DNA
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DNA vaccines work by removing genetic material from a virus to kill it, converting the material to DNA encoded with antigens, and delivering it into muscle cells. The DNA is then consumed into cell nuclei where it produces proteins to induce cellular and humoral immune responses against diseases. While DNA vaccines have advantages like high efficiency, stability, and ability to encode multiple immunological components, they also have disadvantages such as difficulty producing in large quantities, potential toxicity, limited transgene size, and high costs. Researchers hope to address these issues and develop DNA vaccines for cancers and autoimmune diseases in the future.
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The document discusses developing a DNA vaccine for fish using chitosan nanoparticles to deliver plasmid DNA encoding the OMP38 gene of Vibrio anguillarum. Key points:
- Chitosan nanoparticles were developed to deliver the pVAOMP38 plasmid and protect it from nuclease degradation. Studies showed the nanoparticles maintained plasmid integrity.
- The pVAOMP38 plasmid was transfected into seabass kidney cells in vitro and shown to express.
- Fish were vaccinated by feeding with chitosan-pVAOMP38 nanoparticles, chitosan-empty vector, or chitosan alone. The fish were later challenged with V. anguillarum to evaluate vaccine efficiency.
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This document discusses adenoviral cloning vectors. It begins by defining a cloning vector as a small piece of DNA that can be stably maintained in an organism and have foreign DNA inserted into it for cloning purposes. It then discusses viral vectors, noting that they are commonly used to deliver genetic material into cells through transduction. The document focuses on properties of viral vectors, specifically safety features and targeting abilities. It provides details on adenoviruses, noting they can efficiently transfer genes, their structure, applications in gene therapy and vaccination, and their DNA genome capacity. Adeno-associated viruses are also mentioned as attractive for gene therapy due to mild immune response.
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This document discusses DNA viruses and viral vectors. It begins by introducing viruses and their classification based on host, morphology, genome, and structures. It then describes the Baltimore classification system for viruses. Viral vectors are discussed as effective means of gene transfer that can be manipulated to express therapeutic genes. Several virus types being investigated for gene delivery are described, including retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and herpes simplex viruses. Key properties of viral vectors like safety, toxicity, stability, and cell specificity are outlined. Specific types of viral vectors - retroviral, lentiviral, adenoviral, adeno-associated viral, and herpes simplex viral vectors - are then characterized.
Genetic dna vaccines
Genetic DNA vaccines work by injecting genes from a virus into the body to trigger an immune response. The genes are contained in a plasmid that is taken up by host cells and used to produce viral proteins to stimulate antibody production. While initially developed for gene therapy, DNA vaccines were found to help fight various diseases in experiments using mice and other animals. Current research focuses on using DNA vaccines for cancers, West Nile virus, avian influenza, and multiple sclerosis.
vector vaccines
Vector vaccines use weakened live viruses or bacteria to transport antigen genes from pathogenic organisms and stimulate an immune response. They are derived from attenuated pathogens that are too weak to cause disease but strong enough to produce an immune response. Common vector vaccines include those using vaccinia virus, Salmonella bacteria, and adenoviruses to deliver antigens from pathogens like malaria, cholera, and HIV. While vector vaccines aim to induce mucosal immunity and have advantages over other vaccines, their development faces challenges in safety, production costs, and inducing effective immunity against diseases.
Virus infection and virus synthesis
1. The document discusses the replication strategy of viruses in plants. It describes the key steps: entry into the plant cell, uncoating of the viral nucleic acid, replication of the nucleic acid, synthesis of viral proteins, and assembly of new virus particles.
2. Different types of plant viruses contain double stranded DNA, single stranded DNA, or single or double stranded RNA as their nucleic acid. The virus uses the host cell's machinery for energy production, protein synthesis, and other functions to replicate.
