Ppt on chrysanthemum

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SUBMITTED TO:-
Dr. S.K PALAI
ASSO. PROF(FLORICULTURE)
SUBMITTED BY:-
B.ARPITA
ADM. NO. :- 12C/10
B.Sc. Ag (4 th yr)
PROTECTED CULTIVATION
OF
CHRYSANTHEMUM

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INTRODUCTION:
-
 YEAR ROUND PRODUCTION IS
POSSIBLE AS THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR SUCCESSFUL CULTIVATION
CAN BE MET UNDER CONTROLLED
PRODUCTION SYSTEM.
 CULTIVATION IS CARRIED OUT
UNDER A POLYHOUSE WITH INSECT
PROOF NETTING AND USING UV

COMMON NAME:-
CHRYSANTHEMUM
GLORRY OF EAST
QUEEN OF EAST
AUTUMN QUEEN
GULDAUDI
POT MUM
S.N.:Dendranthema grandiflora
FAMILY : ASTERACEAE
ORIGIN : SOUTH EUROPE
CH.NO. : X=9
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HISTORY :-
 THE FLORISTS' POTTED CHRYSANTHEMUM IS A COMPLEX
HYBRID COMPOSED OF CROSSES AMONG SEVERAL ANNUAL
AND PERENNIAL SPECIES NATIVE TO CHINA.
THOUGH GROWN BY THE CHINESE FOR OVER 2000 YEARS,
CULTIVARS WERE NOT AVAILABLE IN EUROPE UNTIL THE
1800S.
IN THE UNITED STATES AROUND 1889, ELMER D. SMITH
HYBRIDIZED AND NAMED OVER 500 CULTIVARS.
 HOWEVER, REAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE
CHRYSANTHEMUM AS A POT CROP HAS OCCURRED SINCE
THE 1940'S.
 THE CHRYSANTHEMUM USED IN POT CULTURE TODAY IS A
HARDY OR SEMI-HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIAL WITH
FLOWERS IN A WIDE RANGE OF COLORS.

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1. IRREGULAR INCURVE :-
 THESE ARE THE GIANT BLOOMS OF THE
CHRYSANTHEMUM GENUS. THE FLORETS
(PETALS) LOOSELY INCURVE AND MAKE FULLY
CLOSED CENTERS. THE LOWER FLORETS
PRESENT AN IRREGULAR APPEARANCE AND
MAY GIVE A SKIRTED EFFECT.
 BOLA DE ORO (1992)
 FLOWER SIZE: 6-8 INCHES.
 FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN AS
A DISBUD, PLANT MODERATELY SHORT.
TYPES OF CHRYSANTHEMUM

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2. REFLEX :-
 THE FLORETS IN THIS CLASS
CURVE DOWNWARD AND OVERLAP,
SIMILAR TO BIRD PLUMAGE. THE
TOPS OF THESE BLOOMS ARE FULL,
BUT SOMEWHAT FLATTENED.
 DOREEN STATHAM (1995)
FLOWER SIZE: 4-6 INCHES.
FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS:
GROWN AS A DISBUD, PLANT
MEDIUM HEIGHT.

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3 .REGULAR INCURVE :-
 A TRUE GLOBULAR BLOOM EQUAL
IN BREADTH AND DEPTH. THE
FLORETS SMOOTHLY INCURVE AND
FORM A BALL.
 HEATHER JAMES (1972)
MODERATELY SHORT.

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4 .DECORATIVE :-
 A FLATTENED BLOOM WITH SHORT
PETALS. AS IN CLASSES 1-3 THE CENTER
DISK SHOULD NOT BE VISIBLE. THE
UPPER FLORETS TEND TO INCURVE,
BUT THE LOWER PETALS GENERALLY
REFLEX.
 CHIME (1994)
FLOWER SIZE: 5 INCHES OR
GREATER
GROWN AS A POT MUM OR DISBUD,
PLANT HEIGHT SHORT.

