Sociocultural methodology ethics
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This document discusses sociocultural methodology and ethics in research. It covers learning objectives about research methods at the sociocultural level, including participant observation, interviews, and case studies. It also discusses ethical considerations in sociocultural research. Examples of sociocultural methodology are described, including Milgram's famous obedience study from 1961 that investigated obedience to authority figures. Questions are provided about Milgram's study and its methodology, strengths, limitations, and ethics. Possible portfolio topics are suggested applying understandings of social psychology to explain actions of Nazi executioners.
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I reccomend psychology IB students to see this presentation.
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Principles
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How to overcome limitations
Ethical considerations in research methods
Situational and dispositional factors in explaining behaviour
Two errors in attribution
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Formation of stereotypes and effect on behaviour
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Compliance techniques
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Culture2
The document introduces positivism and interpretivism as two approaches in sociological theory. Positivists believe that society controls individuals and should be studied scientifically using large samples, while interpretivists believe individuals control society and should be studied using small samples and in-depth interviews focusing on social action. The document provides examples of how each approach might differ in explaining socialization and criminal behavior.
Compliance techniques power point
This document discusses compliance techniques that can be used to influence people's behaviors. It describes six techniques: authority, commitment/consistency, liking, reciprocity, scarcity, and consensus. For each technique, it provides examples of how they work and references studies demonstrating their effectiveness. The document concludes by challenging readers to design advertisements or fundraising strategies using these compliance principles.
The social identity theory
Social identity theory proposes that people categorize themselves and others into social groups. People tend to favor the groups they belong to and view them more positively than other groups. Individuals aim to enhance their self-esteem through the groups they identify with. There are two belief systems for achieving this enhancement: social mobility, believing one can change groups to improve status, and social change, believing one must challenge the status quo by competing with higher status groups. Understanding social identity theory can help create more effective marketing like music videos by appealing to the social identities and groups of the target audience.
AS Theoretical Issues
There are four main theoretical issues in sociology: validity, reliability, representativeness, and methodological perspective. Validity refers to obtaining an accurate picture of society, while reliability means replicable results. Representativeness means studying a typical cross-section. Methodological perspective influences method choice, with positivists preferring quantitative data to find patterns and interpretivists preferring qualitative data to understand meanings. Constraints like time, resources, access, and consent also influence which methods sociologists can use to study their topics.
Social identity theory & MLK
Social identity theory proposes that people derive part of their self-concept from group memberships. It explains how social categorization and comparisons between in-groups and out-groups impact behavior. Several studies discussed provide evidence for this, such as Tajfel's finding that random groupings led to in-group favoritism, and research showing that threats to social identity increase stress levels and derogation of out-groups. However, the theory also has limitations, as some studies had low ecological validity or did not fully account for factors like poverty. Overall, social identity theory effectively explains phenomena like in-group bias, conformity, and intergroup conflict, though more research is still needed.
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SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses positivism and interpretivism approaches to sociological research methods. Positivism uses quantitative methods and sees sociology as a scientific discipline similar to the natural sciences. It values objectivity and reliability but can oversimplify human behavior. Interpretivism uses qualitative methods and sees human behavior as socially constructed. It provides more in-depth and valid analysis but may be less reliable. The document also discusses top-down versus bottom-up approaches to understanding society and individuals, as well as mixed methods research that combines different approaches.
3. Conformity & Obedience
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology related to conformity and obedience. It discusses classic studies on conformity by Sherif and Asch, and on obedience by Milgram. Factors that influence conformity and obedience are explored, such as group size and unanimity. The document also examines theories to explain these behaviors, such as informational and normative influence, and the agentic shift proposed by Milgram to explain why people obey authority figures. Criticisms of classic studies and strategies for resisting social pressure are also summarized.
IB Psychology Paper 1 Sociocultural Level of Analysis
I reccomend psychology IB students to see this presentation.