3. Replication of single stranded RNA viruses involves the viral RNA acting as mRNA to produce an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This polymerase then produces complementary RNA which serves as the template to generate more copies of the original
Recommended
DNA Vaccine + Nanoparticles
The document discusses developing a DNA vaccine for fish using chitosan nanoparticles to deliver plasmid DNA encoding the OMP38 gene of Vibrio anguillarum. Key points:
- Chitosan nanoparticles were developed to deliver the pVAOMP38 plasmid and protect it from nuclease degradation. Studies showed the nanoparticles maintained plasmid integrity.
- The pVAOMP38 plasmid was transfected into seabass kidney cells in vitro and shown to express.
- Fish were vaccinated by feeding with chitosan-pVAOMP38 nanoparticles, chitosan-empty vector, or chitosan alone. The fish were later challenged with V. anguillarum to evaluate vaccine efficiency.
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In this presentation, I talked about the new mRNA vaccine that is authorized for the prevention of coronavirus infection.
mRNA 1273 is developed by Moderna in the US and has shown almost 94% effectiveness
Adenoviral cloning vectors
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Group of Dna viruses and viral vectors
This document discusses DNA viruses and viral vectors. It begins by introducing viruses and their classification based on host, morphology, genome, and structures. It then describes the Baltimore classification system for viruses. Viral vectors are discussed as effective means of gene transfer that can be manipulated to express therapeutic genes. Several virus types being investigated for gene delivery are described, including retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and herpes simplex viruses. Key properties of viral vectors like safety, toxicity, stability, and cell specificity are outlined. Specific types of viral vectors - retroviral, lentiviral, adenoviral, adeno-associated viral, and herpes simplex viral vectors - are then characterized.
Genetic dna vaccines
Genetic DNA vaccines work by injecting genes from a virus into the body to trigger an immune response. The genes are contained in a plasmid that is taken up by host cells and used to produce viral proteins to stimulate antibody production. While initially developed for gene therapy, DNA vaccines were found to help fight various diseases in experiments using mice and other animals. Current research focuses on using DNA vaccines for cancers, West Nile virus, avian influenza, and multiple sclerosis.
vector vaccines
Vector vaccines use weakened live viruses or bacteria to transport antigen genes from pathogenic organisms and stimulate an immune response. They are derived from attenuated pathogens that are too weak to cause disease but strong enough to produce an immune response. Common vector vaccines include those using vaccinia virus, Salmonella bacteria, and adenoviruses to deliver antigens from pathogens like malaria, cholera, and HIV. While vector vaccines aim to induce mucosal immunity and have advantages over other vaccines, their development faces challenges in safety, production costs, and inducing effective immunity against diseases.
Virus infection and virus synthesis
1. The document discusses the replication strategy of viruses in plants. It describes the key steps: entry into the plant cell, uncoating of the viral nucleic acid, replication of the nucleic acid, synthesis of viral proteins, and assembly of new virus particles.
2. Different types of plant viruses contain double stranded DNA, single stranded DNA, or single or double stranded RNA as their nucleic acid. The virus uses the host cell's machinery for energy production, protein synthesis, and other functions to replicate.
3. Replication of single stranded RNA viruses involves the viral RNA acting as mRNA to produce an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This polymerase then produces complementary RNA which serves as the template to generate more copies of the original
Viral Genetics
RNA viruses are able to evolve much more rapidly than the DNA of their eukaryotic hosts due to their lack of proofreading during replication. They undergo genetic changes through mutations, which can occur spontaneously due to errors during replication or due to environmental factors like UV light, as well as through recombination and reassortment. These genetic changes allow RNA viruses to alter their phenotypes and adapt in ways such as drug resistance, host range, temperature sensitivity, or attenuation for vaccine development.
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Viral genetics
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Adenovirus as an animal vector
Viruses can be used to deliver genetic material into target cells. Viruses are composed of genetic material encapsulated in a protein coat. They inject their DNA into target cells, and the viral DNA can be altered to contain a gene of interest. This allows the gene of interest to be delivered into the target cell without producing new viral particles. Adenoviruses are non-enveloped DNA viruses that can infect both dividing and non-dividing cells. They are used as vectors for gene delivery by deleting early genes and adding the gene of interest.
