Vegetative propagation of minor fruit crop

1. 1

2. 2

3. Introduction
India is a fascinating country in its fruit wealth where almost
all fruits that are consumable to human beings are grown. Some
minor fruits are aonla, bael, cashew nut, custard apple, jamun,
jackfruit, tamarind, wood apple, etc. Minor fruits occupy a
prominent place in certain areas of the country. Minor fruits are
grown about 10,71,000 ha area with 68,62,000 MT production in
India. However in Gujarat, it is grown in 3,06,900 ha with 5,84,970
MT production (Anon., 2008).
Plant propagation is the perpetuation or increase in the
number of plants. Plant propagation is an integral part of
horticultural development. Propagation is broadly grouped as sexual
and asexual. Asexual propagation involves reproduction from
vegetative parts of plants so that the new individual is just like the
mother plant and it possesses all the characteristics of the plant
from which it has been collected.
3

4. TABLE 1 : METHODS OF PROPAGATION IN SITU FRUIT CROPS
CROP METHODS
COMMERCIAL
METHOD
TIME
Aonla Budding Patch budding June-August
Bael
Root cutting, budding,
layering
Patch budding June- July
Custard apple
Soft wood grafting, seed,
budding
Budding and
grafting
June-July
Date palm Seed Seed
Feb.-March and
August-September
Fig
Cutting, budding, air
layering
Air layering
Dec.-Feb. and
June-July
Jackfruit
Inarching, air layering,
epicotyl grafting, budding,
Cutting and side
veneer grafting
June-July
Jamun
Seed, budding, Softwood
grafting
Softwood grafting
and patch budding
June-July
Phalsa Seed, cutting Seed March-April
Tamarind
Seed, soft wood grafting,
budding
Air layering and
patch budding
June-July
Wood apple
Root cutting, budding,
seed
Seed and bud
grafting
Feb.-March and
June-July
4

5. Minor fruit crops do not normally produce any viable seeds. The
perpetuation of these plants is possible only if vegetative method of
propagation is adopted.
The unique characteristics can be maintained only if vegetative means of
propagation is practiced, because cross pollinated plants are heterozygous
in nature and do not normally come to true, if raised from seeds.
Where the germination of seeds is poor, propagation by vegetative means
is recommended.
To impart hardiness against diseases, pests and unfavorable soil and
climatic conditions, budding and grafting are adopted.
Vegetative propagated plants comes to flowering earlier than seed
propagated plants.
5

6. No new varieties or hybrid can be evolved
by this method of propagation.
Vegetative propagation is sometimes more
expensive than seed propagation.
Vegetative propagated plants are
comparatively short lived .
6

7. Methods
of
propagation
Sexual Asexual
7

8. 8

9. 9

10. 10

11. The tip of the branch is
placed 2-5 cm below the
soil for rooting
Time taken for
development of roots may
be 2-3 months
11

12. A shoots of the plant
desired to be propagated is
bent downward
They are burried 8-12 cm
in the soil
The terminal portion
remains exposed
The corresponding time for
simple layering in India is
between July & September
12

13. After 3-4 months, new
plants are raised
Then, a similar slit as in
simple layering is made at
each node covered
Firstly, the stem is covered
at several points with soil,
alternating with other points
which are not covered
13

14. 14

15. This method is suitable where the branches of the plant is stiffy
or very difficult to bent downward
All the branches are wounded near the ground & earthing up to
a height of 10-20 cm is done to form a mound around the
branches
One seasons growth is enough for this purpose
15

16. 16

17. 1. Select healthy clean
young shoots for air
layering
2. Long 3 cm ring of bark
is removed
3. Cut portion is covered
with sphagnum moss
or soil
4. Then it applied with
rooting material like
IBA, NAA, etc.
17

18. 18

19. Inarching
The operations are
done by making
proper slits on the
rootstock as well as
scion
Matching and
fastening the same to
keep in position
Then opposite
rootstock is removed
after the graft union
has formed
19