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5 . INTERMEDIATE
INCURVE :-
 THIS BLOOM CLASS IS SMALLER THAN
THE IRREGULAR INCURVE, WITH
SHORTER FLORETS, ONLY PARTIALLY
INCURVING WITH FULL CENTERS, BUT
GIVING A MORE OPEN
APPEARANCE. MANY OF THE POPULAR
COMMERCIAL INCURVING TYPES ARE IN
THIS INTERMEDIATE CLASS.
 BOB DEAR (1986)
FLOWER SIZE: 6 INCHES OR GREATER.
GROWN AS A DISBUD, PLANT MEDIUM
HEIGHT.

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6 .POMPON :-
 A SMALL GLOBULAR BLOOM,
SOMEWHAT FLAT WHEN YOUNG BUT
FULLY ROUND WHEN MATURE. SIZE
RANGES FROM SMALL BUTTON TYPES TO
LARGE DISBUDDED BLOOMS ALMOST 4
INCHES IN DIAMETER. THE FLORETS
INCURVE OR REFLEX IN A REGULAR
MANNER AND FULLY CONCEAL THE
CENTER.
 LAKESIDE (1972)
FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS :
GROWN AS A SPRAY, PLANT HEIGHT TALL.

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7 . SINGLE AND SEMI-DOUBLE :-
 A DAISY-LIKE FLOWER WITH A CENTER
DISK AND ONE OR MORE ROWS OF RAY
FLORETS.
 CRIMSON GLORY (1978)
FLOWER SIZE: GREATER THAN 4
INCHES.
FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN
AS A DISBUD OR SPRAY, PLANT MEDIUM
HEIGHT.

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8 . ANEMONE :-
 THESE BLOOMS ARE SIMILAR
TO THE SEMI-DOUBLES, BUT
HAVE A RAISED CUSHION-LIKE
CENTER.
 DOROTHY MECHEN (1987)
FLOWER SIZE: GREATER THAN 4
INCHES.
MEDIUM HEIGHT.

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9 .SPOON :-
 ESSENTIALLY THE SAME AS THE
SEMI-DOUBLE, EXCEPT THE RAY
FLORETS ARE LIKE SPOONS AT THE
TIPS. THE CENTER DISK IS ROUND
AND VISIBLE.
 KIMIE (1956)
FLOWER SIZE: 4 INCHES OR
GREATER.
GROWN AS A DISBUD OR SPRAY,
PLANT HEIGHT TALL.

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10.QUILL :-
 THE FLORETS IN THIS CLASS ARE
STRAIGHT AND TUBULAR WITH
OPEN TIPS. THE BLOOM IS FULLY
DOUBLE WITH NO OPEN CENTER.
 SEATONS TOFFEE (1996)
 FLOWER SIZE: 6 INCHES OR
GREATER.
 FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS:
HEIGHT MEDIUM.

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11.SPIDER :-
 SPIDERS HAVE LONG TUBULAR RAY
FLORETS WHICH MAY COIL OR HOOK
AT THE ENDS. THE FLORETS MAY BE
VERY FINE TO COARSE.
 CHESAPEAKE (1997)
 FLOWER SIZE: SIX INCHES OR
GREATER.
 FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS:
MEDIUM HEIGHT.

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12 . BRUSH OR THISTLE :-
 FINE TUBULAR FLORETS WHICH
GROW PARALLEL TO THE STEM AND
RESEMBLE AN ARTIST’S PAINT
BRUSHES OR IN THE THISTLE FORM
THE FLORETS ARE FLATTENED,
TWISTED AND DROPPING.
 CINDY(1987)
FLOWER SIZE: LESS THAN 2
INCHES.
GROWN AS A SPRAY, PLANT MEDIUM
HEIGHT.

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13 .UNCLASSIFIED OR EXOTIC :-
 THOSE BLOOMS WHICH FIT IN NONE
OF THE OTHER CLASSES. THEY ARE OFTEN
EXOTIC, WITH TWISTED FLORETS.
 THEY MAY ALSO EXHIBIT
CHARACTERISTICS OF MORE THAN ONE
BLOOM CLASS.
 LONE STAR (1986)
FLOWER SIZE: 6 INCHES ORGREATER.
FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN
AS A DISBUD

SOIL :-
SOIL SHOULD BE LEVELLED
PROPERLY.
COCOPEAT SHOULD BE
ADDED TO IMPROVE
STRUCTURE & WATER
HOLDING CAPACITY.
IF GROWING 1ST TIME,
SOIL SHOULD BE
DISINFECTED USING
FORMALDEHYDE. 19

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PLANTING MATERIALS
:-
USE DISEASE FREE PLANTING
MATERIALS FROM A REPUTED SOURCE.
COLOUR PREFERANCE SHOULD GIVEN
ON WHITE, YELLOW OR RED & PINK.
SELECTED PLANTS SHOULD HAVE
CAPABILITY OF PRODUCING ATTRACTIVE
BLOOMS WITH TOUGH PETALS &
UNIFORMITY IN BLOOMING.

