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This document provides an introduction to classical and operant conditioning theories of learning. It defines learning as a long-term change in behavior based on experience. Classical conditioning is described through Pavlov's dog experiment in which dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell with food. Operant conditioning is explained as how behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences, like reinforcement and punishment. Examples are given of positive and negative reinforcement as well as positive and negative punishment. The document aims to explain how environments and consequences impact behavior.
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Altruism Theories
The document discusses several studies that examine cultural differences in prosocial behavior:
- Whiting (1975) found that children in Kenya were the most prosocial, while those in Japan and India were the least, and that household responsibilities predicted higher prosocial behavior.
- Levine et al (2003) observed helping behaviors across 23 countries and found that places like Brazil and Denmark ranked higher than the US, suggesting cultures emphasizing social responsibility over achievement help more.
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Social learning theory power point
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This document discusses the role of communication in maintaining relationships. It summarizes several studies that examined how attributions and communication styles impact relationship satisfaction. One study found unhappy couples showed more negative emotions and stress during conflicts. Another study found avoidance of conflict was linked to less satisfaction, while solving problems together was associated with happiness. The document also describes Gottman's four horsemen of the apocalypse - criticism, contempt, defensiveness and stonewalling - which are linked to relationship dissatisfaction over time.
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Guiding Your Strong Willed Child Workshop, Week Two
Sure! First put your folder in your backpack, then you can continue wrestling with your brother.
Guiding Your Strong Willed Child Workshop, Week 3
This document provides guidance on parenting a strong-willed child. It discusses mapping out a weekly schedule with fixed time events and consistent routines to provide structure. It also recommends setting aside daily and weekly one-on-one time between parent and child. The document emphasizes making time for undivided attention and conversation to strengthen the parent-child relationship.
Guiding Your Strong Willed Child Workshop, Week 4
Guiding Your Strong Willed Child Workshop, Week 4
The fourth in a series of six workshops for parents on guiding the strong willed child.
Guiding Your Strong Willed Child, Week 2
This document provides guidance on using positive reinforcement to guide strong-willed children. It discusses mapping out a consistent weekly family schedule with fixed routines and events. It also recommends setting aside daily one-on-one time between parent and child using a timer to strengthen the parent-child relationship. Regular family meetings without children provide an opportunity for parents to connect without interruption.
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This document provides an introduction to behaviorism in psychology. It discusses key aspects of behaviorism such as defining behavior as responses to external stimuli that can be observed, the view that the mind is a "black box" that cannot be observed, and the idea that learning is defined as behavior changes due to environmental experiences. The document also summarizes the history of behaviorism including the influential work of John Watson and B.F. Skinner, and discusses concepts like classical conditioning, reinforcement, and how behaviorism influenced education with a focus on external motivation and reinforcement of behaviors.
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The document provides guidance techniques and strategies used in the classroom, including non-standardized techniques like questionnaires, observation, sociometry, anecdotal records, case studies and cumulative records. It discusses behaviors like school phobia, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder. Positive discipline techniques are outlined such as using positive statements, redirecting attention, reverse attention, time outs, loss of privileges, setting limits, and limited choices. Inappropriate discipline is also identified. The overall aim is to assist students in understanding themselves and their environment to utilize educational opportunities.
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This document discusses positive discipline strategies for children as an alternative to punishment like spanking. It describes different parenting styles and explains that children misbehave due to feelings of inadequacy and a need for attention, power, revenge or to give up. The document recommends using logical consequences, special one-on-one time with children, listening, and establishing short, simple classroom rules to encourage good behavior. Time outs are presented as an alternative to spanking that allows children time to calm down without harming them.
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This document provides guidance on positive parenting techniques to improve parenting skills and reduce stress. It emphasizes that parents should model good behavior, clearly communicate rules and expectations, and consistently use praise and logical consequences to encourage positive choices and build a strong parent-child relationship. The key is for parents to remain calm and assertive while holding children accountable for their behavior.
Guiding Your Strong Willed Child, Week 5
Thank you for sharing your ideas. While I aim to provide helpful suggestions, discussing specific parenting situations would require understanding more context. Perhaps we could talk more generally about effective parenting strategies. The most important thing is showing your child unconditional love and support each day.
Early ChildhoodDevelopmental Task of Early Childhood.docx
Early Childhood
Developmental Task of
Early Childhood
• Initiative vs. guilt
• Children use their (boundless) energy and
developing motor skills and interests to
take the initiative in trying new things
• Develop sense of purpose
• Key
• Self-regulation. Must learn self-control
Self-Regulation in Early
Childhood
What is Self-Regulation?