Recombinant vaccines
The document discusses recombinant vaccines and their production. It defines recombinant vaccines as those generated using recombinant DNA technology, with genes encoding antigens isolated from pathogens inserted into nonvirulent viruses or bacteria. There are three main types of recombinant vaccines: recombinant subunit vaccines involving expression of immunogenic proteins, DNA vaccines using genetic material from pathogens, and recombinant vector vaccines inserting pathogen genes into viruses or bacteria. The document outlines the advantages of recombinant vaccines as generating humoral and T-helper immune responses while being safe, inexpensive, and allowing antigens to be made more immunogenic, though they may require multiple doses and adjuvants.
Genomic Vaccines
Genomic vaccines offer advantages over standard vaccines by using DNA or RNA instead of proteins or pathogens. Genomic vaccines deliver genes that encode proteins to cells, allowing the cells to produce the desired proteins and inducing an immune response. This approach could allow faster vaccine development for diseases like Zika or Ebola. It may also enable vaccines for multiple pathogens at once and easy updating as pathogens mutate. Clinical trials are studying genomic vaccines for diseases like influenza, Ebola, hepatitis C, and cancers. The technology holds promise but further improvement is still needed before widespread use.
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This document presents information on vector vaccines. It defines vector vaccines as using live, attenuated microorganisms like viruses or bacteria that have been genetically modified to express antigens from pathogenic organisms. This allows the vector to act as an antigen delivery system, stimulating an immune response against the pathogen. Common viral vectors discussed are vaccinia virus and adenovirus, while bacterial vectors include attenuated Salmonella. The document outlines the process of producing a vaccinia vector vaccine and discusses advantages like strong immunogenicity and ability to induce different types of immune responses. However, it also notes disadvantages such as high production costs and safety concerns in immunocompromised individuals.
Viral gene therapy
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3. Herpes viruses establish latent infections in neurons or lymphoid cells and can reactivate, causing acute infections. Latency is maintained through viral transcripts that suppress replication or microRNAs that inhibit mRNA replication and apoptosis.
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This presentation discusses the interplay between coronaviruses and the host cell's nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway. The presentation shows that:
1) Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) genomic and sub-genomic RNAs are targeted by the host cell's NMD machinery early in infection.
2) Depletion of NMD factors in host cells leads to increased levels of MHV proteins and higher virus titers, indicating NMD targets viral RNAs.
3) The MHV N protein helps inhibit the NMD pathway and makes viral mRNAs resistant to NMD, allowing for increased viral protein synthesis and replication.
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This document discusses satellite RNA, which are small non-coding RNAs that depend on helper viruses for replication and encapsidation. It provides 3 key points:
1) Satellite RNAs alter symptoms of their helper viruses. They do not encode their own replication machinery and instead rely on the helper virus and plant cells. This makes them useful for studying helper virus replication.
2) Satellite RNAs can accumulate to high levels and be developed into expression vectors. They compete with helper virus RNA for replication, which can reduce accumulation of the helper virus.
3) Satellite RNAs can modulate or exacerbate disease symptoms depending on their sequence and interaction with the helper virus strain and host plant. They may attenuate symptoms
Genetics
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Viral Genetics
RNA viruses are able to evolve much more rapidly than the DNA of their eukaryotic hosts due to their lack of proofreading during replication. They undergo genetic changes through mutations, which can occur spontaneously due to errors during replication or due to environmental factors like UV light, as well as through recombination and reassortment. These genetic changes allow RNA viruses to alter their phenotypes and adapt in ways such as drug resistance, host range, temperature sensitivity, or attenuation for vaccine development.
DNA Microarray
This document discusses the use of microarray techniques to study shrimp immune responses. Microarrays involve placing thousands of gene sequences on a glass slide called a gene chip. When a DNA or RNA sample is placed on the chip, complementary base pairing produces light that is measured. The document discusses several studies using microarrays to examine shrimp immune responses to various stimuli like viral infections, bacterial infections, immunostimulation, antibiotic treatment, and environmental stress. The microarray results provide insight into immune-related genes and pathways involved in the shrimp's response to different pathogens, treatments, and stressors. The document concludes that microarray analysis is an effective tool for understanding shrimp immune mechanisms and responses.
