Gross features and minute stucture of temarindus indica
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•989 views
"Gross Features and Minute Structure of Temarindus indica" a short description about gross features and minute structure of Temarindus indica species.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Reaction wood
Reaction wood forms in trees in response to gravitational stimuli that cause stems or branches to bend or lean. There are two types of reaction wood - tension wood in angiosperms and compression wood in gymnosperms. Tension wood forms on the upper side of leaning branches and stems and has high cellulose content, helping pull the branch upwards. Compression wood forms on the lower side and has high lignin, helping straighten and compress the leaning area. The formation of reaction wood helps maintain the angle of bent or leaning parts of trees through its differing mechanical properties compared to normal wood.
Wood anatomy and structure , wood and its products
This document provides an overview of wood structure and anatomy at different structural levels from gross to microscopic. It discusses the gross structure of wood including heartwood, sapwood, growth rings, and defects. It then covers the microstructure of wood including different cell types in softwoods and hardwoods such as tracheids, fibres, vessels, and parenchyma. Specific features of softwood and hardwood microstructure are described along with cell wall features, extractives in heartwood, and reaction wood.
Wood anatomy
introduction
ontogeny of secondary vascular tissues
growth rings
heart wood
types of heart wood
sap wood
wood parenchyma
Wood
The document discusses different types of wood. It defines wood as a hard, fibrous tissue found in tree stems and roots. Wood consists mainly of secondary xylem and may contain some primary xylem and pith. There are two main types of wood - sapwood and heartwood. Sapwood is lighter in color and contains living cells and food reserves, while heartwood is darker and contains substances like oils, gums, and resins. The document also describes different cell types found in wood, including fibers, tracheids, vessels, and parenchyma, as well as forms of cell wall thickening and structures like tyloses and annual rings.
Vascular cambium gurpreet s
The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem that increases the diameter of stems and roots through secondary growth. It is composed of fusiform initials that divide to form vertical tissues and ray initials that form horizontal tissues. In dicots, intrafascicular cambium initially develops within vascular bundles and interfascicular cambium develops between bundles, eventually joining to form a complete cambial ring. The cambium divides to produce secondary xylem internally and secondary phloem externally. Its seasonal activity varies the structure of the tissues produced.
Morphology of leaf
This document summarizes the morphology and parts of a typical leaf. A leaf is a thin, green, photosynthetic structure borne at nodes on stems. The main parts of a leaf include the hypopodium or leaf base, which attaches to the stem. Some leaves have stipules, which are lateral outgrowths that protect buds. The petiole or mesopodium is the stalk that connects the lamina or epipodium, which is the largest and most important green part of the leaf responsible for photosynthesis. Leaves can be petiolate with a petiole or sessile without one.
Wood water relationships
Relationship between wood either live or in lumber form and water.
Vital terminologies related to wood - water relationships
Wood Seasoning
Seasoning : Definition/Types/Behavior of wood on seasoning/Stacking timber /Seasoning sheds and kilns/Compartment and progressive kilns
Recommended
Reaction wood
Reaction wood forms in trees in response to gravitational stimuli that cause stems or branches to bend or lean. There are two types of reaction wood - tension wood in angiosperms and compression wood in gymnosperms. Tension wood forms on the upper side of leaning branches and stems and has high cellulose content, helping pull the branch upwards. Compression wood forms on the lower side and has high lignin, helping straighten and compress the leaning area. The formation of reaction wood helps maintain the angle of bent or leaning parts of trees through its differing mechanical properties compared to normal wood.
Wood anatomy and structure , wood and its products
This document provides an overview of wood structure and anatomy at different structural levels from gross to microscopic. It discusses the gross structure of wood including heartwood, sapwood, growth rings, and defects. It then covers the microstructure of wood including different cell types in softwoods and hardwoods such as tracheids, fibres, vessels, and parenchyma. Specific features of softwood and hardwood microstructure are described along with cell wall features, extractives in heartwood, and reaction wood.
Wood anatomy
introduction
ontogeny of secondary vascular tissues
growth rings
heart wood
types of heart wood
sap wood
wood parenchyma
Wood
The document discusses different types of wood. It defines wood as a hard, fibrous tissue found in tree stems and roots. Wood consists mainly of secondary xylem and may contain some primary xylem and pith. There are two main types of wood - sapwood and heartwood. Sapwood is lighter in color and contains living cells and food reserves, while heartwood is darker and contains substances like oils, gums, and resins. The document also describes different cell types found in wood, including fibers, tracheids, vessels, and parenchyma, as well as forms of cell wall thickening and structures like tyloses and annual rings.
