This document provides information on composting and vermicomposting (composting with worms). It discusses why closing the food waste loop is important, including statistics on food waste in the US. It then gives guidelines for composting, such as pile size and ratios of brown and green materials. The document also provides details on vermicomposting, including the types of worms used, how many are needed, and what to feed them. Benefits of vermicomposting are noted, such as creating nutrient-rich planting material and reducing landfill waste.
Compost is a mixture of ingredients used to fertilize and improve the soil. It is commonly prepared by decomposing plant and food waste and recycling organic materials. The resulting mixture is rich in plant nutrients and beneficial organisms, such as worms and fungal mycelium. Compost improves soil fertility in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, urban agriculture, and organic farming. The benefits of compost include providing nutrients to crops as fertilizer, acting as a soil conditioner, increasing the humus or humic acid contents of the soil, and introducing beneficial colonies of microbes that help to suppress pathogens in the soil. It also reduces expenses on commercial chemical fertilizers for recreational gardeners and commercial farmers alike.
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology, normally referred to as UASB reactor, is a form of anaerobic digester that is used in the treatment of wastewater.
The UASB reactor is a methanogenic (methane-producing) digester that evolved from the anaerobic clarigester. A similar but variant technology to UASB is the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) digester. A diagramatic comparison of different anaerobic digesters can be found here.
UASB uses an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge which suspends in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed (degraded) by the anaerobic microorganisms. The upward flow combined with the settling action of gravity suspends the blanket with the aid of flocculants. The blanket begins to reach maturity at around 3 months. Small sludge granules begin to form whose surface area is covered in aggregations of bacteria. In the absence of any support matrix, the flow conditions creates a selective environment in which only those microorganisms, capable of attaching to each other, survive and proliferate. Eventually the aggregates form into dense compact biofilms referred to as "granules".A picture of anaerobic sludge granules can be found here.
Biogas with a high concentration of methane is produced as a by-product, and this may be captured and used as an energy source, to generate electricity for export and to cover its own running power. The technology needs constant monitoring when put into use to ensure that the sludge blanket is maintained, and not washed out (thereby losing the effect). The heat produced as a by-product of electricity generation can be reused to heat the digestion tanks.
The blanketing of the sludge enables a dual solid and hydraulic (liquid) retention time in the digesters. Solids requiring a high degree of digestion can remain in the reactors for periods up to 90 days. Sugars dissolved in the liquid waste stream can be converted into gas quickly in the liquid phase which can exit the system in less than a day.
Compost is a mixture of ingredients used to fertilize and improve the soil. It is commonly prepared by decomposing plant and food waste and recycling organic materials. The resulting mixture is rich in plant nutrients and beneficial organisms, such as worms and fungal mycelium. Compost improves soil fertility in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, urban agriculture, and organic farming. The benefits of compost include providing nutrients to crops as fertilizer, acting as a soil conditioner, increasing the humus or humic acid contents of the soil, and introducing beneficial colonies of microbes that help to suppress pathogens in the soil. It also reduces expenses on commercial chemical fertilizers for recreational gardeners and commercial farmers alike.
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology, normally referred to as UASB reactor, is a form of anaerobic digester that is used in the treatment of wastewater.
The UASB reactor is a methanogenic (methane-producing) digester that evolved from the anaerobic clarigester. A similar but variant technology to UASB is the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) digester. A diagramatic comparison of different anaerobic digesters can be found here.
UASB uses an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge which suspends in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed (degraded) by the anaerobic microorganisms. The upward flow combined with the settling action of gravity suspends the blanket with the aid of flocculants. The blanket begins to reach maturity at around 3 months. Small sludge granules begin to form whose surface area is covered in aggregations of bacteria. In the absence of any support matrix, the flow conditions creates a selective environment in which only those microorganisms, capable of attaching to each other, survive and proliferate. Eventually the aggregates form into dense compact biofilms referred to as "granules".A picture of anaerobic sludge granules can be found here.
Biogas with a high concentration of methane is produced as a by-product, and this may be captured and used as an energy source, to generate electricity for export and to cover its own running power. The technology needs constant monitoring when put into use to ensure that the sludge blanket is maintained, and not washed out (thereby losing the effect). The heat produced as a by-product of electricity generation can be reused to heat the digestion tanks.
The blanketing of the sludge enables a dual solid and hydraulic (liquid) retention time in the digesters. Solids requiring a high degree of digestion can remain in the reactors for periods up to 90 days. Sugars dissolved in the liquid waste stream can be converted into gas quickly in the liquid phase which can exit the system in less than a day.
