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bacteria-and-viruses-combo lst edit
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- 7. 7 Chemosynthetic bacteria usethe sulfur in the “smoke” for energy to make ATP.
- 8. 8 The red colorof this snow is due to a blue-green bacteria
- 9. 9 Kingdom Eubacteria Canhave one of three basic shapes 1.Bacilli – rod-shaped 2.Spirilla – spiral-shaped 3.Cocci – sphere-shaped Streptococci – in chains Staphylococci – grape-like clusters
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- 13. 13 Spirillium bacteria havea corkscrew shape
- 14. 14 Diplo-bacteria occur in pairs, suchas the diplococcus bacteria that causes gonorrhea
- 15. 15 Staphylo - bacteria occur inclumps, such as this staphylococcus bacteria that causes common infections of cuts
- 16. 16 Strepto- bacteria occur in chainsof bacteria, such as this streptococcus bacteria that causes some types of sore throats
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- 21. 21 The tip ofa needle The red and yellow dots are bacteria
- 22. 22 Gram Stain Gram-positiveretain stain and appear purple Have thicker layer in cell wall. Gram-negative do not retain stain and take second pink stain instead. Phylum Shape Motility Metabolism Gram reacion Cyanobacteria Bacilli, Cocci Gliding, some non- motile Aerobic, photosynthetic autotrophic Gram- negative Spirochetes Spirals Corkscrew Aerobic, and anaerobic; heterotrophic Gram- negative Gram-Pos Bacilli, cocci Flagella; some non- motile Aer/anaer.; heterotrophic, photosynthetic Mostly gram- positive Proteobacteria Bacilli, cocci, spiral Flagella; some non- motile Aer/anaer.; heterotrophic, photosynthetic autotrophic Gram- negative
- 23. 23 STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA StructureFunction Cell Wall Protects and gives shape Outer Membrane Protects against antibodies (Gram Neg. Only) Cell Membrane Regulates movement of materials, contains enzymes important to cellular respiration Cytoplasm Contains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds Chromo- some Carries genetic information Plasmid Contains some genes obtained through recomb. Capsule & Slime Layer Protects the cell and assist in attaching cell to other surfaces Endospore Protects cell agains harsh enviornments Pilus Assists the cell in attaching to other surfaces Flagellum Moves the cell
- 24. 24 No Nucleus-DNA inCytoplasm
- 25. 25 Nutrition and Growth Heterotrophic or Autotrophic Some are Photoautotrophs – Use sunlight for Energy Some are Chemoautotrophs. Many are Obligate Anaerobes. Oxygen = Death Ex. Clostridium tetani – Tetanus Some are Faculatative Anaerobes With or without Oxygen Ex. Escherichia Coli Some are Obligate Aerobes Ex.) Mycobacterium tuberculosis Temperature requirements Some are Thermophilic, Some prefer acidic envmt.
- 26. 26 These heterotrophic bacteria digest oil -- rememberoil is partially decayed plant and animal cells
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- 28. 28 No Nucleus-DNA inCytoplasm
- 29. 29 BACTERIA REPRODUCES BY FISSION Firstthe chromosomal DNA makes a copy The DNA replicates
- 30. 30 NEXT THE CYTOPLASM ANDCELL DIVIDES The two resulting cells are exactly the same
- 31. 31 In addition to thelarge chromosomal DNA, bacteria have many small loops of DNA called Plasmids
- 32. 32 Genetic Recombination NonreproductiveMethods bacteria can acquire new genetic material. Characteristic Transformation Conjugation Transduction Method of DNA Transfer Across cell wall and cell membrane of recepient Through a conjugation bridge between two cells By a virus Plasmid transfer Yes Yes Not likely Chromosome transfer No Sometimes No Antibiotic resistance acquired Yes Yes Sometimes
- 33. 33 TRANSFORMATION This plasmid of DNAis new to the bacteria – added by transformation! Produces the glowing protein
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- 36. 36 Bacteria and Disease DiseasePathogen Areas affected Mode of transmission Botulism Clostridium botulinum Nerves Improperly preserved food Cholera Vibrio cholerae Intestine Contaminated water Dental Caries Streptococcus mutans, sanguis, salivarius Teeth Environment to mouth Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae Urethra, fallopian Sexual contact Lyme disease Berrelia burgdorferi Skin, joints Tick bite Rocky Mountain SF Rickettsia recketsii Blood, skin Tick bite Salmonella Salmonella Intestine Contaminated food, water Strep throat Streptococcus pyogenes URT, blood, skin Sneezes, coughs, etc. Tetanus Costridium tetani Nerves Contaminated wounds Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lung, bones coughs
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- 38. 38 Leprosy is a bacterial infectionthat decreases blood flow to the extremities resulting in the deterioration of toes, ears, the nose and the fingers.