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PLANTING METHOD:-
CUTTINGS ARE PLANTED ON BEDS OF
ABOUT 12- 15CM WIDE.
IRON NETS ARE USED FOR UNIFORM
DISTRIBUTION.
PLANTS SHOULD BE PLANTED WITH
THEIR ROOTS FULLY IN THE SOIL &
WELL PRESSED TO MAKE GOOD
CONTACT WITH SOIL.A DENSITY OF 30-
48 PLANTS SHOULD MAINTAINED PER
METER SQUARE.
PLANTS ARE ALSO RAISED IN POTS OR
BENCHES.

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WATER MANAGEMENT :-
A GOOD CONTROL OVER WATER
SUPPLY AND IT’S DISTRIBUTION
CAN BE MADE BY INSTALLING
DRIPS AND OVERHEAD ROTATING
SPRINKLER.
IMMIDIEATLY AFTER PLANTING AT
THE END OF CROP WHEN FLOWER
OPEN OVERHEAD IRRIGATION IS
STOPPED & WATERING DONE BY
PIPES.

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MIST :-
 UNIFORM MIST TO KEEP CUTTING TURGID DURING ROOTING IS VITAL.
EXCESSIVE MIST WILL LEACH NUTRIENTS FROM THE MEDIUM AND
LEAVES, OVER-SATURATE THE MEDIUM REDUCING AERATION, AND
STRETCH THE CUTTINGS
.
INADEQUATE MIST CAUSES WILTING, NECROTIC LEAF MARGINS, AND
HARD CUTTINGS THAT DO NOT ROOT UNIFORMLY. CUTTINGS
SHOULD NEVER WILT! THUS, A CONTINUOUS FILM OF MOISTURE
SHOULD COVER THE LEAVES UNTIL ROOTS FORM.
THE FREQUENCY (HOW OFTEN THE MIST TURNS ON)
AND DURATION (LENGTH OF TIME THE MIST IS ON) OF MIST DEPENDS
ON MANY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND VARIES FROM SEASON TO
SEASON AND THROUGHOUT THE DAY.

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THIS IS USUALLY CONTROLLED BY
PROGRAMMABLE AUTOMATIC SYSTEMS SUCH AS
AN AUTOMATIC MIST CONTROLLER.
MIST NOZZLE CAPACITY AND SPACING SHOULD
BE DESIGNED TO PROVIDE UNIFORM COVERAGE
OVER THE PROPAGATION AREA.
 THE MIST DURATION SHOULD BE LONG ENOUGH
TO COVER THE FOLIAGE WITH A FILM OF WATER
AND DEPENDS ON THE CAPABILITIES OF THE
SYSTEM.
MIST MAY BE REQUIRED AT NIGHT TO KEEP
CUTTINGS TURGID DURING THE FIRST 3-4 DAYS.
AFTERWARD, MIST IS APPLIED FROM 1 HOUR
BEFORE SUNRISE TO 1 HOUR AFTER SUNSET.
 TESTS OF THE QUALITY OF THE WATER SUPPLIED
TO THE MIST SYSTEM SHOULD BE DONE TO
DETERMINE ALKALINITY. HIGH ALKALINITY CAN
INCREASE THE PH OF THE PROPAGATION MEDIUM
AND CAUSE CHLOROSIS OF THE FOLIAGE DURING
PROPAGATION.

