression or other molecular biology experiments. References for further information about pBluescript are provided.
Animal viruses
Animal viruses are self replicating, intracellular parasites that completely rely on host animal cell for reproduction. They use the host's cellular components to replicate, then leaves the host cell to infect other cells.
tobacco mosaic virus
TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus) is the most serious pathogen affecting tobacco plants. It causes mosaic symptoms on the leaves and stunts plant growth. TMV has a rod-shaped structure and is composed of RNA inside a protein capsid. The viral RNA directs the production of coat proteins and other proteins upon entry into host cells. TMV spreads through mechanical transmission via contact with infected plant matter and can contaminate seeds, but is not insect-transmitted. Management of TMV involves crop rotation, sanitation practices, and the use of resistant varieties.
Sv40 virus
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus that was first isolated from monkey kidney cell cultures used to produce the poliovirus vaccine. It has a small circular DNA genome wrapped in histone proteins. The genome contains early and late protein coding genes as well as regulatory sequences. The early proteins are non-structural while the late proteins form the viral capsid. The SV40 genome can be modified to replace the early protein coding genes with a gene of interest for gene therapy purposes. A recombinant SV40 viral vector offers advantages such as the ability to transduce both dividing and resting cells with high efficiency and provide long-lasting transgene expression.
Purification of viruses
This document discusses techniques for purifying viruses, specifically density gradient centrifugation and isopycnic centrifugation. Density gradient centrifugation separates particles based on their buoyant densities by layering solutions of decreasing density in a centrifuge tube, then centrifuging the virus sample on top for a short time. This allows different viruses to separate into discrete zones based on their sedimentation rates. Isopycnic centrifugation forms the density gradient during a long, high-speed centrifugation, allowing separation of particles that differ slightly in density but not size. Precipitation with ammonium sulfate or ethanol can also be used to purify viruses.
Plant virus
The document discusses plant viruses. It begins by outlining learning objectives about plant virus infections, life cycles, transmission, structures, classification, replication, symptoms, identification, and control. It then provides details on the characteristics of plant viruses, including their non-cellular nature and dependence on host cells. The document discusses plant virus transmission methods, proteins, capsids, classifications, replication cycles for different types of viruses, symptoms, and methods of detection, identification, and control.
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Phi x 174 phage.
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M13 phage
Modified M13 vectors have a large number of cloning sites which allow for insertion of foreign DNA. These vectors are derived from the M13 bacteriophage and are commonly used for DNA sequencing, mapping and mutagenesis experiments in molecular biology research. The document appears to be a seminar topic submission about using the M13 phage for biotechnology applications.
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What are an expression vector? Detailed description of plant gene structure. Plant expression vector systems are generally consists of Ri and Ti plasmids.
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PLASMID - TYPES & ITS PROPERTIES.pptx
• Plasmids are extra-chromosomal genetic elements that replicate independently of the host chromosome.
• They are small, circular (some are linear), double-stranded DNA molecules that exist in bacterial cells and in some eukaryotes.
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l4. bacteriophage lambda and m13 vectors (1)
This document describes the bacteriophages λ and M13, which are commonly used as cloning vectors. λ phage is a temperate phage that infects E. coli and has a double-stranded linear DNA genome. Its genome is organized into regions that encode proteins for the phage head, tail, and lysogeny/lysis functions. M13 is a filamentous phage with a single-stranded circular genome. Both phages can be modified and used to insert and replicate foreign DNA fragments in E. coli for cloning purposes.
Ti plasmid as a vector,
Introduction
Ti plasmid
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Ti plasmid structure
Overview of infection process
Ti plasmid derived vector systems
Cointegrate vectors
Binary vectors
Agrobacterium mediated transformation of explants
Conclusions
References
Virus resistance plant, production
introduction
What is virus
What is virus resistance plant
History
Gene use for develop virus resistance plant
Coat protein gene
cDNA of satellite RNA
Defective viral genome
Antisense RNA approach and
Ribozyme – mediated protection
conclusion
References
M13 and Mu Virus Structure and Life Cycle
The document summarizes the life cycles of M13 and Mu viruses. M13 is a filamentous bacteriophage that infects E. coli. It has a single stranded DNA genome packed inside a protein capsid. It replicates through the attachment to and penetration of host cells, followed by replication of its genome and production of new virus particles. Mu is a temperate bacteriophage that can enter a lysogenic cycle by integrating its double stranded DNA into the host genome. It has an icosahedral head and tail structure and replicates through a "cut and paste" mechanism where its DNA integrates into the host chromosome.