Vascular cambium gurpreet s
The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem that increases the diameter of stems and roots through secondary growth. It is composed of fusiform initials that divide to form vertical tissues and ray initials that form horizontal tissues. In dicots, intrafascicular cambium initially develops within vascular bundles and interfascicular cambium develops between bundles, eventually joining to form a complete cambial ring. The cambium divides to produce secondary xylem internally and secondary phloem externally. Its seasonal activity varies the structure of the tissues produced.
Morphology of leaf
This document summarizes the morphology and parts of a typical leaf. A leaf is a thin, green, photosynthetic structure borne at nodes on stems. The main parts of a leaf include the hypopodium or leaf base, which attaches to the stem. Some leaves have stipules, which are lateral outgrowths that protect buds. The petiole or mesopodium is the stalk that connects the lamina or epipodium, which is the largest and most important green part of the leaf responsible for photosynthesis. Leaves can be petiolate with a petiole or sessile without one.
Wood water relationships
Relationship between wood either live or in lumber form and water.
Vital terminologies related to wood - water relationships
Wood Seasoning
Seasoning : Definition/Types/Behavior of wood on seasoning/Stacking timber /Seasoning sheds and kilns/Compartment and progressive kilns
Wood-Types, properties & Importance
This presentation intends to explore the different attributes of wood along with its diversity & properties.
Minor Forest Products (MFPs)
Minor Forest Products: Non-timber forest products [NTFPs] are known also as minor forest produce (MFP) or non-wood forest produce (NWFP). The minor forest produce can be further categorized into tubers, medicinal plants, fiber & floss, resins, edible plants, bamboo, reeds and grasses,
Tannin yielding plants
A comprehensive presentation about tannin , tannin yielding plants and plant parts from where they are obtained.
Use full for forestry students and others who want to know about non wood forest products.
Sciophytes
Sciophytes, or shade-loving plants, have developed several anatomical, morphological, and physiological adaptations to low light conditions. They tend to have larger, thinner leaves with more chlorophyll to maximize light absorption. Their foliage often remains evergreen to capture light during winter. Sciophytes generally prefer acid, organic-rich soil and can be found in humid or poorly drained areas. While some tolerate only full shade, others need some sun to flower but perform best in partial shade. Their adaptations allow sciophytes to efficiently utilize the limited sunlight available on forest floors.
Nodal Anatomy
The document discusses nodal anatomy in plants. It defines a leaf gap as the area along the stem where phloem and xylem diverge from the vascular cylinder and enter the base of a leaf. It also mentions that leaves can be trilacunar, with stipules, or multilacunar, with a leaf sheath. The document examines the anatomy above, at, and below the node.
Economic aspects of anatomy
There Are Occasions When Herbarium Botanists Find That It Is Difficult To Assign A Particular Species Or Genus To A Family.
General Affinities Are Suspected But There Is Insufficient Evidence For Them To Place A Taxon In A Particular Family.
Additional Anatomical Evidence May Be Of Help And There Are Many Times When Little Extra Helpful Information Comes From The Anatomy.
Forest protection
Heart rot is a fungal disease that causes decay of the heartwood in tree trunks and branches. Fungi enter through wounds in the bark and slowly decay the inner wood, weakening the structural integrity of the tree. This can cause branches and trunks to break. Heart rot has major economic and environmental impacts. It causes significant losses to the logging industry by damaging timber. In forests, trees weakened by heart rot are more susceptible to disturbances and allow new growth, changing the forest environment over time. Heart rot is diagnosed through visual examination of symptoms and signs like mushrooms or decayed wood.
Structure, Development & Function of Periderm
A group of secondary tissues forming a protective layer which replaces the epidermis of many plant stems, roots, and other parts.
Although periderm may develop in leaves and fruits, its main function is to protects stems and roots.
The periderm consists of three different layers:
Phelloderm
Phellogen (cork cambium)
Phellem (cork)
Its main function is to protect the underlying tissues from:
Desiccation
Freezing
Heat injury
Mechanical destruction
Disease
Loss of epidermis.
Bounding tissue restricting the pathogen & insects.
Allowing gaseous exchange through lenticels.
Important fire wood and timber yielding plant 1. dalbergia sissoo 2. a...
This document summarizes three important firewood and timber yielding plants: Dalbergia sissoo, Terminalia arjuna, and Mangifera indica. It provides details on the classification, habitat, morphology, wood properties, and uses of each plant. Dalbergia sissoo is used widely for furniture and construction in North India. Terminalia arjuna has medicinal properties and is used to treat heart and lung conditions. Mangifera indica wood is used for rotary veneer, plywood, furniture, and other wood products in India.