Hello everyone, here is a presentation of the IB Sociocultural level which breaks down the section to all its components:
Principles
Studies supporting principles
Research methods used in SCLA
Limitations of research methods
How to overcome limitations
Ethical considerations in research methods
Situational and dispositional factors in explaining behaviour
Two errors in attribution
Social Identity Theory
Formation of stereotypes and effect on behaviour
Social Learning Theory
Compliance techniques
Conformity
I hope you like it :D Good luck everyone!
Cultural impact on relationships
This document discusses the impact of culture on relationships. It notes that relationships in Western cultures tend to be individualistic, voluntary and temporary, with choice marriages the norm and love coming before marriage. In non-Western cultures relationships are more collectivistic, involuntary and permanent, with arranged marriages common and love developing after marriage. The document reviews several studies that found cultural differences in attitudes towards arranged marriage, as well as higher reported satisfaction among arranged couples in some non-Western cultures. It aims to explain how cultural factors can influence relationship preferences and styles.
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This document discusses how genetics can influence human behavior. It summarizes several key studies on genetics and behavior. The Minnesota Twin Study found that 70% of intelligence is attributed to genetic variation by comparing identical twins reared together or apart. Additionally, the Caspi et al. study found that individuals with two short alleles of the 5-HTT gene were more likely to be depressed following stressful events, showing how genetics can predict likelihood of depression. In summary, the document examines the role of genetics versus environment in determining human behavior and traits.
Flashbulb Memories
Flashbulb memories are highly vivid memories of learning about a shocking or emotional event. Early studies found that people had accurate memories of the context and their reactions to significant events like the JFK assassination. However, later studies found that flashbulb memories lack consistency and accuracy over time, even if confidence in the memories remains high. While emotional events may be more memorable initially, repeated testing has shown that flashbulb memories are reconstructive and details can change substantially within a few years of the event.
Cognition, biology and emotion pp
This document discusses how cognition and biology interact to produce emotions. It presents several theories on this topic. Le Doux's theory proposes two pathways - a short route involving physiological responses and a long route involving cognitive processing. Lazarus' appraisal theory suggests that cognitive evaluations of whether a situation implies well-being or harm determine the emotional response. An experiment by Speisman et al. found that manipulating participants' cognitive framing of a video impacted their physiological stress responses, supporting the role of cognition in emotion. Overall, the document examines how both biological factors and cognitive appraisals work together to generate emotions.
Chapter 2 Research Methodology In Social Psychology
1) Social psychologists conduct both correlational and experimental research. Correlational research looks for natural associations between variables in real-world settings, while experimental research manipulates variables under controlled conditions to establish causation.
2) An example is provided of a correlational study finding that obese women had lower incomes even after controlling for other factors, suggesting possible discrimination. An experiment then showed men speaking less warmly to a woman they believed to be obese based on her photo.
3) Similarly, a correlation between children's TV violence viewing and aggression was examined experimentally by exposing some children to a violent TV episode and finding they then displayed more aggression than children who did not watch.
4) Experiments allow social psychologists to test
Aok ethics
The document discusses several philosophical approaches to ethics, including moral relativism, emotivism, religious ethics, deontological ethics as proposed by Kant, and utilitarianism as proposed by Bentham and Mill. It raises objections to each approach and discusses how they would apply to various moral scenarios. While no theory is perfect, considering ethical issues from different perspectives can help us make reasoned decisions and justify our actions.
Suicide2
Here are possible points you could make in your assessment:
- Positivists like Durkheim believe we can discover social causes through statistical analysis
- However, interpretivists argue statistics just reflect coroners' interpretations and social construction
- Interpretivists prefer qualitative methods to understand meanings and motives for individuals
- Realists like Taylor believe underlying structures can be revealed through case studies
- However, case studies have limitations in representativeness
- Both approaches provide useful insights but neither provides an objective or complete picture
- Causes are likely complex and multifaceted, involving both social and individual factors
3. Item B: Using material from across the topic, assess the view that suicide is best understood
Conformity
The document discusses conformity and its role in anti-social behavior. It defines conformity as a change in behavior or attitudes due to real or imagined group pressure or norms. There are three types of conformity: compliance, identification, and internalization. It also summarizes three classic experiments on conformity conducted by Stanley Milgram, Solomon Asch, and Muzafer Sherif. Students are assigned to one of the experiments and must present on what the experiment involved, its conclusions, and how it could explain anti-social behavior.