Viriods and prions
Viriods are small circular RNA molecules without a protein coat that infect plants and animals. They replicate by hijacking the host's machinery and can cause diseases like potato spindle tuber disease in plants and Hepatitis D in humans. Prions are infectious protein particles that cause neurodegenerative diseases by changing the folding of normal host proteins. Examples include scrapie in sheep and mad cow disease in cattle. They are transmitted through ingestion and cause diseases by triggering apoptosis in the brain.
Genetic recombination in phages
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virus.pptx
Viruses are small infectious particles that can only replicate inside living host cells. They contain nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat and infect all types of organisms. Viruses enter host cells, release their genetic material, and use the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components and assemble new virus particles, which then exit the cell. Viruses are classified based on characteristics like nucleic acid type, structure, and host organisms. Their replication cycles involve entry, uncoating, expression and replication of genes, assembly of new viral particles, and release.
Pathogenicity control of plant viruses
Viruses infect plants through wounds or insect vectors and use host cell machinery to replicate their genomes and produce proteins. They move between cells via plasmodesmata or transport streams. Pathogenesis involves implantation, local replication, spread to target organs, and shedding from the plant. Strategies to control plant viruses include eliminating sources and infected plants, controlling vectors, breeding resistance, and using cross-protection methods like satellite RNAs or transgenic expression of antiviral genes. RNA interference is now a primary tool for inducing virus resistance by degrading viral genomes.
Viruses as vector, binary, shuttle vector
This document discusses different types of vectors that can be used for genetic engineering, including animal viruses, plant viruses, retroviruses, shuttle vectors, and binary vectors. It provides details on the structure and use of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as a plant viral vector, describing how foreign genes can be stably replicated and spread systemically in plants using this system. It also summarizes key features of yeast episomal plasmids (YEps), retroviral vectors based on murine leukemia virus, and the binary vector system used for plant transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Vectors for gene transfer in animals: Retro virus
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that can be used as vectors to transfer genes into host cells. The retroviral genome consists of two RNA strands that are reverse transcribed into DNA and integrated into the host cell chromosome. This integrated viral DNA, or provirus, can then be used to express the transferred gene. Retroviruses are useful for gene transfer because the introduced gene is stably integrated and replicated in daughter cells, but they require cell division for integration and may cause insertional mutagenesis. The document discusses the basic structure and life cycle of retroviruses, constructs used to make replication-defective retroviral vectors, and the steps involved in gene transfer using retroviruses.
dna and rna Viruses
Viruses are biological agents that reproduce inside host cells. They contain genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA and a protein coat. Viruses come in various shapes and sizes, and there are over 2,000 known virus species that can infect humans and cause diseases like influenza, hepatitis C, and SARS. Viruses have a life cycle where they attach and penetrate a host cell, use the cell to replicate their genetic material and proteins, assemble new virus particles, and are released to infect new cells. Viruses are classified based on their genetic material and structure. Important human virus families include those with RNA genomes like influenza virus and those with DNA genomes like adenovirus.
cloning and expression vector in plants
This document discusses cloning and expression vectors used in plants. It describes cloning vectors as small DNA molecules that can stably maintain foreign DNA for cloning purposes. Expression vectors are designed for protein expression and must contain strong promoters and terminators. Common vectors used in plants include plasmids, viruses, bacteriophages, and cosmids. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is described as a method for introducing DNA into plants using Ti or Ri plasmids. Viral vectors like CaMV can also be used to directly or indirectly insert genes into plants.