20. Shallow downward
and inward cut of
about 3-4 cm length
is made
15 cm above the
ground on rootstock
The scion is by
making a long cut on
one side
Then scion is placed
into the rootstock
and tied with waxed
string or stake
20

21. Selection
Girth of the plant should not be
more than 3 cm diameter
Both the scion and stock are of
equal diameter
Procedure
Long smooth sloping cuts made
on one stroke
On these cut surfaces a reverse
cut is made downwards starting
from about ¼ of the distance
from tip
The scion and stock are
interlocked so that cambium
layer match preferably on both
the sides
21

22. This method specially
adopted for top working
trees
A 5 cm cut is given at right
angles to the main axis of
the branch
The cut ends are
separated by means of a
wedge for the insertion of
the scion or scions to be
placed at the same time on
the sides where the
cambium is situated
22

23. 23

24. This type of grafting is generally
useful for the purpose of repairs
The wounded portion is trimmed
up to healthy and undamaged
tissue
Several one year old scions
collected during dormant season
are inserted in the trunk when the
bark begins to slip at a distance of
2-7 cm
Such that two ends of the scion
get in contact with the cambium
layer of the tree on both upper and
lower sides of the injured portion
24

25. It is an art of insertion of a single mature bud into the stem
of the rootstock in such a way that union takes place and
the combination continue to grow.
Healing of bud union (30 days)
Xylem and phloem take place (15 days)
Formation of cambial bridge by parenchyma cells
(10 days)
Callus formation (pre-callus stage (7days)
Wrapping (1days)
Placement of bud on rootstock (1days)
Expose cambium layer of bud and rootstock
26

26. Bud
Root stock
26

27. 27

28. 28

29. 29

30. Haberlandt (1902), the German physiologist
described the process and consider as father of
tissue culture.
In this method, propagation of true to type of
plant is carried out by tissue or cell of tips, anther,
embryo, ovule, callus or protoplast in artificial
growth media under controlled condition.
30

31. 32

32. RESEARCH
WORK
DONE
32

33. 33

34. Sr. No.
Treatments
Percent success
In situ budding Potted plant budding
1. T1-15th April 70.00 26.66
2. T2-30th April 69.99 30.00
3. T3-15th May 61.67 36.67
4. T4-30th May 70.50 46.67
5. T5-15th June 94.83 75.83
6. T6-30th June 86.38 69.17
7. T7-15th July 63.33 46.67
8. T8-30th July 63.33 46.67
9. T9-15th August 55.00 40.00
10. T10-30th August 21.33 21.83
11. T11-15th September 27.66 22.83
12. T12-30th September 28.33 21.17
13. T13-15th October 35.67 29.17
14. T14-30th October 49.17 32.50
C.D. at 5% 13.85
35

35. Methods of
budding
Time of budding
May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Mean
Patch 85.00 91.67 80.00 70.00 50.00 23.33 66.67
Chip 55.00 68.33 51.67 53.33 41.67 16.67 47.78
‘T’ 50.00 60.00 46.67 41.67 30.00 15.00 40.56
Mean 63.33 73.33 59.56 55.00 40.56 18.33 -
C.D. at 5% (Methods) = 11.20 %
(Month) = 8.07 %
35

36. Treatments
Bud
take
(%)
Emergence
of new
shoot (%)
Length of
new
shoot (cm)
Diameter
of new
shoot (cm)
No. of
leaves/
shoot
Survival
(%)
Root stock
In situ 78.12 64.37 1.64 0.165 2.19 49.37
Polybag 60.62 48.12 1.27 0.105 1.88 38.75
C.D. at 5% 5.96 5.22 0.08 0.01 0.13 4.01
Budding Season
(month)
July 63.75 51.25 1.34 0.123 1.33 41.25
August 82.50 73.75 2.37 0.221 3.43 56.25
September 73.75 58.75 1.17 0.095 2.37 40.00
C.D. at 5% 8.43 7.36 0.11 0.01 0.19 0.19
Cultivars
Banarasi 64.37 53.75 1.04 0.00 1.51 36.87
Chakaiya 74.37 53.75 1.86 0.170 2.57 51.25
C.D. at 5% 5.96 5.22 0.08 0.01 0.14 4.01
36