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IB Psychology Paper 1 Sociocultural Level of Analysis
IB Psychology Paper 1 Sociocultural Level of Analysis
Chapter 2 Research Methodology In Social Psychology
Chapter 2 Research Methodology In Social Psychology
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Relationships ending pp
This document summarizes several theories for why relationships change and end, including the triangular theory of love, social exchange theory, the investment model of commitment, equity theory, and additional factors. It discusses key concepts such as satisfaction, commitment, alternatives, investments, rewards/costs, communication patterns, and perceptions of equity that can impact relationship stability and likelihood of breakup. Research studies are summarized that investigate how these concepts predict whether relationships last or end.
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This document provides an overview of a case study examining the violence epidemic in urban Chicago. It discusses the high rates of gun violence and deaths, particularly in gang-ridden neighborhoods. The document summarizes research on how cultures of honor may relate to violence, including a study finding that southern men were more likely to respond aggressively to insults. It also notes the study found biological differences in the stress response between northern and southern men who received insults. The document directs students to a video and asks them to analyze how sociocultural concepts relate to the violence situation in Chicago.
Altruism Theories
The document discusses several studies that examine cultural differences in prosocial behavior:
- Whiting (1975) found that children in Kenya were the most prosocial, while those in Japan and India were the least, and that household responsibilities predicted higher prosocial behavior.
- Levine et al (2003) observed helping behaviors across 23 countries and found that places like Brazil and Denmark ranked higher than the US, suggesting cultures emphasizing social responsibility over achievement help more.
- Korte & Ayvalioglu (1981) found that small communities and squatter settlements in Turkey helped strangers more than large cities or suburbs, indicating community size impacts prosocial norms.
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1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of sociology’s main approaches to doing research: scientific sociology, interpretative sociology, and critical sociology? How does each position offer a critique of the others? 2. The text discusses how sociologists operationalize the concept of social class. How would you operationalize important concepts such as intelligence, aggressiveness, femininity, or level of commitment to religion? 3. Discuss the links between the three methodological approaches to sociology and the three theoretical approaches? 4. Suppose you are a sociologist studying alleged police brutality. Construct two arguments, one proposing that you ought to be as objective as possible in your work and let others use your results as they may choose, and the other suggesting that, while striving for accuracy, you should take a stand against any injustices which your research may uncover. Which position do you find more convincing? Why? 5. What are ways that gender can shape sociological research? 6. To a young researcher, what are the advantages of using the method of participant observation? What are the disadvantages? 7. Do you think Zimbardo’s Stanford County Prison (research it) experiment was ethical, or should he have been prevented from conducting this study? Defend your position. 8. Explain how you would develop a representative sample of students on your campus in order to conduct some survey research.
Solution
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of sociology’s main approaches to doing research: scientific sociology, interpretative sociology, and critical sociology? How does each position offer a critique of the others?
Now we are going to explain about
the above sociology are going to be explaining briefly
scientific sociology : Sociologists of scientific knowledge study the development of a Scientific field and attempt to identify points of contingency or interpretative flexibility where ambiguities are present.
Interpretative sociology : Another way to look at society is to ask how people interpret the world around them    and react to those interpretations.Interpretivist sociology looks at the way society is shaped by the interpretations of the world.
Critical sociology : in sociology critical sociology is about critical thinking is often presented as a generic technique.
Critical thinking movement has spawned on industry of product lines , analytical typologies and multi-stage models.Critical thinking has been touched as promoting higher order thinking.