Morphology of virus
Viruses are the smallest known infectious agents and lack cellular organization. They contain either DNA or RNA, but not both, and are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on host cell machinery for replication. Viruses infect host cells through attachment to receptors and are then uncoated inside the cell. They hijack the host cell to synthesize viral components and assemble new viral particles that are then released to infect other cells.
Ap Viruses
Viruses are submicroscopic infectious particles composed of nucleic acid and a protein coat. They can only reproduce inside host cells and are classified as DNA or RNA viruses. Viruses infect all types of organisms including animals, plants, and bacteria. They have a variety of reproductive cycles including lytic which kills the host cell, and lysogenic where the viral DNA integrates into the host genome. New viruses are constantly evolving through mutations and jumping between species, sometimes causing global pandemics in animals and humans.
Plant Virus Interaction 2018.pptx
Plant viruses come in different shapes and sizes. They consist of at least nucleic acid and protein. The nucleic acid is usually RNA, though some contain DNA. Viruses enter plant cells through wounds and move between cells through plasmodesmata. They are transmitted by vectors like insects, nematodes, and pollen or through vegetative propagation and mechanical means. Detection methods include microscopy, ELISA, and PCR. Viruses and viroids differ in their ability to encode proteins.
Animal viral vector
1. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) vectors utilize the circular, double-stranded DNA genome of BPV. The BPV genome contains early and late regions and can transform cells without integrating.
2. There are three main types of BPV vectors. All contain the transforming 69% fragment of BPV and bacterial sequences. One type inserts a gene of interest, another adds a stimulating gene, and the third uses the full BPV genome.
3. Transformation efficiency is highest with the full BPV genome due to an enhancer in the non-transforming region. Stimulating genes can replace this enhancer's function when parts of the genome are removed. BPV vectors provide amplified
Morphology of virus
Viruses are the smallest known infectious agents and lack cellular organization. They contain either DNA or RNA but not both, and are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on host cell machinery for replication. Viruses infect host cells through attachment to receptors, then undergo a replication process involving uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, and release of new virions. Their structure can be enveloped or nonenveloped, with capsids that have different symmetries and surface proteins important for infection.
Vectors
Vectors can perform their functions in two main ways: transcription and expression. There are several types of vectors, including plasmids, which are small, self-replicating DNA molecules commonly used in molecular cloning. Plasmids are important tools in genetic engineering as they can be easily manipulated and transformed into bacteria to generate multiple copies of recombinant DNA. Common plasmid vectors include transcription vectors, which amplify DNA sequences without expressing proteins, and expression vectors, which are used to express foreign genes in cells.
Replication of virus
Viruses rely on host cells to replicate as they cannot do so independently. There are six basic stages of viral replication: 1) attachment to host cell receptors, 2) penetration of the host cell, 3) uncoating of the viral capsid, 4) replication of viral genetic material and proteins, 5) assembly of new viral particles, and 6) release of new virus particles through lysis or budding. The replication process differs between DNA and RNA viruses as well as between viruses with positive-sense and negative-sense genomes, but generally involves the virus taking over host cell machinery to produce more viruses and spread infection.
Virus.pdf
Viruses exhibit great diversity in their structures and genomes. They range in size from 0.02 to 0.3 micrometers and have various morphologies including helical, polyhedral, and filamentous shapes. All viruses are obligate intracellular parasites as they cannot reproduce outside of a living host cell. The viral genome is comprised of DNA or RNA and is enclosed in a protein coat called a capsid. Viruses infect bacteria, plants, and animals and are classified based on attributes like nucleic acid composition and host range. The life cycles of viruses vary depending on whether they contain DNA or RNA genomes and can involve the production of mRNA, reverse transcription, integration into the host genome, and assembly of new viral particles.
Morphology, Classification, Cultivation and Replication of Virus
This presentation is Useful for B. Pharmacy SEM III Students to study the Topic Fungi According to PCI Syllabus.