Silviculture-Gen.ppt
This document discusses forest and forestry terms, including the definitions of forest, forestry, silviculture, and silvics. It provides several definitions of silviculture from different authors over time, showing it deals with the establishment, development, care and reproduction of forest stands. Silviculture is a branch of forestry and applies the principles of forest ecology to manage stands for objectives like timber production or wildlife habitat. The document also discusses how silviculture relates to other forestry disciplines and is influenced by locality factors like climate, soil, topography and biotic conditions that impact tree growth.
Anomalous forms of growth
Alternative type of cambium show abnormal activity and produce alternative secondary bodies that differ from common type, their growth is called anomalous secondary growth.
There is two types of anomalous secondary
Growth;
Abnormal growth from normal cambium in dicot
Abnormal growth from abnormal cambium in monocot
Ginko
- Ginkgo biloba is an ancient tree species known as a living fossil. It is one of the oldest seed plant species still in existence today.
- The tree has distinctive fan-shaped leaves and produces seeds and cones. It is dioecious, with separate male and female trees.
- Ginkgo biloba has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and its extracts may help with conditions like vertigo and cerebral insufficiency. It is also considered a sacred tree in some Asian cultures.
PHLOEM.pptx
The phloem is a living tissue that transports organic nutrients throughout the plant. It is composed of sieve elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and sometimes phloem fibers. Sieve elements include sieve tubes and sieve cells, which have perforated walls that allow nutrients to pass between cells. Companion cells are associated with and support the sieve elements. Phloem parenchyma stores nutrients and phloem fibers provide structure and strength. Together these components transport food from leaves to other plant parts.
Root apex
This document summarizes theories of root apex organization. It defines the root apex as the region where primary tissues are derived and composed of apical meristem cells. Two historical theories are described: 1) The Apical Cell Theory proposed a single apical cell governs growth but was later replaced. 2) The Korper-Kappe Theory proposed cells divide in two planes, with one zone resembling an inverted T and the other a straight T, similar to the tunica-corpus model of shoot apices. However, this theory also fails to fully explain differences between species.
Annual ring and wood
1. Annual rings in plants are formed due to seasonal variations in the activity of vascular cambium. Spring wood formed during periods of high cambium activity is lighter in color and more porous than autumn wood.
2. One annual ring is formed each year, consisting of one ring of spring wood and one of autumn wood. Counting the number of annual rings can determine the age of the tree.
3. Annual rings are most distinct in temperate deciduous trees, and least distinct in tropical plants and trees near the seashore with constant climates.
Major firewood and timber yielding plants
The document summarizes several major firewood and timber yielding plants found in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It provides the botanical name, common name, family, description, and uses for 18 different plants. Some of the key species discussed include Tectona grandis (teak), used widely for furniture making; Dalbergia sisso (Indian rosewood) used for construction, musical instruments and furniture; and Shorea robusta (sal tree) which provides a hard and durable wood used locally as a fuel source.
Silvicultural characteristics of three tree species on temperate region bish...
This document summarizes the silvicultural characteristics of three tree species found in temperate forests of Nepal: Pinus wallichiana (blue pine), Quercus semecarpifolia (khasru oak), and Taxus baccata (Himalayan yew). It describes the key characteristics of each species, including physical descriptions, natural distributions, tolerance to shade, drought, frost and fire, soil preferences, and ability to coppice or sucker. The document concludes that understanding the silvicultural needs of each species is essential for their successful regeneration in temperate forest management.
Abnormal secondary growth in dicot stem
1. The document discusses various types of anomalous structures that can occur in dicot stems, including the presence of medullary or cortical bundles, absence of vessels, abnormal cambium activity, presence of phloem bundles or scattered vascular bundles, and presence of interxylary or included phloem.
2. It provides examples of these anomalies in specific plants like Boerhaavia, Achyranthus, Bignonia, Amaranthus, Mirabilis, and Leptadenia. In these plants, the anomalous structures arise due to abnormal primary structure, abnormal secondary growth, or abnormal cambium behavior.
3. The secondary growth in some plants like Boerhaavia, Achyran
Role of morphology in plant classification
Morphology, especially floral characters, forms the foundation of plant taxonomy and classification systems because morphological characters are easily observable without sophisticated lab equipment. Floral characters are preferred over vegetative characters for classification since vegetative traits are more susceptible to environmental influences and variability within species. Classification systems are based on morphological features of plants such as growth form, leaves, reproductive structures, fruits, seeds, and microscopic traits.