.
Module9cg
This document provides an introduction to research. It discusses what research is, why it is conducted, and different types of research. It also covers ethical considerations, how research findings may be used, and examples of research conducted in everyday life. The document is divided into units that discuss primary and secondary sources of data, how research is used in the voluntary and community sector, and examples of primary research methods.
What is research
This document provides an introduction to research. It discusses what research is, why it is conducted, and different types of research. It also covers ethical considerations, how research findings may be used, and examples of research people do in their everyday lives. The document is divided into units that discuss primary and secondary sources of data, how research is used in the voluntary and community sector, and examples of primary research methods.
Methodology 2 09-14
Basic intro to methodology for my Soc classes.
Subject to updates as I'm not too happy with it.
es
Spencer Grantage fotostockSuperStockLearning Objectives .docx
Spencer Grant/age fotostock/SuperStock
Learning Objectives
By the end of the chapter you should be
able to:
• Define social psychology
• Describe the history of social psychology
• Describe the scientific method
• Discuss the observational method and explain
when that method is most appropriate to the
research question
• Discuss the correlational method and explain
when that method is most appropriate to the
research question
• Discuss the experimental method and explain
when that method is most appropriate to the
research question
Discovering Social Psychology 1
• Define terms associated with the experimental method including
independent and dependent variable, experimental group and
control group, random assignment and random sampling, internal
and external validity, generalizability, experimental and mundane
realism, and demand characteristics
• Understand the dangers of hindsight bias
Chapter Outline
1.1 What Is Social Psychology?
1.2 Where Did Social Psychology Come From?
• Social Psychology Before 1950
• Social Psychology Since 1950
1.3 How Do We Do Social Psychology?
• Observational Method: What Is Happening?
• Correlational Method: What Might Happen?
• Experimental Method: What Causes That?
• Statistical Measurement
• Ethics in Research
Chapter Summary
fee85798_01_c01_001-028.indd 1 7/16/13 9:53 AM
CHAPTER 1Section 1.1 What Is Social Psychology?
One in every seven people on Earth is registered on Facebook. The site added the
1 billionth user in September 2012. Each U.S. user has an average of around 260
friends (Statista, 2012; Vance, 2012). In 2011 there were an estimated 181 million
blogs by people from around the world (Nielsenwire, 2012). On its sixth birthday
in March 2012, Twitter reported an average of 340 million Tweets a day, with a
140 million users (Twitterblog, 2012). What can we conclude from this informa-
tion? Human beings are intensely interested in and regularly seek out interaction
with other human beings. Social psychology is a field that is also interested in
human beings. Social psychologists study people—in particular, people interact-
ing with one another.
1.1 What Is Social Psychology?
Social psychology is the scientific study of human thoughts, feelings, and behavior as humans relate to and are influenced by others. However, many academic disciplines are interested in human thoughts, feelings, or behavior. If you were to take a literature
course, you would find yourself contemplating the thoughts of Ishmael in Moby Dick or
the actions of Lady Macbeth in Macbeth. In an art course you might work on translating a
particular feeling into a sculpture or a painting. What makes social psychology different is
the method it employs to study humans. As with other science-related fields, social psy-
chologists use the scientific method to learn about human beings, a method that employs
careful observation and empirical evidence to come to conclusions. The focus of .
Research Methods In Context Sociology As
This paper examines adoption from a sociological perspective. It discusses how adopted children are sometimes prejudged and how they fit into society. The paper also looks at differences within adoptive family dynamics. It presents statistics on the current adoption system, noting there are not enough adoptive parents for the number of parentless children. The paper suggests ways to improve the system by reducing regulations to allow more families to adopt. Research discussed found that adopted children can form strong attachments to their adoptive parents and have similar or higher self-esteem than non-adopted peers. The paper concludes that adoption provides children with a family, though it was once seen as a second-best option.