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LIGHT -
 LIGHT INTENSITIES SHOULD
BE 3200-3800 FT.CA.
SHADING IN THE SUMMER IS
USUALLY NEEDED NOT ONLY
TO REDUCE THE LIGHT
INTENSITY BUT TO ALSO
CONTROL HEAT.
NIGHT-BREAK INCANDESCENT
LIGHTING TO SIMULATE LONG
DAYS IS MANDATORY.
HID SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHT IS
USEFUL DURING LOW-LIGHT
PERIODS.

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TEMPERATURE -
 FACILITIES SHOULD BE AVAILABLE TO
KEEP THE AIR TEMPERATURE 70-85F.
 HEATING IN WINTER SHOULD NOT
DROP BELOW 68F.
 BOTTOM HEAT TO KEEP THE
PROPAGATION MEDIUM 70-74F
DRAMATICALLY SPEEDS ROOTING.
 IMMPROPER TEMPERATURE CAUSES
UNEVEN BUD SET.
 BUD SET LIGHT PERIOD IS 14½ HOURS
OR LESS AND FLOWER DEVELOPMENT
TAKES PLACE WHEN DAYLIGHT IS 13½
HOURS OR LESS.
 VEGETATIVE GROWTH LIGHT PERIOD
IS LESS THAN 12½ HOURS

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MEDIA -
ALMOST ANY WELL-DRAINED, COURSE MEDIUM CAN BE
USED TO ROOT CHRYSANTHEMUMS. THIS MAY BE CELLS,
FLATS, STRIPS, OR POTS CONTAINING PEAT-LITE MEDIA,
ROCKWOOL, FOAMS, OR OTHER ARTIFICIAL MEDIA. CUTTING
ARE USUALLY STUCK 1" APART IN ROWS AND 1-2" BETWEEN
ROWS.
ROOTING HORMONE -
ROOTING HORMONES CONTAINING IBA OR NAA MAY NOT
SPEED ROOTING BUT INCREASE ROOTING UNIFORMITY.
LIQUIDS OR TALKS CONTAINING 1500 PPM IBA SHOULD BE
APPLIED TO THE LOWER -�" OF THE CUTTING.

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PROPAGATION ENVIRONMENT :-
THE PROPAGATION AREA SHOULD BE ISOLATED SO THE
RELATIVE HUMIDITY CAN BE MAINTAINED CLOSE TO 100%
AND BE LARGE ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE ABOUT 3 WEEKS
OF PRODUCTION. LARGER, UNUSED AREAS MAKE THE
ENVIRONMENT MORE DIFFICULT TO CONTROL.
SANITATION -
THE PROPAGATION SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED AND
EQUIPPED TO KEEP EVERYTHING THAT MAY COME IN
CONTACT WITH THE CUTTINGS DISINFECTED. BENCH
SURFACES AND FLOORS SHOULD BE EASY TO CLEAN AND
FREE OF WEEDS.

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GROWTH RETARDANTS -
THIS IS USED ON CERTAIN VIGOROUS CULTIVARS DURING
WARM TIMES OF THE YEARS TO PREVENT STRETCH AND
PRODUCE A COMPACT PLANT.
CUTTING ARE DIPPED INTO B-NINE AT 1000 PPM AND
PLACED IN PLASTIC BAGS IN A COOLER OVERNIGHT, THEN
STUCK THE NEXT MORNING.
NUTRITION -
MANY GROWERS BEGIN FERTILIZING CHRYSANTHEMUM
CUTTING AS SOON AS CALLUS FORMS (4-7 DAYS) USING A
BALANCED FERTILIZER AT 200-250 PPM N.
 SOME GROWERS APPLY A DILUTE SOLUTION OF POTASSIUM
NITRATE THROUGH THE MIST SYSTEM FOR THE FIRST
SEVERAL DAYS.

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SPECIAL INTERCULURE
:-
PINCHING OR STOPPING:-
TO ARREST UPWARD GROWTH PINCHING
IS DONE BY REMOVING THE TERMINALS
.IT INCREASES NO.OF FLOWERING STEMS
TIME OF FLOWERING & BLOOM QUALITY.
DISBUDDING :-
STANDARD TYPE ARE DISBUDDED BY
RETAINING THE LARGEST TERMINAL
BUD & REMOVING LATERAL BUDS.
SPRAY TYPES ARE DISBUDDED BY
REMOVING THE LARGE APICAL BUD.