Viral genetics
Viral genetics is the study of the mechanisms of heritable information in viruses, including their genome structure, replication, genetic change, and analysis. Viruses are genetic parasites that cannot multiply until reaching a host cell, where they must carry genes to synthesize their capsid and regulate host actions. Most viruses have RNA genomes, though some have DNA, and their replication occurs in the host cell cytoplasm or nucleus depending on genome type. Viruses undergo genetic changes through mutation and recombination during replication in host cells.
Adenovirus as an animal vector
Viruses can be used to deliver genetic material into target cells. Viruses are composed of genetic material encapsulated in a protein coat. They inject their DNA into target cells, and the viral DNA can be altered to contain a gene of interest. This allows the gene of interest to be delivered into the target cell without producing new viral particles. Adenoviruses are non-enveloped DNA viruses that can infect both dividing and non-dividing cells. They are used as vectors for gene delivery by deleting early genes and adding the gene of interest.
Recombinant vaccines
The document discusses recombinant vaccines and their production. It defines recombinant vaccines as those generated using recombinant DNA technology, with genes encoding antigens isolated from pathogens inserted into nonvirulent viruses or bacteria. There are three main types of recombinant vaccines: recombinant subunit vaccines involving expression of immunogenic proteins, DNA vaccines using genetic material from pathogens, and recombinant vector vaccines inserting pathogen genes into viruses or bacteria. The document outlines the advantages of recombinant vaccines as generating humoral and T-helper immune responses while being safe, inexpensive, and allowing antigens to be made more immunogenic, though they may require multiple doses and adjuvants.
Genomic Vaccines
Genomic vaccines offer advantages over standard vaccines by using DNA or RNA instead of proteins or pathogens. Genomic vaccines deliver genes that encode proteins to cells, allowing the cells to produce the desired proteins and inducing an immune response. This approach could allow faster vaccine development for diseases like Zika or Ebola. It may also enable vaccines for multiple pathogens at once and easy updating as pathogens mutate. Clinical trials are studying genomic vaccines for diseases like influenza, Ebola, hepatitis C, and cancers. The technology holds promise but further improvement is still needed before widespread use.
Vector vacccine
This document presents information on vector vaccines. It defines vector vaccines as using live, attenuated microorganisms like viruses or bacteria that have been genetically modified to express antigens from pathogenic organisms. This allows the vector to act as an antigen delivery system, stimulating an immune response against the pathogen. Common viral vectors discussed are vaccinia virus and adenovirus, while bacterial vectors include attenuated Salmonella. The document outlines the process of producing a vaccinia vector vaccine and discusses advantages like strong immunogenicity and ability to induce different types of immune responses. However, it also notes disadvantages such as high production costs and safety concerns in immunocompromised individuals.
Viral gene therapy
Gene therapy involves inserting a normal gene to replace a defective gene causing disease. Viruses are commonly used vectors to deliver therapeutic genes to target cells, as viruses naturally insert their genes into human cells. However, viral vectors can cause immune responses and targeting issues. Researchers are working to address these challenges and further develop gene therapy to potentially cure genetic diseases.
Biotechnology
Biotechnology uses microorganisms like bacteria to create products for industry. Viruses insert their DNA into bacteria using restriction enzymes, so bacteria use the same restriction enzymes to cut out the viral DNA in self-defense. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites and generate pieces with either blunt or sticky ends, allowing targeted cutting and recombination of genes. This process is used industrially to isolate and mass produce genes of interest from bacteria.
Sv 40
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a DNA virus that can cause tumors in monkeys and humans, and it was first identified as a contaminant in polio vaccines in the 1960s. SV40 has been widely used as a cloning vector due to its ability to efficiently deliver genes into a variety of cells without killing the host cell or eliciting an immune response. Future research prospects for SV40 vectors include developing recombinant versions for gene transfer applications and furthering understanding of related retroviruses.