37. Methods
of
budding
Time of budding
Last
week
of July
2nd week
of
August
Last
week
of August
2nd
week
of
Sept.
Mean
Patch budding 76.66 81.66 83.33 75.00 79.16
Shield budding 36.66 66.66 75.00 31.66 52.50
Modified ring
budding
71.66 75.00 75.60 71.66 73.48
Mean 61.66 74.44 77.98 59.44 -
C.D. at 5% Method = 4.56
Time = 5.27
37

38. 38

39. Methods of
budding
Time of budding
July Aug Sept Oct March April May June Mean
Patch
Budding
100.0 78.3 71.7 11.7 56.7 66.7 91.7 100.0 72.1
‘T’
Budding
85.0 68.3 68.3 5.0 5.0 30.0 50.0 53.3 45.6
Chip
budding
41.7 38.3 15.0 5.0 13.3 61.7 63.3 31.7 33.7
Mean 75.6 61.6 51.7 7.2 25.0 52.8 68.3 61.6 -
C.D. at 5% (methods of budding) = 4.30
(months of budding) = 6.67
39

40. Treatments
Survival
(%)
Shoot length
(cm)
No. of
leaves/sprout
Leaf area
(cm2)
Methods
T-budding 13.75 14.63 7.76 45.39
Patch budding 37.08 25.94 11.21 51.88
Inverted T-
budding
10.42 12.88 6.24 32.45
C.D.at 5% 4.22 3.52 0.25 1.01
Dates
30th June 28.89 30.70 12.07 56.20
8th July 14.44 16.90 7.66 35.06
10th July 16.67 12.27 6.23 33.63
22nd July 21.67 11.39 7.65 48.20
C.D. at 5% 3.02 2.59 0.27 2.60
40

41. Scion
geno-
types
Sprouted bud (%) Unsprouted green buds (%) Unsurvived buds (%)
Days after budding Days after budding Days after budding
12 16 20 24 28 12 16 20 24 28 12 16 20 24 28
Pant
Aparna
34.4 82.6 88.6 90.2 91.8 57.2 10.6 4.6 3.0 1.2 5.4 6.8 6.8 6.8 7.0
Pant
Shivani
11.8 49.4 60.4 76.4 79.0 74.2 34.2 22.2 4.2 1.6 14.0 16.4 17.4 19.4 19.4
Pant
Sujata
15.2 45.4 74.6 85.2 86.4 76.6 45.0 15.4 4.8 3.4 8.2 9.6 10.0 10.0 10.2
Pant
Urvashi
13.6 39.6 58.2 70.4 73.8 73.6 45.0 22.8 8.0 2.2 12.8 15.4 19.0 21.6 24.0
C.D. at 5% 8.2 9.6 14.0 9.9 11.5 11.9 12.4 4.6 5.3 1.6 4.8 5.3 3.7 3.7 3.2
42

42. Scion
genotypes
Final survival (%)
Sprout/
plant
Sprout length (cm)
Month after budding
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Pant Aparna 62.0 1.26 4.62 11.63 20.28 27.45
Pant Shivani 55.0 1.43 2.83 7.62 16.37 25.16
Pant Sujata 52.6 1.08 2.78 10.54 18.55 22.71
Pant Urvashi 44.2 1.45 2.57 5.37 13.90 21.04
C.D. at 5% 2.5 0.11 0.49 0.77 1.03 1.15
42

43. 43

44. Months
Days after grafting (%)
30 60 90
B P B P B P
September 65.0 60.0 54.1 50.0 52.8 50.0
October 53.7 62.3 46.5 50.3 43.8 50.3
November 58.6 64.8 53.8 51.8 50.9 51.4
December 74.1 70.3 62.7 57.4 59.2 56.2
January 69.4 29.3 57.6 23.1 56.1 22.2
February 60.8 59.6 52.4 17.3 52.2 47.3
March 40.8 47.9 22.4 42.3 20.2 42.3
C.D. at 5% 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.08 0.11
45