Anamalous secondary growth
This document discusses anomalous secondary growth in plants. It begins by defining anomalous secondary growth as a deviation from normal cambial activity in dicots. There are two types of anomalous growth: adaptive and non-adaptive. Adaptive growth includes woody climbers, while non-adaptive includes plants like Rumex and Chenopodium.
The document then describes two types of anomalous secondary growth: 1) abnormal behavior of the normal cambium and 2) abnormal behavior of an abnormal cambium. In type 1, the cambium forms vascular tissue only in bundle regions or produces more vascular tissue in bundles, seen in plants like Cucurbita and Bignonia. In type 2, accessory cambia form rings of vascular bundles
Timber ppt-1
This document discusses various topics related to timber, including:
- Definitions of timber, wood, and lumber
- Classification of trees as endogenous or exogenous
- Seasoning of timber through natural, kiln, chemical, or electric methods
- Common uses of timber in construction and manufacturing
- Defects in timber like heart shakes, star shakes, and knots
- Deterioration of timber through decay, insects, and fire
- Methods of preserving timber through oily and water-soluble preservatives applied by painting, dipping, or pressure processes
Tamarind varieties and processing
The document discusses several varieties of tamarind trees, including PKM-1 and Urigam, and describes the composition and uses of tamarind pulp, such as in concentrates, powders, beverages, and products like jam, pickle, syrup and candy. It also outlines post-harvest processing techniques for tamarind, including methods to extract, concentrate and separate components like pectin, tartarates and alcohol from tamarind pulp.
More Related Content
What's hot
Wood-Types, properties & Importance
This presentation intends to explore the different attributes of wood along with its diversity & properties.
Minor Forest Products (MFPs)
Minor Forest Products: Non-timber forest products [NTFPs] are known also as minor forest produce (MFP) or non-wood forest produce (NWFP). The minor forest produce can be further categorized into tubers, medicinal plants, fiber & floss, resins, edible plants, bamboo, reeds and grasses,
Tannin yielding plants
A comprehensive presentation about tannin , tannin yielding plants and plant parts from where they are obtained.
Use full for forestry students and others who want to know about non wood forest products.
Sciophytes
Sciophytes, or shade-loving plants, have developed several anatomical, morphological, and physiological adaptations to low light conditions. They tend to have larger, thinner leaves with more chlorophyll to maximize light absorption. Their foliage often remains evergreen to capture light during winter. Sciophytes generally prefer acid, organic-rich soil and can be found in humid or poorly drained areas. While some tolerate only full shade, others need some sun to flower but perform best in partial shade. Their adaptations allow sciophytes to efficiently utilize the limited sunlight available on forest floors.
Nodal Anatomy
The document discusses nodal anatomy in plants. It defines a leaf gap as the area along the stem where phloem and xylem diverge from the vascular cylinder and enter the base of a leaf. It also mentions that leaves can be trilacunar, with stipules, or multilacunar, with a leaf sheath. The document examines the anatomy above, at, and below the node.
Economic aspects of anatomy
There Are Occasions When Herbarium Botanists Find That It Is Difficult To Assign A Particular Species Or Genus To A Family.
General Affinities Are Suspected But There Is Insufficient Evidence For Them To Place A Taxon In A Particular Family.
Additional Anatomical Evidence May Be Of Help And There Are Many Times When Little Extra Helpful Information Comes From The Anatomy.
Forest protection
Heart rot is a fungal disease that causes decay of the heartwood in tree trunks and branches. Fungi enter through wounds in the bark and slowly decay the inner wood, weakening the structural integrity of the tree. This can cause branches and trunks to break. Heart rot has major economic and environmental impacts. It causes significant losses to the logging industry by damaging timber. In forests, trees weakened by heart rot are more susceptible to disturbances and allow new growth, changing the forest environment over time. Heart rot is diagnosed through visual examination of symptoms and signs like mushrooms or decayed wood.
Structure, Development & Function of Periderm
A group of secondary tissues forming a protective layer which replaces the epidermis of many plant stems, roots, and other parts.
Although periderm may develop in leaves and fruits, its main function is to protects stems and roots.
The periderm consists of three different layers:
Phelloderm
Phellogen (cork cambium)
Phellem (cork)
Its main function is to protect the underlying tissues from:
Desiccation
Freezing
Heat injury
Mechanical destruction
Disease
Loss of epidermis.
Bounding tissue restricting the pathogen & insects.
Allowing gaseous exchange through lenticels.
Important fire wood and timber yielding plant 1. dalbergia sissoo 2. a...