DNA enveloped Viruses herpes viruses_ lesson 4.pptx
1. Herpes viruses consist of 6 important human pathogens including HSV 1,2, varicella-zoster virus, CMV, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpes virus 8.
2. They have an icosahedral capsid with a lipoprotein envelope, linear double stranded DNA genome, and replicate in the nucleus of infected cells.
3. Herpes viruses establish latent infections in neurons or lymphoid cells and can reactivate, causing acute infections. Latency is maintained through viral transcripts that suppress replication or microRNAs that inhibit mRNA replication and apoptosis.
Coronavirus and NMD (nonsense mediated mRNA decay)
This presentation discusses the interplay between coronaviruses and the host cell's nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway. The presentation shows that:
1) Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) genomic and sub-genomic RNAs are targeted by the host cell's NMD machinery early in infection.
2) Depletion of NMD factors in host cells leads to increased levels of MHV proteins and higher virus titers, indicating NMD targets viral RNAs.
3) The MHV N protein helps inhibit the NMD pathway and makes viral mRNAs resistant to NMD, allowing for increased viral protein synthesis and replication.
Sv 40
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus that infects monkeys. It was accidentally introduced to humans via contaminated polio vaccines in the 1950s-60s. SV40 has the ability to integrate into the host cell genome and induce tumors in animals. It was initially used as a model virus to study eukaryotic molecular processes and became a popular gene delivery vector due to its non-immunogenicity and ability to infect a wide range of cells. While SV40's role in human cancer is unclear, some studies have found SV40 DNA sequences in some human tumor samples.
Tylcv seminar
This document summarizes a study that used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to identify host genes involved in Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Researchers screened 54 candidate host genes and found that silencing 18 of them altered TYLCV infection based on effects on GFP expression patterns. Silencing of 7 genes had an antiviral effect by reducing viral DNA accumulation, while silencing of 11 other genes promoted infection by increasing viral DNA levels. Most notably, silencing of the deltaCOP subunit completely abolished TYLCV accumulation.
Viral genome sequencing
CD Genomics provides viral genome sequencing service within Illumina and PacBio Platforms. We can create high-quality de novo assembly of large viral genomes and highest possible data quality at low cost.
Understanding influenza virus replication [compatibility mode]
This document summarizes the replication process of influenza virus in host cells. It describes the key steps: virus entry into cells through endocytosis; fusion of the viral and endosomal membranes allowing the viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) to enter the cytoplasm; import of vRNPs into the nucleus; replication and transcription of the viral genome; export of new vRNPs from the nucleus with the help of nuclear export protein (NEP); transport of vRNPs and viral proteins to the cell membrane; assembly and budding of new virus particles from the cell surface; and post-translational processing of some viral proteins. References are provided for more detailed information.
DNA containing plant viruses - Cauliflower mosaic virus & Geminivirus
This document provides a summary of a seminar on DNA containing plant viruses. It discusses the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) and Gemini virus. CaMV is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects members of the Brassicaceae family and causes mosaic symptoms. It replicates via reverse transcription. Gemini virus is a single-stranded DNA virus that infects many economically important crops and causes stunting and yellowing. It replicates via a rolling circle mechanism and is transmitted by insects like leafhoppers and whiteflies. Prevention of both viruses focuses on controlling their insect vectors and disinfecting equipment to avoid mechanical transmission.
Virus
Beijerinck (1897) coined the Latin name “virus” meaning poison
He studied filtered plant juices & found they caused healthy plants to become sick
Satellite RNA
This document discusses satellite RNA, which are small non-coding RNAs that depend on helper viruses for replication and encapsidation. It provides 3 key points:
1) Satellite RNAs alter symptoms of their helper viruses. They do not encode their own replication machinery and instead rely on the helper virus and plant cells. This makes them useful for studying helper virus replication.
2) Satellite RNAs can accumulate to high levels and be developed into expression vectors. They compete with helper virus RNA for replication, which can reduce accumulation of the helper virus.