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LIFTING IN :-
 PLANTS ARE GENERALLY LIFTED INTO THE GREENHOUSE
IN SEPTEMBER OR EARLY OCTOBER BEFORE ANY HEAVY
FROSTS OCCUR.
 THE GREEN-HOUSE IS KEPT FULLY VENTILATED FOR A FEW
WEEKS NO HEAT BEING NECESSARY AT THIS STAGE AND
THEREAFTER HEAT IS GIVEN AT THE 45-50°F. LEVEL.
 WATERING AND FEEDING IS CONTINUED.
 PARTICULAR ATTENTION ALSO BEING PAID TO PEST AND
DISEASE CONTROL, ESPECIALLY MILDEW WHICH CAN BE
LARGELY PREVENTED BY ADEQUATE VENTILATION.

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HARVESTING INDICES:-
STANDARD TYPE:
FOR DISTANT MARKET : HARVESTED WHEN FEW OUTER ROW OF
FLORETS START UNFURLING.
FOR LOCAL MARKET : HARVESTED WHEN HEAD HAS OPENED 50%
OF IT’S RAY.
SPRAY TYPE :
FOR DISTANT MARKET :WHEN RAY FLORETS SHOW 50% COLOUR.
FOR LOCAL MARKET : WHEN 2 ROWS OF FLOWER HAVE OPENED &
OTHER ARE SHOWING COLOURS.

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YIELD:-
UNDER OPEN:-
STANDARD : 2.5 TO 4.5 LAKH/HA
SPRAY : 1.5 – 1.75 LAKH/HA
UNDER GREEN HOUSE CONDITION :
150-250 FLOWER STEMS
PER METER SQUARE PER
YEAR.

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DISEASES OF THE FOLIAGE :-
LEAF SPOTS :-
CHRYSANTHEMUMS ARE SUBJECT TO SEVERAL LEAF SPOT FUNGI
INCLUDING SEPTORIA CHRYSANTHEMI, S. CHRYSANTHEMELLA,
ALTERNARIA SPECIES, AND CERCOSPORA CHRYSANTHEMI .
SYMPTOMS :-
1. FIRST APPEAR AS YELLOW SPOTS WHICH TURN BROWN TO BLACK.
SPOTS OFTEN OCCUR ON LOWER LEAVES FIRST AND CAN COALESCE
INTO LARGE NECROTIC AREAS AND FINALLY DEATH OF THE ENTIRE
LEAF.
 MANAGEMENT :-
1. REGULARLY CLEAN UP AND DESTROY INFECTED PLANT DEBRIS AND
HAND PICK SYMPTOMATIC LEAVES FROM LIGHTLY INFESTED PLANTS.

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2. AVOID SPLASHING WATER ONTO PLANT FOLIAGE AND WATER
EARLY IN THE DAY TO ALLOW FOLIAGE TO DRY QUICKLY.
3. IN SEVERE CASES, APPLICATIONS OF FUNGICIDES WITH THE
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS WITH THE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
AZOXYSTROBIN, CHLOROTHALONIL, FLUDIOXONIL, IPRODIONE,
MANCOZEB, MYCLOBUTANIL, PROPICONAZOLE, PYRACLOSTROBIN,
OR THIOPHANATE METHYL MAY BE APPLIED ACCORDING TO LABEL
INSTRUCTIONS.

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POWDERY MILDEW :-
SYMPTOMES :-
1. ( ERYSIPHE CICHORACEARM ) AS IT NAME IMPLIES IS CHARACTERIZED
BY A WHITE TO ASH-GRAY POWDERY GROWTH ON LEAVES AND
OCCASIONALLY STEMS.
2. FOLIAGE MAY BECOME PUCKERED OR DISTORTED.
3. SEVERELY INFECTED LEAVES WILL SHRIVEL AND DIE.
4. THE DISEASE IS MOST SERIOUS DURING HOT, HUMID WEATHER.
5. UNLIKE MOST FUNGAL DISEASES, FREE WATER IS NOT REQUIRED FOR
POWDERY MILDEW INFECTION.
6. HIGH HUMIDITY ENCOURAGES DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.