This document summarizes three important firewood and timber yielding plants: Dalbergia sissoo, Terminalia arjuna, and Mangifera indica. It provides details on the classification, habitat, morphology, wood properties, and uses of each plant. Dalbergia sissoo is used widely for furniture and construction in North India. Terminalia arjuna has medicinal properties and is used to treat heart and lung conditions. Mangifera indica wood is used for rotary veneer, plywood, furniture, and other wood products in India.
Silviculture-Gen.ppt
This document discusses forest and forestry terms, including the definitions of forest, forestry, silviculture, and silvics. It provides several definitions of silviculture from different authors over time, showing it deals with the establishment, development, care and reproduction of forest stands. Silviculture is a branch of forestry and applies the principles of forest ecology to manage stands for objectives like timber production or wildlife habitat. The document also discusses how silviculture relates to other forestry disciplines and is influenced by locality factors like climate, soil, topography and biotic conditions that impact tree growth.
Anomalous forms of growth
Alternative type of cambium show abnormal activity and produce alternative secondary bodies that differ from common type, their growth is called anomalous secondary growth.
There is two types of anomalous secondary
Growth;
Abnormal growth from normal cambium in dicot
Abnormal growth from abnormal cambium in monocot
Ginko
- Ginkgo biloba is an ancient tree species known as a living fossil. It is one of the oldest seed plant species still in existence today.
- The tree has distinctive fan-shaped leaves and produces seeds and cones. It is dioecious, with separate male and female trees.
- Ginkgo biloba has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and its extracts may help with conditions like vertigo and cerebral insufficiency. It is also considered a sacred tree in some Asian cultures.
PHLOEM.pptx
The phloem is a living tissue that transports organic nutrients throughout the plant. It is composed of sieve elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and sometimes phloem fibers. Sieve elements include sieve tubes and sieve cells, which have perforated walls that allow nutrients to pass between cells. Companion cells are associated with and support the sieve elements. Phloem parenchyma stores nutrients and phloem fibers provide structure and strength. Together these components transport food from leaves to other plant parts.
Root apex
This document summarizes theories of root apex organization. It defines the root apex as the region where primary tissues are derived and composed of apical meristem cells. Two historical theories are described: 1) The Apical Cell Theory proposed a single apical cell governs growth but was later replaced. 2) The Korper-Kappe Theory proposed cells divide in two planes, with one zone resembling an inverted T and the other a straight T, similar to the tunica-corpus model of shoot apices. However, this theory also fails to fully explain differences between species.
Annual ring and wood
1. Annual rings in plants are formed due to seasonal variations in the activity of vascular cambium. Spring wood formed during periods of high cambium activity is lighter in color and more porous than autumn wood.
2. One annual ring is formed each year, consisting of one ring of spring wood and one of autumn wood. Counting the number of annual rings can determine the age of the tree.
3. Annual rings are most distinct in temperate deciduous trees, and least distinct in tropical plants and trees near the seashore with constant climates.
Major firewood and timber yielding plants
The document summarizes several major firewood and timber yielding plants found in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It provides the botanical name, common name, family, description, and uses for 18 different plants. Some of the key species discussed include Tectona grandis (teak), used widely for furniture making; Dalbergia sisso (Indian rosewood) used for construction, musical instruments and furniture; and Shorea robusta (sal tree) which provides a hard and durable wood used locally as a fuel source.
Silvicultural characteristics of three tree species on temperate region bish...
This document summarizes the silvicultural characteristics of three tree species found in temperate forests of Nepal: Pinus wallichiana (blue pine), Quercus semecarpifolia (khasru oak), and Taxus baccata (Himalayan yew). It describes the key characteristics of each species, including physical descriptions, natural distributions, tolerance to shade, drought, frost and fire, soil preferences, and ability to coppice or sucker. The document concludes that understanding the silvicultural needs of each species is essential for their successful regeneration in temperate forest management.
Abnormal secondary growth in dicot stem
1. The document discusses various types of anomalous structures that can occur in dicot stems, including the presence of medullary or cortical bundles, absence of vessels, abnormal cambium activity, presence of phloem bundles or scattered vascular bundles, and presence of interxylary or included phloem.
2. It provides examples of these anomalies in specific plants like Boerhaavia, Achyranthus, Bignonia, Amaranthus, Mirabilis, and Leptadenia. In these plants, the anomalous structures arise due to abnormal primary structure, abnormal secondary growth, or abnormal cambium behavior.
3. The secondary growth in some plants like Boerhaavia, Achyran
Role of morphology in plant classification
Morphology, especially floral characters, forms the foundation of plant taxonomy and classification systems because morphological characters are easily observable without sophisticated lab equipment. Floral characters are preferred over vegetative characters for classification since vegetative traits are more susceptible to environmental influences and variability within species. Classification systems are based on morphological features of plants such as growth form, leaves, reproductive structures, fruits, seeds, and microscopic traits.
