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Lawn Presentation for Master Gardeners
- 1. Master Gardener Lawns Cliff Ruth Extension Area Agent NCSU/NCCES
- 2. Select Turf Based on the Following: • CLIMATE - NC is in the transition zone • TYPE OF LAWN DESIRED - Will lawn be grown for show, outdoor living, play area, etc. • MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS • SITE CONSIDERATIONS - Shade, slope, air circulation, exposure and other microclimatic effects
- 3. Warm Season Grasses • BERMUDAGRASS • ZOYSIAGRASS • CENTIPEDEGRASS • ST. AUGUSTINEGRASS • BAHIAGRASS
- 4. Cool-Season Grasses GROW WELL IN SPRING AND FALL; MAY GO “DORMANT” IN SUMMER • Tall Fescue • Kentucky Bluegrass • Fine Fescue (creeping red fescue, hard fescue, sheeps fescue) • Ryegrass (Annual or Perennial) • Bentgrass
- 5. Starting a New Lawn • Cool-season grasses best planted in the Fall • Warm-season grasses best planted April - July • Good site preparation is essential
- 6. 6 Steps to a Healthy Lawn • Select the right grass • Soil test • Plant correctly • Fertilize correctly • Mow correctly • Water correctly
- 7. Planting • SEEDING • SPRIGGING • PLUGGING • SODDING
- 8. Site Preparation • CONTROL PERENNIAL WEEDS (EX. BERMUDAGRASS) • PROPER GRADING AND DEBRIS REMOVAL • LIME AND FERTILIZE ACCORDING TO SOIL TEST (75# LIME AND 40# 5-10-10)
- 10. Reseeding - Partial Renovation • GOOD SEED/SOIL CONTACT IS ESSENTIAL • RAKE SMALL AREAS • CORE AERATION FOR LARGER AREAS • SLIT SEEDER
- 17. Irrigation • IT IS DIFFICULT TO EFFECTIVELY IRRIGATE WITHOUT A PERMANENT SYSTEM • CONSIDER ALLOWING COOL-SEASON TURF TO GO DORMANT
- 18. Irrigation • IMPROPER IRRIGATION RESULTS IN WASTE, ADDED COST, AND UNHEALTHY PLANTS • APPLY WATER AT FIRST SIGNS OF MOISTURE STRESS • EARLY MORNING (2-8 AM) IS THE BEST TIME TO IRRIGATE
- 19. Irrigation • ESTABLISHED LAWNS SHOULD BE WATERED TO A DEPTH OF 4-6 INCHES OR APPROXIMATELY 1” PER WEEK (640 GALLONS PER 1000 SQ. FT.) • KEY FOR NEW LAWNS…KEEP TOP 1/2 INCH MOIST. GRADUALLY WEAN TURF AFTER 15 TO 20 DAYS
- 20. Water deeply
- 21. Mowing • PROPER MOWING IS KEY TO LONG-TERM LAWN SURVIVAL • CLEANEST CUT AND BEST MOWING IS OBTAINED WITH SHARP BLADES • MOW OFTEN ENOUGH THAT NO MORE THAN 50% OF LEAF SURFACE IS REMOVED
- 22. Mowing • TALL FESCUE AND KY. BLUGRASS SHOULD BE MAINTAINED AT 2.5 TO 3.5 INCHES • IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO BAG CLIPPINGS UNLESS EXCESSIVE • CLIPPINGS DO NOT CAUSE THATCH • MOWING TOO LOW = WEEDS!
- 23. Mow cool season grass taller for larger root system
- 25. Mowing height = best weed control 2 ½” 2” 1 ½” 1” ½”
- 26. Reasons to leave clippings on the lawn • Less work • No longer accepted in NC landfills • Acts as mulch: – Moisture retention – Weed suppression Nutrient recycling 100 lb dry clippings: 4 lb. N ½ lb. P 3 lb. K
- 27. Fertilization • SOIL TEST EVERY 2-3 YEARS • AVOID FERTILIZING COOL SEASON GRASSES AFTER LATE MARCH AND BEFORE LATE AUGUST • HOLIDAY REMINDERS: VALENTINES DAY, LABOR DAY, AND THANKSGIVING DAY
- 28. LIME • MOST UNLIMED NC PIEDMONT AND MOUNTAIN SOILS ARE ACIDIC (PH 5.5 OR LESS) • ALL TURFGRASSES EXCEPT CENTIPEDEGRASS GROW BEST AT 6.0 TO 7.0 • LIME RAISES PH AND PROVIDES CA AND MG
- 29. Correct soil pH according to plant needs Healthy roots: ahealthy plants adrought tolerance
- 30. Coring (Aerification) • Best method to reduce compaction & improve water penetration • Use hollow tines which remove plugs • Core during active growth – Quick recover
- 31. Weed Control • Winter Annuals (Ex. Annual bluegrass, chickweed, wild onions, and henbit) • Summer Annuals (Ex. Wild lespedeza, crabgrass, and goosegrass, foxtail) • Perennials (Ex. White clover, dandelions, and plantains)
- 32. Weed Biology • Identifying Weeds by Life Cycle (page 51) Biennial weeds complete a life cycle in 2 years. Perennial weeds persist from year to year. They can be spread by seeds and regrow from roots, rhizomes, stolons or tubers.
- 33. Weed Biology • Identifying Weeds by Life Cycle Annual weeds complete a life cycle in a single year.