• Processes where we manage or modify our
thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
What is Self-Regulation?
• Processes where we manage or modify our
thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
• Many different types of self-regulation
• Emotional, attentional, behavioral, cognitive (thinking,
concentrating, working memory)
‘To Do, or Not to Do’
• Sometimes self-regulation is framed in terms of
• Don’t regulation
• Stop ourselves from doing something that we want to do
• Do regulation
• Do something that we don’t really want to do
Examples of Practicing Self-
Regulation
• Don’t regulation
• Not hitting, not taking someone’s toy, not yelling or
running inside
• Not running away in store
• Do regulation:
• Cleaning up, eating vegetables, going to sleep
Why is Self-Regulation Important?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX_oy9614HQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX_oy9614HQ
Why is Self-Regulation Important?
• What did you observe the children do to not eat
the marshmallow?
• Why might this ability to ‘delay gratification’ be
important?
Why is Self-Regulation Important?
• Good self-regulationà Self-control or disciplined
behavior; lower impulsivity
• Aids social development
• Need for healthy social relationships, prosocial behavior
• Need for learning in school
Why is Self-Regulation Hard?
• Motivational system develops first
• Impulses are powerful and present at birth
• Energizes us to ‘approach’ (yum; curiosity) or ‘avoid’ (yuck)
• Includes emotions, fight/flight response
• Self-regulation system takes more time to develop
• Region of brain (prefrontal cortex; PFC) associated with self-
regulation develops more slowly
• The immature PFC is no match for impulses
Where Does Good Self-Regulation
‘Come From’?
• Self-regulation is a “muscle” that we can
exercise
• Practice – repeatedly over time – builds self-
regulation
• Eventually it is internalized and happens without
effort
What Influences the Development
of Self-Regulation?
• Biology (e.g., temperament)
• Parents
• Love: Child wants to comply
• Structure: Rules, limits are clear, consistent
• Autonomy support: Appropriate choices given
• Cognitive factors (e.g., memory)
• Nutrition
• Self-regulation takes energy (you need glucose)
External and Internal Regulation
As we develop,
External regulation à internal regulation
• External regulation = Structure!
• External: Coming from outside the child
• Adults assist in regulating behavior
• Internal regulation
• Child internalizes rules and can do it
themselves
• Still need structure, reminders
Studying Self-Regulation in Early
Childhood ...
The Ironic Secret to Grit (What to do when Willpower Fails)
Willpower is a finite resource. This slide deck describes what scientists know about willpower, grit, and the ironic secret to become more resilient. (Hint: It's Habits)
Guiding Your Strong Willed Child, Week 6
Here are some of our favorite things we like to do at our house to strengthen good behavior:
- Name the Good Playtime - We set aside time each day just to play and have fun together without any demands, focusing only on describing what the other person is doing in a positive way.
- Sure Y! First X, Then Y! - When my child asks for something, I start by saying "Sure you can have X" and then follow with a simple request or task for them to do first before getting to enjoy Y.
- Micro Choices - I offer very small, easy choices that don't really affect the outcome but still give my child a sense of control over little decisions.
- Super Kid Meet
Burmester theory
Behaviorism is a learning theory based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. It proposes that learning can be described objectively without any consideration of internal mental states. [END SUMMARY]
Guiding the Strong Willed Child Workshop, Week 1
This document provides an overview of applied behavior analysis and strategies for guiding strong-willed children. It discusses applied behavior analysis as applying basic science to improve lives through observable and measurable behaviors. It also discusses parenting a strong-willed child by creating space to identify parenting goals, equipping parents to parent effectively and consistently over time, and expecting gradual growth. Specific parenting strategies are outlined, such as observing to understand behavior, preparing to prevent problems, and using tools like naming good behavior. The document is intended to help parents of the weekly workshop on guiding their strong-willed child through developing family values, behavioral analysis techniques, and a daily positive parenting practice.
Why Dr Van's Classes don't start at 8:09
Dr. Van explains his use of Behavioral Learning techniques to facilitate learning.
This presentation also helps you create an implementation plan so you can successfully use these techniques to reach your dreams and goals using behavioral based learning.