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- 47. 47 Common Antibiotics Antibiotic MechanismTarget bacteria Penicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive Ampicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Broad spectrum Bacitracin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive – Skin Ointment Cephalosporin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive Tetracycline Inhibits Protein Synthesis Broad spectrum Streptomycin Inhibits Protein Synthesis Gram Neg. tuberculosis Sulfa drug Inhibits cell metabolism Bacterial meningitis, UTI Rifampin Inhibits RNA synthesis Gram Pos., some Neg. Quinolines Inhibits DNA Synthesis UTI
- 48. 48 Some Final Information Because antibiotics have been overused, many diseases that were once easy to treat are becoming more difficult to treat. Some Bacteria are Useful Ex.) Producing and Processing food Breaking down dead organic material Make unripened cheese like ricotta and cottage by breaking down the protein in milk.
- 49. 49 VIRUSES Non-living but dependson the living!
- 50. 50 STRUCTURE Nonliving Composedof Nucleic acid and protein Cause many diseases Virology – Study of Viruses Comparison of Viruses and Cells below Char. Of Life Virus Cell Growth No Yes Homeostasis No Yes Metabolism No Yes Mutation Yes Yes Nucleic acid DNA or RNA DNA Reproduction Only within host cell Independently by cell division Structure Nucleic acid core, protein covering, some have envelope Cytoplasm, cell membrane, etc..
- 51. 51 Here is anon-enveloped bacteria virus inserting it’s DNA into a bacterial cell.
- 52. 52 Some virus arepushed out by the cell, taking some of the cell membrane with them.
- 53. 53 Non enveloped viruses: 1.The outermost covering is the capsid made up of proteins 2. Non enveloped viruses are more virulent and causes host cell lysis 3. These viruses are resistant to heat, acids, and drying 4. It can survive inside gastrointestinal tract 5. It can retain its infectivity even after drying 6. It will induce antibody production in the host 7. Mode of transmission is through fecal or oral matter and dust Enveloped viruses 1. The outermost envelope is made up of phospholipids, proteins or glycoprotein which surround the capsid 2. Enveloped viruses are less virulent often released by budding and rarely cause host cell lysis 3. Are sensitive to heat, acids, and drying 4. Generally it cannot survive inside gastrointestinal tract 5. It lose its infectivity on drying 6. It will induce both cell mediated and antibody mediated immune response in the host 7. Mode of transmission is through blood or organ transplants or through secretions Deference between Non enveloped and enveloped Viruses
- 54. 54 Characteristics of Viruses 1. Nucleic Acid May be DNA or RNA Helical, closed loop, or long strand 2. Protein Coat – called CAPSID Some have ENVELOPE Ex. Influenza, chickepox, herpes simplex, HIV VIRAL SHAPE Icosahedron – 20 triangular faces Ex.) herpes, chickenpox, polio Helix – Coiled spring EX.)Rabies, measles, tobacco mosaic
- 55. 55 All viruses havetwo main parts: 1. DNA or RNA – genetic info 2. Capsid – a protein encasement
- 56. 56 Grouping Viruses Groupedaccording to: Presence of Capsid and envelope – shape RNA or DNA, single or double stranded – struct. Viral Group Nucleic Acid Shape and Structure Example Papovaviruses DNA Icosahedral, non-env. Warts, cancer Adenoviruses DNA Icosahedral, non-env. Resp. & intestinal infections Herpesviruses DNA Icosahedral, enveloped Herpes simplex, chicken pox, mono, shingles Poxviruses DNA Complex brick, enveloped Small pox, cow pox Picornaviruses RNA Icosahedral, non-env. Polio, hepatitis, cancer Myxoviruses RNA Helical, enveloped Influenza A, B, C Rhabdoviruses RNA Helical, enveloped Rabies Retroviruses RNA Icosahedral, enveloped AIDS, cancer
- 57. 57 Grouping Viruses Viroids-The smallest known particle that can replicate. Disrupt plant cell metabolism Can destroy entire crops Prions – Abnormal forms of proteins that clump together inside cells. Clumping eventually kills the cell Examples Scrapie – in sheep Mad Cow Disease
- 58. Deference between viroidsand prions Viroids: 1- its an infectious RNA Particle 2- formed by small single circular RNA 3- A Protein coat is absent 4- inactivated by ribonuclease digestion but resistant to proteinase K and trypsin digestion 5- they are smaller than viruses 6- infect only higher plants (common plant diseases include potato spindle tuber disease) 58
- 59. Prions: 1-its an infectious protein particle 2- its formed of only protein 3- DNA or RNA is absent 4- they are inactivated by proteinase K and trypsin digestion but resistant to ribonuclease treatment 5- smaller than viriods 6- infect animals causing neurological degenerative diseases 59 Deference between viroids and prions
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- 61. 61 Here is aclassic picture of HIV viral progeny being released from the surface of a T- cell. Notice the membrane coating they receive.
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