45. 45

46. Treatments
Days for bud
sprouting
Percent
success
Shoot length
at 180 days
(cm)
Shoot
diameter at
180 days (cm)
No. of
functional
leaves per
shoot at 180
days
Methods of propagation
Budding 16.69 69.81 51.12 6.01 16.13
Grafting 16.50 75.53 49.29 5.90 14.44
C.D. at 5% NS 2.93 NS NS 0.75
Time of propagation
February 17.75 78.82 64.65 7.04 16.16
March 15.58 91.11 68.37 7.45 22.25
April 13.58 85.00 65.90 7.85 19.00
May 15.16 69.44 45.99 5.98 14.08
June 17.16 58.39 31.13 4.30 11.83
July 20.33 47.77 25.28 3.75 8.41
C.D. at 5 % 0.84 5.09 1.92 0.27 1.31
46

47. 47

48. Treatments
Percentage
of success
Days
required for
bud
sprouting
Sprout
length after
6 months of
grafting (cm)
No. of
sprout after
6 months of
grafting
T1 60.00 18.00 17.50 3.00
T2 33.33 19.00 15.40 2.00
T3 23.33 20.00 13.30 1.67
T4 13.33 22.00 13.40 1.00
T5 13.33 23.00 11.30 1.00
T6 33.33 24.00 12.70 2.00
T7 10.00 26.00 8.30 1.33
C.D. at 5% 3.39 6.63 7.32 NS
T1 : Ringed and basal portion blanched for 3 days
T2 : Ringed and basal portion blanched for 5 days
T3 : Ringed and basal portion blanched for 3 days and scion dipped in 1% Bavistin
T4 : Ringed and basal portion blanched for 5 days and scion dipped in 1% Bavistin
T5 : Ringed and basal portion blanched for 3 days and scion dipped in solution of ( 25 ppm IBA +
5 ppm Kinetin )
T6: Ringed and basal portion blanched for 5 days and scion dipped in solution of( 25 ppm IBA + 5
ppm Kinetin)
T7 : Control
49

49. Treatments
IBA
3000
ppm
IBA
3000
ppm +
Ferulic
Acid
2000
ppm
IBA
5000
ppm
IBA
5000
ppm +
Ferulic
Acid
2000
ppm
IBA
10000
ppm
Control
(Etiolated
and
ringed)
Control
(non
etiolated
and
ringed)
Mean
Etiolated
and ringed
for 15 days
60.0 65.0 70.0 80.0 75.0 40.0 0.0 55.71
Etiolated
and ringed
for 30 days
70.0 90.0 75.0 85.0 80.0 45.0 0.0 63.57
Mean 65.0 77.5 72.5 28.5 77.5 42.5 0.0
C.D. at 5% for treatment = 1.29
for sub plot treatment = 8.10
49

50. Dates of grafting
Percent graft
success
(%)
No. of leaves
Height of graft
(cm)
1991 1992 1991 1992 1991 1992
04-06-1991 & 1992 30.0 30.5 2 2 20.0 19.5
11-06-1991 & 1992 35.0 38.0 3 3 20.8 20.2
18-06-1991 & 1992 40.0 45.0 3 3 22.3 23.0
25-06-1991 & 1992 45.5 46.0 3 2 25.0 24.0
01-07-1991 & 1992 80.00 80.00 4 4 28.0 28.00
15-07-1991 & 1992 55.0 60.0 3 3 22.0 21.5
23-07-1991 & 1992 24.0 23.5 2 2 18.0 19.2
30-07-1991 & 1992 10.0 9.5 1 2 16.0 16.3
50