Anamalous secondary growth
This document discusses anomalous secondary growth in plants. It begins by defining anomalous secondary growth as a deviation from normal cambial activity in dicots. There are two types of anomalous growth: adaptive and non-adaptive. Adaptive growth includes woody climbers, while non-adaptive includes plants like Rumex and Chenopodium.
The document then describes two types of anomalous secondary growth: 1) abnormal behavior of the normal cambium and 2) abnormal behavior of an abnormal cambium. In type 1, the cambium forms vascular tissue only in bundle regions or produces more vascular tissue in bundles, seen in plants like Cucurbita and Bignonia. In type 2, accessory cambia form rings of vascular bundles
What's hot (20)
Important fire wood and timber yielding plant 1. dalbergia sissoo 2. a...
Important fire wood and timber yielding plant 1. dalbergia sissoo 2. a...
Silvicultural characteristics of three tree species on temperate region bish...
Silvicultural characteristics of three tree species on temperate region bish...
Viewers also liked
Timber ppt-1
This document discusses various topics related to timber, including:
- Definitions of timber, wood, and lumber
- Classification of trees as endogenous or exogenous
- Seasoning of timber through natural, kiln, chemical, or electric methods
- Common uses of timber in construction and manufacturing
- Defects in timber like heart shakes, star shakes, and knots
- Deterioration of timber through decay, insects, and fire
- Methods of preserving timber through oily and water-soluble preservatives applied by painting, dipping, or pressure processes
Tamarind varieties and processing
The document discusses several varieties of tamarind trees, including PKM-1 and Urigam, and describes the composition and uses of tamarind pulp, such as in concentrates, powders, beverages, and products like jam, pickle, syrup and candy. It also outlines post-harvest processing techniques for tamarind, including methods to extract, concentrate and separate components like pectin, tartarates and alcohol from tamarind pulp.
Tamarind
This document summarizes information about tamarind, including its botanical classification, origin in Eastern Tropical Africa, importance in India as a multipurpose tree, major producer countries, and key constituents. It also describes six important tamarind varieties, highlighting their yields, parentage, recommended states, and salient features. Finally, it lists some local tamarind selections from India and references additional resources on tamarind research.
production technology of tamarind
tamarind is regarded as a multipurpose tree. It is widely used as a spice crop for seasoning of food and may also be consumed either fresh or as a processed product. In India the commercial cultivation is mainly done in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra, also in some other states but to a lesser extent. It is also grown as a homestead crop in many regions of the country. this presentation deals with the propagation aspects of the crop because although seed propagation is successful, there are vegetative methods of propagation which can be carried out in order to get a better plant
Tamarindus indica (Tamarind)
Tamarind is a plant with various parts that are used in herbal medicine. It contains organic acids, vitamins, minerals, fats, and other compounds. Its uses include as a laxative, for weight loss, and as an antioxidant. It has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral properties. Tamarind can interact with anti-diabetic drugs and blood glucose levels, so monitoring is recommended when using it. Potential side effects include increased bleeding risk when combined with other drugs and lowering blood sugar levels.
Variability in tamerind
This document summarizes variability in the tamarind tree (Tamarindus indica). It describes the tree's morphology, origin in tropical Africa, and widespread cultivation. It discusses classification based on fruit size/shape, pulp color, and taste. Improved varieties from India with traits like high yield, early fruiting, and sweet pulp are outlined. Studies finding genetic variability among local genotypes from South India using molecular markers and morphological traits are summarized. The importance of identifying variability for the economically valuable and multi-purpose tamarind is noted.
Viewers also liked (7)
Similar to Gross features and minute stucture of temarindus indica
Wood(1).pptx
Timber refers to wood suitable for building or engineering purposes. It is used to make furniture, packaging, tools, toys and other wood products. Timber comes from the trunks of trees and is composed of heartwood, sapwood, and bark. Softwoods and hardwoods have different characteristics like weight, color, strength properties. For timber to be of good quality, it needs properties like being free from defects, uniform color, and clear ringing sound. Seasoning reduces the moisture content in wood to prevent warping. Preservation methods like painting, tarring and chemical treatment protect timber from fire, fungi and insect attacks. Common wood products include veneer, plywood and other composite wood materials.
Timber
Timber is one of the oldest construction materials. It has several qualities including being a natural, renewable resource with satisfactory engineering properties. Timber is workable, durable, and can withstand fire better than other materials like steel or concrete. Trees grow either endogenously, increasing in height only, or exogenously, increasing in both height and diameter. Most structural timber comes from exogenously growing trees. Wood is composed of cells and cell walls. The arrangement and properties of wood cells can vary between species and impact the characteristics of the timber.