3) Satellite RNAs can modulate or exacerbate disease symptoms depending on their sequence and interaction with the helper virus strain and host plant. They may attenuate symptoms
Genetics
Certain intracellular parasites like bacteria and viruses can maintain symbiotic relationships with host cells and exhibit heritable transmission of their own. Examples include sigma particles, an infectious DNA virus, that causes CO2 sensitivity in certain Drosophila strains and is transmitted maternally. Kappa particles, which are symbiotic bacteria, produce a toxic substance in some Paramecium strains called "killers" that is lethal to other strains called "sensitives". The presence of kappa particles depends on a dominant nuclear gene. A similar "milk factor" transmitted in mouse milk can induce mammary cancer and is also transmitted through saliva and semen, depending on nuclear genes.
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DNA enveloped Viruses herpes viruses_ lesson 4.pptx
DNA enveloped Viruses herpes viruses_ lesson 4.pptx
Coronavirus and NMD (nonsense mediated mRNA decay)
Coronavirus and NMD (nonsense mediated mRNA decay)
Understanding influenza virus replication [compatibility mode]
Understanding influenza virus replication [compatibility mode]
DNA containing plant viruses - Cauliflower mosaic virus & Geminivirus
DNA containing plant viruses - Cauliflower mosaic virus & Geminivirus
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Similar to DNA
Dna vaccines powerpoint
DNA vaccines work by removing genetic material from a virus, converting it to DNA, and encoding it with antigens to produce proteins that train the immune system. They are more efficient than traditional vaccines as DNA is delivered into cells to produce antigens endogenously or be phagocytosed exogenously. While DNA vaccines avoid needles and offer stability, lower costs, and induction of both humoral and cellular immunity, they have disadvantages like limited production scale and potential toxicity. Future research aims to apply DNA vaccines to cancer and autoimmune diseases.
Gene Expression System-viral gene delivery Mpharm(Pharamaceutics)
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
Gene therapy
Gene therapy involves techniques that modify or manipulate genes to treat or prevent diseases. The first gene therapy treatment occurred in 1990 for severe combined immunodeficiency. There are four main approaches to gene therapy: inserting a normal gene to compensate for a defective one, replacing an abnormal gene with a normal one, repairing an abnormal gene, or altering gene regulation. Viruses are commonly used as vectors to deliver therapeutic genes into target cells, with retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and herpes simplex viruses being some of the most widely used viral vectors, each with advantages and limitations.
Basic principle of gene expression & methods of
This document discusses gene expression and methods of gene transfer. It begins by defining gene expression as the process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional product, often a protein. It then explains the central dogma of biology - that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into protein. The document focuses on viral and non-viral methods of gene transfer, describing several types of viral vectors including retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses. It also discusses non-viral methods such as electroporation, gene guns, oligonucleotides, and liposomes. Finally, it briefly mentions some applications of gene transfer technologies.
Dna vaccines
This document provides an overview of DNA vaccines. It begins with introducing traditional vaccines and how DNA vaccines work. DNA vaccines use genetically engineered DNA that is injected into cells to produce an immunological response. The document then covers the history, development, delivery methods, mechanisms of action, advantages, disadvantages, and current/future applications of DNA vaccines. It summarizes that DNA vaccination is a promising new approach being tested for diseases like Alzheimer's, West Nile virus, and dental caries.
Gene therapy
This document discusses gene therapy and its potential to treat diseases. It provides an overview of genes and how mutations can cause disease. Gene therapy involves inserting functional genes into patients' cells to replace mutated genes that cause illness. Viruses called vectors are used to deliver therapeutic genes into target cells. Some common vector types discussed are retroviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses. Both ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy approaches are described. The document reviews the history of gene therapy and various clinical trials that have been conducted to treat diseases like cancer, cystic fibrosis, and immunodeficiencies.