D821 beliefs and evidence presentation 2010 Martin Le Voi and Eileen Mansfield
Here are some ways the different positions discussed could approach ECA topics:
- Positivist: Take a detached, objective view. Form hypotheses and test them empirically through controlled experiments. Aim to establish causal relationships or generalizable laws. Use quantitative methods.
- Interpretivist: Emphasize understanding meaning and experience from participants' perspectives. Consider social and cultural contexts. Use qualitative methods like interviews to explore diverse viewpoints.
- Critical realist: Acknowledge complexity and unseen influences like social structures. Study open systems with many factors. Use mixed methods to explore observable behaviors and underlying realities. Theories cannot be decisively proven or falsified.
- Postmodern: Question notions of objective truth and fixed
Interviews about STS interventions (iSTS)
Paper presented by Teun Zuiderent-Jerak and Ernst Thoutenhoofd to the Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, Saïd Business School, Oxford University, 18 March 2010.
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Sociologyunit1powerpoint 140222062818-phpapp02
This document outlines the key concepts and lessons for Unit 1 of a sociology course. The unit will examine the foundations and origins of sociology, the three major theoretical perspectives in sociology, and how sociological research is conducted. Students will learn about the development of sociology as an academic discipline in response to social changes in Europe. They will also explore the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives and how sociologists use various methods like surveys, experiments, and observation to study social phenomena scientifically.
Social Psychology And Social Influence
Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. It examines how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. The focus of social psychology is on understanding how individuals are shaped by their social environments and how individuals shape those environments in turn.
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Sociology is defined as the scientific study of human society and social interactions. It aims to study society in a rigorous and systematic way based on evidence rather than speculation. Sociology provides a unique perspective on social life and interactions by asking us to look beyond common assumptions to fresh understandings. Developing sociological imagination is key, which is the ability to see how individual experiences interact with and influence the larger society.
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This document provides an overview of sociology and key concepts in the field. It discusses the founders of sociology like Auguste Comte and their contributions. It also summarizes major sociological theories including functionalism, conflict theory, and interpretive theory. Additionally, it outlines common research methods used in sociology such as observation, surveys, interviews, and secondary data analysis.
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U06A1 (Methods and Findings) .docx
U06A1 (Methods and Findings)
U06A1 (Methods and Findings)
Student:
Institution:
Professor:
Date of Submission:
Introduction
In this assignment, I was able to get a real chance to be in the actual field making first hand observations. It was such an interesting activity to move around and watch natural behaviour in the field. During this time, my main objectives involved making observations of random people in their natural environment and how they behaved, how frequent they were into social media. Their frequency to social media usage was judged by how they were using their gadgets such as tablets and cell phones. Another objective involved getting close enough to hear their conversations and capture their attitude on some aspects. All this was done without their knowledge so as to ensure they had their natural behaviour free from influence.
Another phase of my activity involved asking some questions about their opinions on some issues such as social media usage. These questions were designed in such a way that a response/behaviour would follow soon enough. The reason for these mechanism was to compare their attitudes towards something and how they actually behaved in relation to their attitudes. Most of my questions were social media related so as to ensure I remained relevant to my research and social psychology.
The activity involved observation of ten random subjects and how they interacted with one another, how they behaved as a result of their peer surrounding since the experiment was conducted in a public setting. The observation occurred on two phases. Each phase taking approximately 20-30mins such that I had approximately two minutes for each person. The second phase was the most interesting since this is where I was asking the questions and observing whether the persons would behave in accord to their opinions and attitude. It should be noticed that, at times I would make the observation then pose the question about what I had observed just to see if their actions would match their opinions.
Their entire time in the field was really interesting and mind opening.
Ethical obligations and challenges
Every research will always have some challenges associated with it. The challenges are even more when the subjects under study are humans. This is because we humans have rights and freedoms which ought to be respected and upheld.