Timber
The document summarizes the structure of a tree from the macroscopic level. It discusses that a tree consists of a trunk, crown, and roots. It then describes the main macroscopic components of a tree's structure: the pith, heartwood, sapwood, cambium layer, inner bark, outer bark, and medullary rays. The pith is at the center and nourishes the young tree, while the heartwood and sapwood make up the woody tissue, with the heartwood being the inner, non-living portions and the sapwood being the outer, actively growing portions. The cambium layer separates the sapwood from the inner bark and is responsible for growth.
Timber
Timber comes from trees and is classified as softwood or hardwood. Softwood comes from coniferous trees and hardwood from deciduous trees. Timber has micro and macro structures and can develop defects from conversion, fungi, insects, seasoning or natural forces. There are various wood products created through processes like veneering, plywood production, and impregnation of timber with resins. Proper seasoning and preservation of timber is required to improve its properties and increase durability.
Timber - A Construction Material
Timber comes from wood obtained from trees and is suitable for construction and other purposes. There are two main types of trees - exogenous and endogenous - with exogenous trees like conifers and deciduous trees most suitable for engineering. Timber has a macro structure visible to the eye like the pith, heartwood, and sapwood, as well as a micro structure only visible at high magnifications. Seasoning removes sap from fresh timber to make it stronger, lighter, and more durable. Common seasoning methods include natural, kiln, chemical and water seasoning. Timber is used widely in construction and manufacturing and can be preserved from damage using treatments like tar, paints, and chemical salts.
Lab report adherend
Six species of wood in light, medium and heavy hardwood category.
Characteristics of the wood such as color, shape of pore, density range etc.
The physical properties of wood that affect adhesive bonding
Softwood and Hardwood
Hardwoods come from angiosperms and have broad leaves, while softwoods come from conifers and are needle-leaved. The key anatomical differences are that hardwoods have vessels (pores) and a greater diversity of cell types like fibers, rays, and parenchyma. Softwoods mainly consist of long tracheids that perform conductive and mechanical functions, along with some parenchyma cells. Rays are usually only one cell wide in softwoods, while softwoods also contain resin canals.
This presentation is about wood structure
Here you will be able to learn about wood and its necessary details. You will get information about the anatomy of wood and details about soft and hard wood.
Timber.pptx
This Presentation Serves the detailing on the properties, types, seasoning, defects advantages and applications of timber along with other materials.
Timber and its theory
The document describes the different parts of a tree and the seasoning process for wood. It discusses the pith, heartwood, sapwood, cambium layer, inner bark, outer bark, and medullary rays that make up a tree. It then explains artificial seasoning techniques like boiling, chemical, and electrical seasoning and natural seasoning. Finally, it outlines defects that can occur in timber due to natural forces, defective seasoning, or fungi/insect attacks.
WOOD AND SEASONING OF WOOD
Wood is a porous and fibrous material found in trees and plants. It is composed of cellulose fibers and is classified as hardwood, softwood, or fiberboard. Hardwoods come from broad-leaved trees and are dark in color, slow growing, and more expensive than softwoods, which come from conifer trees. Fiberboard is a manufactured wood made by breaking fibers down and bonding them. Wood needs to be seasoned to remove moisture and prevent cracking, shrinking, and fungal growth. Seasoning can be done naturally by air drying or artificially in a kiln for faster drying. Preservatives are treated to wood to protect it from insects and fungi and increase its lifespan. Common preservative
Timber by nishant raj kapoor
This document provides an overview of timber, including its properties, classification, processing, defects, and preservation. Some key points:
- Timber refers to wood suitable for construction, while lumber is sawn wood for building. Trees are classified as softwood or hardwood.
- Timber processing involves felling trees at the proper age and season, seasoning to remove moisture via natural or artificial drying methods, and conversion through sawing.
- Defects in timber can occur from fungi, insects, weathering or seasoning issues. Proper storage and preservation methods like tar, paints or chemicals can protect timber from degradation.
- The document outlines various Indian timber trees and discusses factors that affect timber
Timber_Lect_1.pptx
The document discusses timber/wood as a building material. It covers the structural properties of timber, engineered wood products, and types of timber trusses. It then discusses the environmental and design advantages of timber, including its renewability, carbon storage, and aesthetic appeal. Limitations around pest vulnerability, shrinkage/swelling, and flammability are also covered. The document provides details on the classification, properties, and sources of various timbers.
Wood
P.P.T. Describes difference between wood and timber. The content in the Presentation are very useful.