It Consist of Morpholoy of Fungi, Cultivation , Replication and Classification of Virud
Virus.pptx
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that infect all living organisms. They are much smaller than bacteria, ranging from 20-400nm in diameter. Viruses consist of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein capsid, and some have an outer envelope. They hijack host cell machinery to replicate, then are released to infect new cells. HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells. It is spherical with an RNA genome and envelope glycoproteins that bind host cells. Its life cycle involves reverse transcription of RNA to DNA, integration into host DNA, transcription/translation of new viral proteins, assembly of new virions, and cell lysis to spread infection. Management involves preventing transmission and using antire
The topic is presented by sakura khan
Viruses exist in two phases - an extracellular phase where they possess few enzymes and protect their genome, and an intracellular phase where they induce host cells to synthesize viral components. They are cultivated using techniques like growing them in embryonated eggs, animal cell monolayers, and bacterial lawns. Viruses have a nucleocapsid core containing genetic material surrounded by a protein capsid. They vary greatly in size and structure, with capsids that are isocahedral, helical, enveloped, or more complex. Their genetic material can be single or double-stranded DNA or RNA.
Similar to Cauliflower mosaic virus (20)
Viral vector gene transfer - plant viruses as a vector for gene transfer
Viral vector gene transfer - plant viruses as a vector for gene transfer
Morphology, Classification, Cultivation and Replication of Virus
Morphology, Classification, Cultivation and Replication of Virus
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原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
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BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
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Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
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Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
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- Steps:
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- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
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- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
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- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
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- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
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Cauliflower mosaic virus
- 1. By, Padmaratinam.C.U 3rd year B.Tech Biotech Cauliflower Mosaic Virus
- 2. Plant Viruses: Plant viruses are considered as efficient gene transfer agents as they infect the intact plants and amplify the transferred genes through viral genome replication They are non integrative vectors Eg, Pepper mint mottle virus, Leaf curl virus
- 3. Criteria needed: The virus must be capable of spreading from cell to cell through plasmodesmata The viral genome should be able to replicate in the absence of viral coat protein and spreads from cell to cell Elicit little or no disease symptoms Should have broad range of host
- 4. CaulimoViruses Caulimoviruses contain circular ds DNA and are spherical in shape This group includes 15 viruses of which CaMV is the most important for gene transfer The other caulimoviruses includes carnation etched virus, dahlia mosaic virus mirabilis mosaic virus and strawberry vein banding virus
- 6. Cauliflower Mosaic Virus CaMV is a plant virus that infects mostly brassicaceae family( cauliflower and turnips) and Solanaceae species CaMV is transmitted in a non circulatory manner by aphid species Mysus It is a icosahedron structure with a diameter of 52nm built from 420 cap protein subunits
- 7. Genome of CaMV Movement Protein, Insect transmission Factor, Structural Protein, Translational factor, Reverse Transcription, Cap
- 8. Thepromoter of the 35S RNA is a very strong constitutive promoter responsible for the transcription of the whole CaMV genome. It is well known for its use in plant transformation. It causes high levels of gene expression in dicot plants The 35S RNA is particularly complex, containing a highly structured 600 nucleotide long leader sequence with six to eight short open reading frames This leader is followed by seven tightly arranged, longer ORFs that encode all the viral proteins. The mechanism of expression of these proteins is unique, in that the ORF VI protein (encoded by the 19S RNA) controls translation reinitiation of major open reading frames on the polycistronic 35S RNA, a process that normally only happens on bacterial mRNAs
- 9. Use of CaMV in gene transfer For effective transmission of CaMV the foreign DNA must be encapsulated in viral protein and the inserted gene should not interfere with native assembly of virus CaMV does not contain any non coding region wherein foreign DNA can be inserted But there a are two genes namely gene II and gene VII have no essential functions for the virus So the gene of interest can be replaced in the place of these two genes Attractive feature is infection is systemic and the genome has 3 discontinuities
- 10. Use of CaMV as a vector pertains to the bacterial dhfr (dihydroxy folatereductase) gene inserted in the place of gene II and successfully expressed in plants This dhfr gene is needed for providing resistance to methotrexate( inhibitor of dhfr and extremely toxic to plants) Limitation of CaMV: Limited capacity for insertion Infective capacity is lost if few hundreds of nucleotides are introduced Because of its exceeding natural genome size they are not effectively suitable for gene transfer