Wastewater Treatment for Sugar Industry Hülya Pala
I decided to share my another presentation about wastewater treatment which is especially about sugar industry to be beneficial for you.( The link for slide 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EP_fgp7zYKk)
Classification and characteristics of sewage and industrial effluents slideshareAshish sahu
Wastewater
There are two broad categories of waste water on the basis of their origin. They includes sewage and industrial effluent.
Sewage is waste water generated from residential areas like community whereas industrial effluent is waste water generated from various industries.
Domestic sewage and industrial effluent differ in their composition and nature of pollutant. For example, microorganisms and organic matter are main pollutant in sewage whereas various toxic chemicals are main pollutants in industrial effluent.
I. Industrial effluent:
Waste water generated from various industries is called industrial effluent.
In general various toxic chemicals alike acid, alkali, coloring agents etc are main pollutants. Microorganisms and organic matters are usually lower in industrial effluent.
Actual composition and characteristics of industrial effluent depends on type of industry and nature of raw materials of industry.
Pollutants in industries are generated during processing of raw materials and manufacturing of products.
Ecological Succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over a period of time.
But, over a long period of time, the climate conditions of an ecosystem is bound to change.
No ecosystem has existed or will remain unchanged over a Geological Time Scale.
Wastewater Treatment for Sugar Industry Hülya Pala
I decided to share my another presentation about wastewater treatment which is especially about sugar industry to be beneficial for you.( The link for slide 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EP_fgp7zYKk)
Classification and characteristics of sewage and industrial effluents slideshareAshish sahu
Wastewater
There are two broad categories of waste water on the basis of their origin. They includes sewage and industrial effluent.
Sewage is waste water generated from residential areas like community whereas industrial effluent is waste water generated from various industries.
Domestic sewage and industrial effluent differ in their composition and nature of pollutant. For example, microorganisms and organic matter are main pollutant in sewage whereas various toxic chemicals are main pollutants in industrial effluent.
I. Industrial effluent:
Waste water generated from various industries is called industrial effluent.
In general various toxic chemicals alike acid, alkali, coloring agents etc are main pollutants. Microorganisms and organic matters are usually lower in industrial effluent.
Actual composition and characteristics of industrial effluent depends on type of industry and nature of raw materials of industry.
Pollutants in industries are generated during processing of raw materials and manufacturing of products.
Ecological Succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over a period of time.
But, over a long period of time, the climate conditions of an ecosystem is bound to change.
No ecosystem has existed or will remain unchanged over a Geological Time Scale.
Composting: A Tour of Techniques From Manure to ObscureBen Capozzi
Here's my presentation from a November 2014 public lecture on composting. I've had many requests for copies of this!
Invited by the Southside Virginia Master Gardeners Association, I pulled together material from my training as an MG, but also lots more from my certificates in Permaculture and the Soil Food Web. My goals were 1) to share enthusiasm for this eco-friendly practice, 2) take the apprehension out of the process, and 3) encourage systems-level thinking to reduce, re-use, and recycle yard waste. We can keep good biological matter and carbon out of our landfills and use their nutrients to build soil life in our own backyards.
Based on feedback afterwards, I seem to have done a pretty good job.
Recycling food scraps with worms at home
Composting with worms
About Worms
Making (or buying) a worm bin
Getting worms for money and for free
Making bedding and adding worms
Feeding your worms
Observation and Correction
Troubleshooting your bin
Harvesting finished compost
Using your compost
In this course we look at techniques for weed control in the garden using integrated pest management. This includes tools, cultural techniques, mulching, tarps, and other methods.
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. Composting in the
home garden-
Closing the loop.
Bart Renner, North Carolina
Cooperative Extension
March 18th, 2017
2. What is vermicomposting???
• The process of composting with worms.
What is vermiculture???
• The process of breeding
worms.
3. Why “close the loop”?
• Last year we threw away about 60 million
TONS of food. ($160 billion)
• At least 12% of municipal waste is food.
• Spend $1 billion to dispose of food waste
• The average American throws away 209-
245lbs of food per year.
• If we wasted 5% less each year we could feed
4,000,000 Americans.
• Landfills account for about 1/3 of all
methane emissions in the air.
Source: http://atozsolutions.com/21-shocking-u-s-food-waste-facts-statistics-infographic/
http://endhunger.org/food_waste.htm
4. Compost first if you can
• 3’X3’X3” minimum size pile
• Need balance for proper chemistry: 2/3
brown, 1/3 green, air, water.
6. Composting basics
• Make sure compost is not near house/ wood
structure
• Good drainage- don’t want anaerobic
conditions
• Good Structure
• Layers 4-6” thick carbons and nitrogen
• Plenty of moisture
7. • Minimum of 131 degrees for 3 days
• Stir every 7 days
Compost first if you can
8. Benefits of using worms
• Divert food waste from the landfill
• Create a rich planting material
• Reduce pathogen/ bacterial load in compost
• Worth $25-30/ lb
• Fishing bait!