Genetherapy 170507111251
Gene therapy involves inserting genes into cells to treat or prevent disease. It works by replacing a mutated gene responsible for a genetic disease with a healthy copy of the gene or by inactivating an abnormal gene. Viruses are commonly used as vectors to deliver therapeutic genes to target cells. While promising, gene therapy faces challenges including safety issues, immune responses, and difficulty targeting specific cell types. However, it has shown success in clinical trials for diseases like SCID and Leber's congenital amaurosis. Further research continues to explore its potential for treating cancers, neurological disorders, and other conditions.
DNA lipofection - Efficiency in invitro and invivo transfection
This document discusses DNA lipofection and its efficiency in in vitro and in vivo transfection. It begins by introducing gene therapy and its goal of introducing genes to prevent or cure diseases. It then describes the two main types of gene therapy: somatic cell gene therapy, which does not affect future generations; and germ line gene therapy, which is heritable but not currently attempted. The document outlines approaches to gene therapy, including ex vivo and in vivo methods. It discusses various vectors used in gene therapy such as viral vectors like retroviruses and adenoviruses and non-viral vectors like lipoplexes. The document concludes by noting both the disadvantages of potential immune responses and difficulties treating multiple gene disorders through gene therapy and
Gene (DNA) Vaccines (Tommy Sato)
Gene (DNA) vaccines work by injecting DNA into the body to produce antibodies against target antigens. Since the 1950s, direct injection of plasmid DNA has been found to induce strong immune responses. Current applications have effectively treated diseases like bird flu and West Nile virus. DNA vaccines have advantages like a focused immune response on the antigen of interest and ease of development and production. However, risks include possible effects on genes controlling cell growth and inducing antibodies against DNA. DNA vaccines are administered via injection or gene gun and work by replicating the vaccine DNA to create antibodies. Future research may enhance their applications.
Viral Methods for Gene Transfer
Viral methods for gene transfer
Gene expression systems
Gene therapy
Gene transfer
Gene transfer techniques
Vectors
Vector gene transfer
DNA VACCINE.pptx
DNA to enter cells, target it towards specific cells, or that may act as adjuvants in stimulating or directing the immune response.
Gene therapy 2010
Gene therapy involves delivering genetic material to cells to alter their instructions for a therapeutic purpose. The first human gene therapy trial was conducted in 1990, though no gene therapy products are commercially available yet. Key goals for gene therapy strategies are to administer treatments easily, achieve long-term therapeutic effects from a single application, and target effects specifically to diseased cells with few side effects. Choosing the right viral vector depends on factors like the target cells and desired gene expression level and duration.
Nucleic acid-and-cell-based-therapies
Nucleic acid and cell based therapies involve gene therapy and cell therapy. Gene therapy aims to introduce new genes into cells to treat genetic diseases by replacing defective genes. Early gene therapy trials focused on ex vivo and in vivo approaches. Viral vectors like retroviruses were primarily used but posed safety risks. Non-viral methods using naked DNA or vectors like liposomes were developed. Diseases targeted include cancer, genetic disorders, and AIDS. Antisense oligonucleotides can bind mRNA and inhibit gene expression. RNA interference uses short interfering RNAs to induce sequence-specific gene silencing. Ribozymes and aptamers also provide nucleic acid based therapeutic approaches.
Gene delivery system
The document summarizes a gene delivery system project submitted by two students. It describes how gene delivery systems provide a new perspective for modern medicine by allowing therapeutic genes to be inserted into target cells using viral or non-viral vectors. Viral vectors commonly used include adenoviruses, retroviruses, and adeno-associated viruses. Non-viral methods include using naked DNA, physical methods like electroporation, and chemical methods like lipoplexes and dendrimers. The conclusion states that gene delivery systems allow medicines to be directly injected into cells to cure diseases by attacking cells at the genetic level.
Gene Therapy;Boon Or Adversary To Humanity
Gene therapy involves introducing normal genes into patients to compensate for mutated genes that cause disease. It works by using a vector to deliver the therapeutic gene into a target cell, allowing functional proteins to be produced and returning the cell to a normal state. There are two main types - germline gene therapy, which can pass therapeutic effects to future generations, and somatic gene therapy, which only affects the individual patient. While initial gene therapy trials showed promise, there have also been safety issues, as in 1999 a patient died due to an immune response to the adenovirus vector. Researchers continue working to address risks before conducting further human clinical trials.