51. 51

52. Treatments
Days for
bud
sprouting
Success
(%)
Shoot
Length
(cm)
Shoot
diameter
(cm)
No. of
functional
leaves/
Shoot
Methods of propagation
Budding 18.27 47.42 43.70 6.75 15.02
Grafting 16.00 41.67 37.22 6.40 13.16
C.D. (5%) 0.56 2.48 0.99 NS 0.67
Time of propagation
February 22.25 29.49 36.24 6.16 10.50
March 19.66 38.33 39.71 6.45 13.58
April 18.00 33.36 41.24 6.46 15.00
May 16.25 38.34 46.39 7.29 17.91
June 13.41 66.80 40.95 6.79 16.68
July 13.25 64.15 38.22 6.57 15.03
C.D. at 5% 0.97 4.29 1.71 0.19 1.15
52

53. Methods of
budding
Time of budding
March April May June July August Mean
Patch
Budding
70.00 62.50 46.90 55.60 30.60 25.00 48.40
Forkert
budding
63.10 50.00 47.50 53.70 23.10 28.10 44.30
Mean 66.60 56.20 47.20 54.70 26.90 26.60 -
C.D. at 5% month = 17.66
methods = NS
53

54. 54

55. IBA
Time of air layering
May July Sept. Nov. Jan. March Mean
1000 ppm 75.00 43.75 36.25 15.00 0.00 0.00 28.33
2000 ppm 38.75 32.50 23.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.83
4000 ppm 37.50 20.75 17.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.54
5000 ppm 47.00 23.25 13.75 11.25 0.00 0.00 15.88
10000 ppm 22.50 17.00 11.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.46
Control 22.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.75
Mean 40.54 22.88 17.00 4.38 0.00 0.00 14.13
C.D. at 5% Treatment = 1.08
Months = 1.08
55

56. IBA
Time of air layering
May July Sept. Nov. Jan. March Mean
1000 ppm 58.50 51.50 25.00 11.25 0.00 0.00 24.38
2000 ppm 32.50 21.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.75
4000 ppm 22.50 15.00 11.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.13
5000 ppm 51.25 42.50 23.75 14.00 0.00 0.00 21.42
10000
ppm
23.25 18.75 17.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.83
Control 13.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.17
Mean 33.50 24.88 16.58 3.71 0.00 0.00 13.11
C.D. at 5% for treatment = 1.54
for month = 1.54
56

57. Treatments
Percentage
of rooting
(%)
No. of
primary
roots
No. of
secondary
roots
Maximum
length of
primary roots
(cm)
Percentage of
survival
(%)
Control( Lanolin
paste without IBA)
16.43 3.86 3.52 3.84 15.86
1000 ppm IBA +
1000 ppm NAA
62.86 15.01 15.70 7.29 52.14
5000 ppm IBA +
5000 ppm NAA
53.57 9.00 9.86 7.43 45.43
C.D. at 5% 2.73 0.47 0.20 0.99 2.15
57

58. Treatments
Sprouting (%)
Days taken to
sprout
Budding success
(%)
2002 2003 Mean 2002 2003 Mean 2002 2003 Mean
1st June 80.0 75.0 77.5 18.0 16.0 17.0 60.0 53.3 56.6
15th June 60.0 70.0 65.0 20.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 30.0 25.0
1st July 90.0 80.0 85.0 22.0 24.0 23.0 75.0 85.0 80.0
15th July 95.0 90.0 92.5 26.0 28.0 27.0 80.0 85.0 82.5
1st Aug. 100.0 90.0 95.0 28.3 30.0 29.1 90.0 80.0 85.0
15th Aug. 70.0 90.0 80.0 34.0 30.0 32.0 55.0 60.0 57.5
1st Sept. 70.0 85.0 77.5 30.0 35.0 32.5 56.0 65.0 60.5
15th Sept. 90.0 85.0 87.5 38.0 42.0 40.0 60.0 70.0 65.0
1st Oct. 50.0 30.0 40.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 20.0 20.0
15th Oct. 30.0 30.0 30.0 50.0 48.0 49.0 10.0 20.0 15.0
C.D. at 5% 8.0 8.2 - 3.2 3.6 - 10.9 8.6 -
58