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MANAGEMENT :-
1. POWDERY MILDEW CAN BE AVOIDED BY PROPER PLANT
SPACING, GOOD AIR CIRCULATION, LOW RELATIVE
HUMIDITY, AND ADEQUATE LIGHT LEVELS.
2. APPLY PREVENTIVE FUNGICIDES AT THE FIRST SIGN OF
DISEASE WITH THE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS COPPER,
AZOXYSTROBIN, PYRACLOSTROBIN, FLUDIOXONIL,
TRIFLUMIZOLE, MYCLOBUTANIL, TRIADIMEFON,
PROPICONAZOLE, SULFUR, POTASSIUM BICARBONATE, OR
THIOPHANATE METHYL ACCORDING TO LABEL
INSTRUCTIONS.

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GRAY MOLD :-
SYMPTOMS:-
1. ( BOTRYTIS CINEREA ) MAY OCCUR ON PETALS, LEAVES, OR
STEM CANKERS AS BROWN, WATER-SOAKED SPOTS.
2. INFECTED PLANT PARTS MAY BE COVERED WITH GRAY TO BROWN,
POWDERY MASSES OF SPORES.
3. SENESCING TISSUES ARE MOST SUSCEPTIBLE.
4. GRAY MOLD IS FAVORED BY EXTENDED PERIODS OF CLOUDY, HUMID,
AND WET WEATHER
MANAGEMENT:-
1. PRACTICE GOOD SANITATION INCLUDING REMOVING SENESCING
FLOWERS AND LEAVES.
2. AVOID WETTING FLOWERS WHEN WATERING AND DON'T
OVERCROWD THE PLANTS.
3. PROVIDE GOOD AIR CIRCULATION AND KEEP HUMIDITY LOW BY A
COMBINATION OF HEATING AND VENTING (SEE FACT SHEET ON
REDUCING HUMIDITY IN THE GREENHOUSE).

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4. APPLY PREVENTIVE FUNGICIDES AS SOON AS DISEASE IS
DETECTED.
5. FUNGICIDES WITH THE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CHLOROTHALONIL,
DICHLORAN, FLUDIOXONIL, TRIFLOXYSTROBIN, IPRODIONE,
MANCOZEB, COPPER SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE, FENHEXAMID,
AZOXYSTROBIN, AND THIOPHANATE METHYL ARE REGISTERED FOR
BOTRYTIS CONTROL.
6. BE SURE TO ROTATE APPLICATIONS AMONG CHEMICAL CLASSES
AS FUNGICIDE RESISTANT STRAINS OF BOTRYTIS HAVE BEEN
REPORTED.

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RUSTS:-
CAUSAL ORGANISM :-P . CHRYSANTHEMI AND P. HORIANA .
SYMPTOMS :-
1. P. CHRYSANTHEMI IS MOST COMMON IN LATE SUMMER AND IS
CHARACTERIZED BY DIRTY-BROWN PUSTULES AND YELLOWISH-
GREEN SPOTS ON UPPER SURFACES OF LEAVES.
2. P. CHRYSANTHEMI CAUSES MINOR DAMAGE IN THE FIELD AND IS
UNCOMMON ON GREENHOUSE PLANTS.
3. SEVERE INFESTATION MAY DAMAGE LARGE AREAS OF LEAVES AND
LEAD TO DEFOLIATION AND REDUCED FLOWER PRODUCTION.
4. CHRYSANTHEMUM VARIETIES RESISTANT TO RUST INCLUDE
'ACHIEVEMENT', 'COPPER BOWL', 'ESCAPADE', 'HELEN CASTLE', '
MANDALAY ', 'MATADOR', 'MISS ATLANTA', 'ORANGE BOWL', AND
'POWDER PUFF'.