Utilization ppt
The document discusses various wood properties including physical, chemical and mechanical properties and describes different types of wood and their uses. It also outlines common woodworking machines used in carpentry like lathes, saws, drills and their functions. Safety tips are provided for operating woodworking machinery to avoid injuries.
lecture 1.pptx
This document provides information about wooden containers. It begins by defining wood as a porous and fibrous material found in plants that has been used for thousands of years for fuel, household items, construction, and containers. The document then classifies wood into natural wood and engineered wood. Natural wood is further classified into hardwood and softwood. Examples of hardwoods include oak, maple, mahogany, and cherry, while examples of softwoods include pine and cedar. Engineered wood products are also discussed, including plywood, veneers, and their uses in construction. The document concludes by covering identification, quality control, mechanical properties, chemical properties, and other characteristics of wood.
Bark 6
This document discusses different types of wood. It defines wood and describes its structure including fibers, tracheids, vessels, and medullary rays. It then summarizes key details about three specific woods:
Quassia wood is obtained from Picrasma excelsa and Quassia amara trees. It has a bitter taste and contains compounds like picrasmin that are used as insecticides.
Guaiacum wood comes from Guaiacum officinale and Guaiacum sanctum trees. It contains resins and gives a blue color in a chemical test. It has anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic properties.
Sandal wood is obtained from Santalum album trees
Types of wood with examples
the shade of the wooden designs is white with a pinkish or yellowish tinge. the core rays are slim, vary satisfactory within the radial segment. the once a year layers differ badly. timber within reason hard, homogeneous in density, nicely processed. it has a extraordinary resistance to splitting, easily lends itself to imitation of valuable rocks, is well coloured and polished, soaked with antiseptics. birch wood is prone to warping and rot. the maximum treasured for the manufacture of parquet is the Karelian birch, which has a particularly cute texture and color.
Similar to Gross features and minute stucture of temarindus indica (20)
Home Economics Literacy-Carpentry and Masonry.pptx
Home Economics Literacy-Carpentry and Masonry.pptx
Recently uploaded
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.Recently uploaded (20)
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
Gross features and minute stucture of temarindus indica
- 1. Presented by Md. Norul Bashar Tamarindus indica
- 2. Gross feature is the out look of a tree.Actually gross features are the properties of a wood that can be determined without microscope or magnifier.Gross features are in general two kinds- 1. Gross structure feature 2. Gross physical feature Gross structure features: a. Growth increment b. Early wood and late wood c. Sap wood and heart wood
- 3. Gross physical features: a. Colour b. Luster c. Odor d. Taste e. Texture f. Weight g. Hardness h. Grain i. Figure
- 4. Gross Features Colour : Wood is yellowish white but central portion is chocolate in colour . Luster : Luster is the ability of a wood to reflect light.It is a lustrous wood. Odor : Wood is odorless.Odor generally become fade with time. Taste : It has no taste.
- 5. Texture : Texture is medium fine. Grain : Curly grain wood. Weight : Heavy wood. Green wood 881kg/m³ dry 753kg/m³ Hardness : Harness is also related with weight.Generally heavier woods become harder. Figure : Figure is the ornamental marking or design on the longitudinal surface of wood. Gross features
- 6. Figure: Three Section Of Tamarindus indica
- 7. Vessel Element : Actually vessel elements are pores when viewed on the cross section of a wood.The cross section of a Tamarindus indica is diffuse porous Some pore fill with gummy deposits or tyloses.There are two kinds of vessel elements. 1. Ring porous 2. Diffuse porous 1 . Vessel Element 2 . Fibers 3 . Parenchyma Figure: Diffuse porous
- 8. Fibers : Fibers are polygonal in cross section,very thick walled,not arranged in radial tiers. There are two kinds of fibers. 1. Fiber Tracheids 2. Libriform fibers. Fiber Tracheids : Fiber Tracheids are generally relatively thick walled fibrous cells with pointed ends border pits. Libriform fibers : Libriform fibers differ from fiber Tracheids in possessing simple pit. Minute Structure
- 9. Parenchyma : Parenchyma are composed of more or less isodiametric cells.There are two kinds of parenchyma. 1. Strand parenchyma 2. Ray parenchyma Parenchyma of Tamarindus indica is strand 2-4 cells mostly 3. Minute Structure
- 10. Fruit Medicine Religious Uses Furniture Ornamental
- 11. Anatomical Features of 42 lesser used or unused wood Wood species of Bangladesh. Bulletin No.14 Morton, Julia F. (1987). Fruits of Warm Climates. Wipf and Stock Publishers. http://www.floridata.com
- 12. Thank You