Burmester theory
Behaviorism is the theory that human behavior can be studied scientifically without consideration of internal mental states. It focuses on observable behaviors and conditioning through rewards and punishments. Ivan Pavlov conducted classic conditioning experiments on dogs, showing that a neutral stimulus could produce the same response as a natural stimulus after repeated pairing. B.F. Skinner developed operant conditioning and showed that behaviors are dependent on consequences rather than preceding stimuli. A behaviorist classroom uses environmental stimuli and reinforcement to encourage desired behaviors, though the teacher disagrees with strictly behaviorist approaches and believes students should be allowed independent thinking.
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Guiding Your Strong Willed Child Workshop, Week Two
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Early ChildhoodDevelopmental Task of Early Childhood.docx
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The Ironic Secret to Grit (What to do when Willpower Fails)
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Social identity theory proposes that people derive part of their self-concept from group memberships. It explains how social categorization and comparisons between in-groups and out-groups impact behavior. Several studies discussed provide evidence for this, such as Tajfel's finding that random groupings led to in-group favoritism, and research showing that threats to social identity increase stress levels and derogation of out-groups. However, the theory also has limitations, as some studies had low ecological validity or did not fully account for factors like poverty. Overall, social identity theory effectively explains phenomena like in-group bias, conformity, and intergroup conflict, though more research is still needed.
Memory pp
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Flashbulb Memories
Flashbulb memories are highly vivid memories of learning about a shocking or emotional event. Early studies found that people had accurate memories of the context and their reactions to significant events like the JFK assassination. However, later studies found that flashbulb memories lack consistency and accuracy over time, even if confidence in the memories remains high. While emotional events may be more memorable initially, repeated testing has shown that flashbulb memories are reconstructive and details can change substantially within a few years of the event.
Stereotypes 2018
This document discusses stereotypes from several perspectives:
1. It defines stereotypes as generalizations made about groups that get applied to individuals. Several theories on the origins of stereotypes are presented, including social categorization and the "grain of truth" hypothesis.
2. Research is summarized that shows how holding stereotypes can impact perceptions and expectations of others. Studies demonstrate stereotypes influence judgments of intelligence and ability.
3. Additional research shows how knowing stereotypes exist about one's own group can negatively impact performance through "stereotype threat."
4. The document ends by reviewing studies on ways stereotypes may be overcome, such as exposing children to counter-stereotypical media portrayals and increasing awareness of implicit biases
Decision making
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Genetics & Epigenetics
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Social cognitive theory power point
Social Cognitive Theory explains how humans learn behavior through observational learning. This learning is shaped by cognition, environment, and reinforcement. Key aspects of SCT include modeling behaviors, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancies. Studies show children learn aggression from observing adult models, and children's aggression can be predicted by their self-efficacy and expectations of rewards for aggression. Monkey studies also show animals learn behaviors from their mothers.
Genetics & Antisocial Behavior
Genes contribute to about half of individual variations in antisocial behavior, according to twin studies. While genes may increase predisposition, they do not determine behavior alone. Studies found genetics account for 50% of antisocial behavior, but less impact for separated twins, showing environment also influences behavior. Research links low-activity MAOA genes interacting with childhood trauma to increased violence, suggesting genetics and environment combine to impact antisocial behavior.
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Psychology Methodology
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1) Self-control exercises, such as using only one hand for tasks, were found to decrease aggressive behavior for those who practiced them compared to a control group.
2) A yoga program in prisons resulted in increased self-control and less reported aggressiveness among inmates compared to a control group.
3) Teaching children empathy and perspective-taking skills led to less aggressive playground behavior than a control group.
4) However, anti-bullying programs in schools were found to be ineffective and possibly increased peer victimization.
5) A
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Learning pp
- 1. LEARNING AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
- 2. OBJECTIVE • I can explain how learning occurs. • I can explain how learning has impacted my behavior. • Essential Question: How does learning occur and shape my behavior?
- 3. TODAY’S LEARNING INTENTIONS • We are learning about different theories about how humans learn to behave. • We should be able to use key terms about learning to help explain a change in a person or animal’s behavior. • This is because we want to be able to explain how our environment impacts our behavior.
- 4. WARM UP AGREE OR DISAGREE?
- 5. WHAT IS LEARNING? • A long term change in behavior that is based on our experiences.
- 6. THE BIOLOGY OF LEARNING • In the brain, learning occurs as we build neural pathways based on your new experiences. As you practice those skills/ideas/perceptions, those pathways are strengthened.