My study had several challenges. However, such challenges were tackled professionally such that my results were not biased and no violations of whatsoever kind were made. My first challenge was to target selection. With so many people in a public setting, it is difficult to select a fair sample that would be representative enough. In addition to this, gender and age repre ...
Class 2, Final
The document discusses various social science disciplines including sociology, political science, psychology, anthropology, and economics. It defines each discipline and provides examples of topics studied within each field. It also discusses sociological research methods and key concepts like variables, hypotheses, validity, reliability, and triangulation of methods.
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- An outline of the development of sociology from the 17th-19th centuries in Europe in response to industrialization and other social changes. Key early theorists who contributed to the field are identified.
- An introduction to the three major theoretical perspectives in sociology - functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism - and how they differ in their levels of analysis.
- An overview of how sociological research is conducted scientifically, using methods like surveys, observation, and experiments while following ethical standards
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Genes contribute to about half of individual variations in antisocial behavior, according to twin studies. While genes may increase predisposition, they do not determine behavior alone. Studies found genetics account for 50% of antisocial behavior, but less impact for separated twins, showing environment also influences behavior. Research links low-activity MAOA genes interacting with childhood trauma to increased violence, suggesting genetics and environment combine to impact antisocial behavior.
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This document discusses the ethical standards psychologists must follow when conducting research. It outlines the six main standards: informed consent, avoiding deception, protecting participants from harm, right to withdraw, debriefing, and confidentiality. The standards aim to protect human and animal participants. Researchers are required to receive informed consent, avoid or minimize deception, prevent physical and psychological harm, allow participants to withdraw at any time, debrief participants on the true purpose and any deception after the study, and keep participants' identities confidential.
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Genetics pp
Genes contribute to behaviors but do not determine them. Studies of twins and genes like 5-HTT and COMT show that:
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বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
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Sociocultural methodology ethics
- 1. SOCIOCULTURAL METHODOLOGY & ETHICS
- 2. WARM-UP QUESTION “Disobedience is the true foundation of liberty. The obedient must be slaves.” -Henry David Thoreau Questions: 1. What is Thoreau’s message? 2. Do you agree with this idea? 3. If an authority figure gave you a command to do something that violated your conscience, do you think you would do it? Why or why not?
- 3. LEARNING OUTCOMES/OBJECTIVES SC.1.C. Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the sociocultural level of analysis (for example, participant/naturalistic observation, interviews, case studies). SC.1.D. Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the sociocultural level of analysis.
- 4. SOCIOCULTURAL METHODOLOGY Which types of studies do you think would make most sense to use at the Sociocultural LOA? Why? What would be the strengths and limitations to these types?
- 5. SOCIOCULTURAL METHODOLOGY Goal: To observe how people interact with one another. Experimental and Non-Experimental Ecological Validity is Essential: Research simulates conditions that are as close to real life as possible.
- 6. MILGRAM’S OBEDIENCE STUDY Inspired by the events of the Holocaust and the Nuremberg Trials, (“I was just following orders”) Stanely Milgram (1961) designed an experiment to investigate the power of obedience to authority. Note: This is a replication of the study made for a TV show so not all the procedures are exactly the same… Milgram Replication (2009)
- 7. MILGRAM RESPONSE QUESTIONS What is your initial response to this study? Emotional vs. Intellectual? What methodology did Milgram employ in his study? What were the strengths and limitations of this methodology. Was this study ethical? Why or why not? What factors influenced people the most? Did you see these in the replication? Do you think this study has ecological validity? What applications does this research have? What questions do you have about this study?
- 8. POSSIBLE PORTFOLIO TOPICS I have posted two articles on my website which cover discuss the actions of Nazi executioners during the Holocaust. Read one, or both, and use our understandings of Social Psychology to explain their actions. Note: There will be many connections from obedience, conformity, stereotypes/social cognition, cultural dimensions. This can be a very rich topic to work with. Start early and constantly be looking for connections.
- 9. WHICH PAINTING DO YOU PREFER?