• Chicken food
• Great educational project for kids
9.
10. Can any type of earthworm be
used for vermicomposting?
23. What should I feed them?
http://www.naturesfootprint.com/what-to-feed-worms
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ1FnOUyqECYX1QmgaMFFVfuB9LYHtssun6USSVLlW8k6dlVnpL
26. Be careful!
• Wet yard clippings, manure with hay, too
much food waste can heat up too much.
• Non ruminant manures are not
recommended directly into the bin.
• No meat
• Citrus, pasta, bread, onion, garlic, black
walnut, eucalyptus
27. Taking care of your worms
• Make sure they are actively eating what you’ve
already added before adding more.
• Needs about a foot of material, but no more
than a inch of scraps
• Between 60-85 degrees.
• 70-80% moisture in material
• 30:1 C:N ratio
30. Tips
• Plan ahead! Do your research!
• Where are you going to put them?
• How will you keep them warm/ cool?
• Who is going to take care of them?
• Dive in! Do it!
31. Get involved!
• Great project for parents and
kids at home.
• Great project for camps
• Schools
• Municipal waste project?
• Where else?
Editor's Notes
Only epigeic species are suitable for vermicomposting.
Aren’t all earthworms the same? No, there are over 9,000 species of earthworms, ranging in size from half an inch to 22 feet long.
Undoubtedly the most common species of worm used for composting is Eisenia fetida – the ‘Red Wiggler’ worm, also known as Red Worms, Brandling Worms, Manure Worms, and Tiger Worms (among others). This worm can vary widely in terms of coloration and size, which helps to explain why there are so many common names. This also highlights the important of using scientific names!
This species is incredibly versatile – it has a temperature tolerance ranging from 0C (32F) to 35C (95F), is a prolific breeder, and will readily feed on a wide range of organic waste materials (more specifically, on the microorganisms inhabiting the material, but we’ll chat more about that further down).
Another species of worm used for worm composting (especially overseas), and one that is becoming much more popular here in North America, is Eisenia hortensis – the ‘European Nightcrawler’, also known as Belgian Nightcrawlers, ENCs, and Euros. This species is a larger relative of Eisenia fetida and has similar preferences and requirements.
Interestingly enough, this is a species that has been viewed by researchers as inferior to the Red Worm in a lot of ways. It reportedly has a much lower reproductive rate, is slow to mature, and is not as effective at converting wastes into vermicompost. Many worm farmers (and others who have raised them) tend to disagree however, saying they are just as good or better.
Based on my experience thus far with keeping this species I would tend to agree. I’ve found them to be a very tolerant and durable worm (more so that Reds in my opinion), active breeders, and quite effective when it comes to processing wastes. I’m hoping to test them head-to-head with Red Worms in the near future.
Aside from these two commonly used species, there are a handful of other worms used for vermicomposting as well. Generally, they are tropical worms and just don’t have the versatility (for a number of reasons) that the above-mentioned species do – especially not in cooler regions of the world. Just so you know, two commonly used tropical species are Eudrilus eugeniae (the African Nightcrawler) and Perionyx excavatus (the Malaysian Blue Worm).
Sucking mouth parts with crop and gizzrd
Breath through skin
Sensitive to light
Not tunnelers (like ground worms).
They have tiny mouths and no teeth, so earthworms eat differently than you and I. An earthworm will push its pharynx (throat) out, grab microorganisms and little bits of organic matter, and pull them into it’s mouth. The food is coated with saliva, pushed down the esophagus into the crop and on to the gizzard, where it is crushed and ground apart. Next, it moves into the intestine, where food is broken down more by digestive enzymes. Some of the food is passed into the bloodstream for use by the earthworm and the rest passes out the anus as castings (worm poop).
No, instead they have receptor cells that are sensitive to light and touch. These cells allow earthworms to detect different intensities of light and to feel vibrations. They will move away from light, if they can. If earthworms are exposed to light for too long (about an hour), they will become paralyzed and die when their skin dries out. Tug of worm
Instead of noses, earthworms have chemoreceptors in the anterior region that react to chemicals.
Worms are hermaphroditic
They do not have lungs; instead, they breathe through their skin. Their skin needs to stay moist to allow the passage of dissolved oxygen into their bloodstream. They coat their skin with mucus and need to live in a humid, moist environment.
There are over 6,000 species of earthworms, ranging in size from half an inch to 22 feet long.
seven species have been identified as suitable for vermicomposting.
One species, Eisenia fetida, is used by most people throughout the world.