- 34. :Turf Weed Management • Bahiagrass • Perennial grass • Rhizomatous
- 35. Lawn Weed Management • Crabgrass • Annual
- 36. Lawn Weed Management • Dallisgrass • Perennial
- 37. Lawn Weed Management • Goosegrass • Annual • Prostrate growth habit
- 38. Lawn Weed Management • Nutsedge • Perennial • Triangular stems • Purple and yellow species
- 39. Lawn Weed Management • Curly Dock • Perennial
- 40. Lawn Weed Management • Dandelion • Carolina False is winter annual or biennial • Common and Cat’s Ear are perennials
- 41. Pasture Weed Management • Carolina Geranium • Annual
- 42. Lawn Weed Management • Henbit • Annual • Square stems
- 43. Lawn Weed Management • Plaintain • Perennial
- 44. Weeds of Turfgrasses Common Chickweed ▪ Winter annual ▪ Germinates fall and spring ▪ Prefers shady, moist areas Broadleaf Weeds
- 45. Lawn Weed Management • Red Sorrel • Perennial
- 46. Pasture Weed Management • Virginia Pepperweed • Annual
- 47. Lawn Weed Management • Wild Garlic • Perennial
- 48. Lawn Weed Management • Annual Bluegrass • Annual
- 49. Weeds of Turfgrasses ▪ Creeping perennial White clover ▪ Trifoliate leaves on long petioles red clover ▪ Red clover is related Broadleaf Weeds ▪ Reproduce by seeds and stolons (Other creeping perennials reproduce from rhizomes, stolons, tubers and bulbs.)
- 50. Weed Pests of Lawns Woodsorrel ▪ Seeds shoot up to 16’ ▪ Trifoliate leaves with heart-shaped leaflets ▪ Prostrate, stoloniferous ▪ Perennial Identifying Weeds ▪ Hoe or hand pull
- 51. Conditions for applying Pre- emergent herbicides • Use BEFORE weeds germinate • For summer weeds such as, crabgrass, goosegrass & foxtail – Apply early to mid Spring • Winter annual weeds such as bluegrass, henbit, wild onions – Apply in September
- 52. Conditions for Applying Post-emergence Herbicides • Actively growing weeds • Daytime temperatures between 60 and 80 F • Adequate soil moisture • Ample leaf surface area ( Apply before mowing)
- 53. Crabgrass Control • Crabgrass is the most prevalent grassy weed • Annual which germinates April -Summer. Plants killed by frost – Under normal conditions germination begins around March 10 - April 1 • Pre-emergence or Post-emergence control • Numerous products available. Most common active ingredients are: benefin(Balan), pendimethalin (Halts), and prodiamine
- 55. Insect Control • Ants • Army/Cutworms • Bees/Wasps • White Grubs • Leafhoppers/Spittlebugs • Sod Webworms
- 56. Insect Pests of Turfgrasses Cutworms and armyworms adult moth eggs caterpillar pupa ➢ Pests that Feed on Leaves and Stems Complete Metamorphosis caterpillar (page 34)
- 57. Insect Pests of Turfgrasses Sod webworm ➢ Pests that Feed on Leaves and Stems eggs sod webworm pupa adult moth
- 58. Insect Pests of Turfgrasses Identifying Insect Pests ➢ Pests that Discolor Leaves and Stems chinch bugs (page 35) Gradual Metamorphosis eggs 1st nymph 2nd nymph 3rd nymph4th nymph 5th nymph adult bug
- 59. Insect Pests of Turfgrasses ▪ Pests that Feed on Roots – White grubs Mole crickets (page 36)
- 60. Insect Pests of Turfgrasses Identifying Insect Pests ➢ White Grubs that Feed on Roots green June beetle White Grubs are the larvae of beetles such as the Japanese beetle masked chafer Oriental beetle (page 36)
- 61. Weeds of Turfgrasses Wild Garlic ▪ Bulbous perennial ▪ Strong scent ▪ Reproduces by aerial and underground bulblets ▪ Emerges in the winter and dies back in late spring or early summer (page 57)
- 62. Diseases of Plants Terms to Know: Disorders and Diseases Plant problems caused by pathogens (fungi, bacteria & viruses) which can spread from plant to plant. Diseases -- Irregular plant development caused by unfavorable growing conditions. Non-infectious (does not spread from plant to plant). Disorders -- (page 61)
- 63. Plant Diseases To have a disease you need all four of these. Environment HostPathogen Time The “Disease Pyramid”
- 64. Diseases of Turfgrasses Brown patch ▪ Most common disease of fescue ▪ Cool-season grasses: warm, humid weather ▪ Warm-season grasses: cool, wet weather Common Diseases (page 65) ▪ Avoid high nitrogen ▪ Avoid excessive water ▪ Fungicides can help
- 65. F H Baker Diseases of Turfgrasses Fairy Rings ▪ Several kinds of mushrooms & puffballs ▪ Hard to control ▪ Rings may brown out in hot, dry weather Common Diseases (page 67) ▪ Remove stumps and roots before planting ▪ Irrigation and proper fertilization help
- 66. Diseases of Turfgrasses Helminthosporium Diseases (Also called Melting Out, Leaf Spot, Net-blotch, Crown and Root Rot) ▪ Wet or very humid weather ▪ Attacks all turf types ▪ Starts as leaf spot and goes to crown and root rot Common Diseases (page 69) ▪ Avoid high nitrogen fertilization
- 67. Diseases of Turfgrasses Pythium Blight (Also called Cottony Blight and Greasy Spot) ▪ Hot and wet or very humid weather ▪ Attacks all cool- season grasses ▪ Can damage large areas overnight Common Diseases (page 70) ▪ Provide good drainage ▪ Increase light penetration and air movement (such as fans on greens)
- 68. Conclusion • Get clarification on location • Look at management strategy • Identify the problem • Look at alternative solutions
- 69. Questions