Dev gene therapy
The document discusses gene therapy, including:
1. Defining genes and discussing early milestones in gene isolation and engineering.
2. Explaining the goal of gene therapy to introduce normal genes to compensate for defective genes.
3. Describing various methods of gene delivery including viral and non-viral vectors.
4. Discussing challenges in targeting specific cells/tissues and ensuring safe expression levels.
Gene expression systems
This document provides an overview of gene expression systems and vectors used for gene transfer. It discusses the key phases of gene expression including transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, RNA transport, translation, and protein binding. It describes the two major categories of gene therapy - somatic and germline - and the three types of delivery - ex vivo, in situ, and in vitro. Finally, it summarizes the major viral vectors including retroviruses, adenoviruses, lentiviruses, and adeno-associated viruses, as well as various non-viral physical methods like electroporation and chemical methods using inorganic particles and biodegradable polymers.
DNA vaccine and it's mechanism
DNA vaccines work by introducing genetic material into cells that codes for an antigen, which stimulates an immune response against pathogens. They were first discovered in 1990 when injection of DNA plasmids produced an immune response in mice. Since then, DNA vaccines have been studied for various diseases and have advantages over traditional vaccines like not requiring refrigeration and inducing both antibody and cellular immunity. However, concerns remain around potential toxicity and more research is still needed before widespread human use.
Dna vaccine
DNA vaccines work by introducing genetic material into cells that codes for an antigen. This DNA is translated into a protein that triggers an immune response against the pathogen. Some key advantages of DNA vaccines are that they can provide both antibody and cellular immunity, do not require refrigeration, and focus the immune response on the target antigen. However, challenges remain around limited immunogenicity, potential safety issues like integration into the host genome, and a lack of approved DNA vaccines currently on the market.
Recombinant DNA vaccines
This document discusses recombinant DNA vaccines. It explains that DNA vaccines use genetic material from pathogens to induce an immune response against the pathogen. The genetic material is injected into host cells where it is expressed to produce foreign antigens that the immune system responds to. This induces both antibody and cellular immunity. Recombinant DNA vaccines are considered a third generation of vaccines as they rely on plasmid DNA to produce antigens rather than an inactivated or attenuated pathogen. They have advantages like inducing long-lasting immunity and not requiring refrigeration. However, they can currently only encode protein antigens. Human trials are ongoing for DNA vaccines against diseases like AIDS, influenza, Ebola, and malaria.
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- 2. WHAT ARE DNA VACCINES? More efficient way of delivering vaccines for your body to become immune to diseases There are both advantages and disadvantages to DNA Vaccines
- 3. HOW ARE THEY MADE? Remove a single strand (RNA) of genetic information from a virus This will kill the virus Next, the strand is converted to a double strand (DNA) and is encoded with an antigen for the cells of the host
- 4. HOW DOES IT WORK? Endogenous pathway When the DNA vaccine is delivered into the muscle cell by any delivery method. The DNA is consumed into the nucleus of the cell The genes are then transferred to create mRNA and the mRNA produces proteins with the help of a ribosome
- 5. HOW DOES IT WORK CONT. Exogenous pathway When viral peptides in the cell go outside the cell and are phagocytosed by an antigen helping them become active
- 6. ADVANTAGE S High transfection efficiency Stability Capability to encode a number of immunological components Induce cellular and humoral immune responses Lower cytotoxicity
- 7. DISADVANTAG ES Cannot not be produced in large quantities Toxic side effects Limitations to transgene size Poor immunogenicity Very expensive to produce Can lead to destruction of normal tissue
- 8. FUTURE OF DNA VACCINES DNA vaccines can only help with infectious diseases, but researchers hope to make DNA vaccines that can help with cancer and autoimmune diseases The regular vaccine will most likely be around for a while, but DNA vaccines offer a safer, pain free, and more effective way of preventing diseases
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