- 8. PAVLOV’S DOGS • Pavlov was a Russian doctor studying the digestive systems of dogs. • One day, he realized that the dogs would begin to salivate before they actually had food in front of them. • He wondered, if the dogs could be taught to salivate without the presence of food.
- 9. PAVLOV SIMUALATION • Play the simulation to see if you can get the Dog to salivate without the presence of food. • Pavlov Simulation
- 10. PAVLOV’S DOGS • Pavlov began to ring a bell before bringing the Dogs’ dinner to them. • Dogs learned to associate the sound of the bell with the anticipated food. • He found that after a few weeks, dogs began to salivate at the mere sound of the bell.
- 11. BEFORE CONDITIONING • Neutral Stimulus: A naturally occurring event that does not lead to a particular behavior. (The Bell) • Unconditioned Stimulus: A stimulus that leads to a naturally occurring, reflexive response in the absence of learning. (The Food) • Natural Response: An untrained or reflexive response to a stimulus in the absence of learning. (The Salvation)
- 12. CONDITIONING KEY TERMS • Paired Stimulus: The process of connecting a neutral stimulus with that of an unconditioned stimulus. (Bell & Meat) • Conditioned Response: The process of demonstrating an action associated with a new stimulus (salvation). • Conditioned Stimulus: A new association between the neutral stimulus with the conditioned response.
- 13. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING • A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
- 14. BABY ALBERT • Key Question: How does learning occur in humans • Lil' Baby Albert Video
- 15. GENERALIZATION • Baby Albert began to generalize his fear of white rats to other furry and white objects. • Generalization: The tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli.
- 16. COMPLETING NOTES • Work for the next three minutes to complete your notes by… • Checking with a neighbor to fill any pieces of information that you may have missed. • Write study questions in the side box. • Highlight any key terms. • Circle key ideas. • Write questionmarks next to any areas that you still don’t understand.
- 17. OPERANT CONDITIONING • A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or diminished based on the consequence of that behavior.
- 18. REINFORCEMENT POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT • Something positive is given. • Gold Star • Cookies • Compliment • Good Feelings • Happiness NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT • Something negative is taken away. • No Homework • No Chores • Beeping in Car • Crying child Reinforcement: A consequence that makes a behavior more likely to happen again.
- 19. WHEN REINFORCEMENT WORKS • Reinforcements work when they are… • Immediate • Continually reinforced • Are intrinsically motivating • Reinforcements can cause problems when they… • Rely too heavily on extrinsic rewards. • Are inconsistent
- 20. PUNISHMENTS POSITIVE PUNISHMENTS • Giving an unpleasant consequence. • Extra Chores • Traffic Ticket • Physical Pain NEGATIVE PUNISHMENTS • Taking away a pleasant consequence. • Detention • Cell Phone Taken Away • Bed without Dinner Punishment: A consequence that makes a behavior less likely.
- 21. THE PROS & CONS OF PUNISHMENT • Punishments are most effective when they are… • Appropriate and thoughtful • Consistently enforced • Enforced immediately following the behavior • Helpful in teaching what to do. • Not sources of additional wanted attention • Punishment does not work when they are... • Mindless or inappropriate • Sources of anxiety, pain, rage, or fear • Inconsistenly enforced • Delayed • Dependent on the presense of the enforcer • Unclear or do not teach a lesson • Sources of additional attention.
- 22. EXTINCTION • Extinction is the disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is not reinforced.
- 23. COMPLETING NOTES • Work for the next three minutes to complete your notes by… • Checking with a neighbor to fill any pieces of information that you may have missed. • Write study questions in the side box. • Highlight any key terms. • Circle key ideas. • Write questionmarks next to any areas that you still don’t understand.
- 24. CLASSICAL & OPERANT CONDITIONING • TedED: The Difference Between Classical & Operant Conditioning
- 25. BIG BANG CONDITIONING Sheldon the Teacher • What was Sheldon’s goal by giving chocolates? • To what extent do you think Sheldon would be successful in changing behavior in real life? • Where have you seen similar techniques? • What does this show about human behavior?
- 26. LEARNING SKITS • Your team are a group of experts on learning that has been hired by the Tualatin High School to improve their school community. • Each team will be assigned with a different problem within our school that you are tasked with fixing using principles from Classical & Operant Conditioning. • Create a short demonstration skit that will help the school put in place procedures to help make TuHS a better school. • Identify the problem you are addressing. • Demonstrate what steps should be taken to change the behavior of TuHS students. • Be creative & have fun. • Be prepared to present.