59. Table19: Effect of time and method of propagation on bud sprouting,
time taken for bud sprout and its success in tamarind
Treatments
Time taken for bud
sprout (Days)
Bud sprout (%) Success (%)
Patch
Budding
Soft wood
Grafting
Patch
Budding
Soft wood
Grafting
Patch
Budding
Soft wood
Grafting
September 26.00 33.00 45.20 06.00 38.50 04.50
October 27.00 33.00 36.00 05.50 30.00 04.00
November 29.50 34.00 18.00 02.50 15.00 02.00
December 30.50 00.00 06.20 00.00 05.00 00.00
January 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00
February 32.00 00.00 12.00 00.00 10.00 00.00
March 00.00 27.50 00.00 24.20 00.00 21.00
April 00.00 25.50 00.00 28.25 00.00 24.50
May 00.00 24.00 00.00 30.00 00.00 25.00
June 24.20 30.00 34.50 18.00 30.50 15.25
July 23.00 30.00 51.20 06.50 45.25 05.00
August 22.00 31.00 53.00 06.50 46.00 05.00
C.D. at 5%
Method = 0.24
Time = 0.60
M × T = 0.84
0.16
0.40
0.57
0.19
0.46
0.66
Godhra (Guj.) Singh and Singh (2007)59

60. Treatments
Sprouting % at 60 days Final % of survival at 150 days
Sour Sweet Red Mean Sour Sweet Red Mean
15th April 50.00 40.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 40.00 50.00 43.33
15th May 60.00 80.00 83.33 74.44 50.00 70.00 80.00 66.66
15th June 60.00 60.00 80.00 66.66 50.00 60.00 80.60 63.33
15th July 43.33 50.00 60.00 51.11 40.00 40.00 50.00 43.33
15th August 60.00 50.00 30.00 46.46 50.00 40.00 20.00 36.66
15th September 70.00 30.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 40.00 30.00
14th Oct. 70.00 50.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 40.00 50.00 50.00
15th Nov. 30.00 40.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 40.00
Mean 51.66 50.00 59.16 - 43.75 43.75 52.50 -
C.D. at 5% C.D. at 5%
Genotypes (G) 5.313 5.395
Season (S) 8.676 8.810
G × S 5.027 15.259
MPKV, Rahuri Palande et al. (2004)
Table 20: Effect of different seasons and genotypes on initial
success and final survival in patch budding of
tamarind
60

61. 61

62. Age of root
stock
Days for
bud take
% bud take
Sprout
length of
scion after
60 days
(cm)
No. of
leaves per
graft after
60 days
Final
survival
after 120
days
45 days 17.60 64.00 8.78 6.46 49.33
60 days 13.53 89.33 10.95 8.93 75.33
75 days 10.73 97.33 14.39 12.46 82.67
90 days 11.00 99.34 19.60 17.40 90.67
Mean 13.21 87.50 13.43 11.31 74.51
C.D. at 5% 0.74 6.43 0.74 0.79 5.26
63

63. From foregoing discussion, it can be concluded that aonla, beal, cashewnut,
tamarind, jamun, wood apple are propagated commercially by the method of budding
(patch budding) and grafting.
Aonla In situ patch budding gave highest success in the month of June.
Bael
Maximum success and survival percentage recorded by patch budding
method in June-July.
Cashewnut
Softwood grafting done during the month of December-January gave great
success.
Custard apple
Softwood grafting done during the month of March-April gave early
sprouting and success than budding.
Jackfruit
Etiolated cutting treated with IBA 3000 ppm+ Ferulic acid 2000 ppm gave
higher rooting and success. Veneer grafting also found effective.
Jamun Patch budding in the month of June gave great success.
Tamarind
Patch budding done in the month of July-August resulted higher rooting and
survival. Air layering using IBA and NAA 1000 ppm each gave higher
rooting in the month of May.
Conclusion
63

64. More research work
should be carried out for
propagation of minor fruit
crops in adverse climatic
and adaphic condition.
Standardization of ideal
rootstock for different minor
fruit crops is essential.
64

65. 65