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5. P. HORIANA CAUSES CHRYSANTHEMUM WHITE RUST AND AS A
RECENT INTRODUCTION TO THE UNITED STATES IS SUBJECT TO
QUARANTINE AND AN ERADICATION PROGRAM.
6. SYMPTOMS ARE WHITE, PINKISH OR BROWNISH PUSTULES
PRODUCED ON LEAF UNDERSIDES WITH WHITE, YELLOW, TO PALE-
GREEN LESIONS ON UPPER LEAF SURFACES.
7. CHRYSANTHEMUM WHITE RUST RESULTS IN LEAF DISTORTION,
DISCOLORATION, DEFOLIATION, AND PLANT DEATH.
8. WHITE RUST IS PRIMARILY A DISEASE OF GREENHOUSE CROPS;
WHEN IT OCCURS OUTSIDE DIRECT SUNLIGHT AND LOW HUMIDITY
KILL THE SPORES.
MANAGEMENT :-
1. CONTACT STATE AND FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL OFFICIALS IF ANY
SUSPECT WHITE RUST INFECTIONS OCCUR AND DESTROY ALL
PLANTS.
2. REGULATIONS REQUIRE THAT INFECT PLANTS BE DESTROYED TO
PREVENT DISEASE ESTABLISHMENT IN THIS COUNTRY.).

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3. PROTECT HEALTHY PLANTS WITH FUNGICIDES WITH THE ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS AZOXYSTROBIN, CHLOROTHALONIL,
FLUDIOXONIL, IPRODIONE, MANCOZEB, MYCLOBUTANIL,
PROPICONAZOLE, PYRACLOSTROBIN, OR THIOPHANATE METHYL MAY
BE APPLIED ACCORDING TO LABEL INSTRUCTIONS.

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BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT :-
CAUSAL ORGANISM :- Pseudomonas cichorii
SYMPTOMS :-
1. BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT ARE TAN TO DARK BROWN SPOTS OR
BLOTCHES THAT ARE OFTEN BORDERED OR RINGED BY YELLOWING
TISSUE.
2. DISCOLORATION MAY BE PROMINENT ALONG LEAF VEINS OR LESIONS
MAY BECOME ANGULAR AS BACTERIA GROWTH IS LIMITED BY
MAJOR VEINS.
3. LEAF WILTING AND DEATH OFTEN FOLLOW. BACTERIA PERSIST IN OR
ON INFECTED PLANTS, CROP DEBRIS, INFECTED SEED,
CONTAMINATED SOIL, AND INFESTED POTS AND TOOLS.

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1.MANAGEMENT :-
1. PRACTICES INCLUDE PLANTING PATHOGEN-FREE SEED AND
CULTIVARS, RESISTANT VARIETIES, GOOD SANITATION.
2. AVOIDING OVERHEAD IRRIGATION OR HANDLING PLANTS WHEN
THEY ARE WET.
3. ONCE PLANTS BECOME INFECTED WITH BACTERIA, IT IS BEST TO
ROGUE INFECTED PLANTS AND THOSE NEAR THEM BEFORE THE
DISEASE SPREADS.
4. BACTERICIDES SUCH AS COPPER AND ANTIBIOTICS ARE OF LIMITED
EFFECTIVENESS AND PLANTS CANNOT BE CURED.

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BACTERIAL BLIGHT
CAUSAL ORGANISM :-Erwinia carotovora
SYMPTOMS :-
1. BACTERIAL BLIGHT EXTEND BEYOND PLANT LEAVES TO INCLUDE
WATER-SOAKED LESIONS ON STEMS, DARKENING AND DEATH OF
BUDS AND STEMS, BLACKENING OF TERMINALS, AND WILT AND
COLLAPSE OF UPPER PORTIONS OF THE PLANTS.
2. INFECTED CUTTINGS MAY HAVE BROWN TO BLACK DECAY AT THEIR
BASE.
3. BACTERIAL BLIGHT SURVIVES IN CROP DEBRIS AND IS FAVORED BY
SURFACE MOISTURE, HIGH TEMPERATURES, AND HIGH HUMIDITY.
4. IT IS EASILY SPREAD ON INFESTED TOOLS, HANDS, OR PLANTS.
MANAGEMENT :-
1. START WITH PASTEURIZED GROWING MEDIA, USE PATHOGEN-FREE
CUTTINGS, REDUCE HUMIDITY AND INCREASE AIR CIRCULATION,
AVOID WETTING FOLIAGE, PRACTICE GOOD SANITATION, AND
REGULARLY INSPECT CROPS AND DISPOSE OF INFECTED PLANTS.

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FOLIAR NEMATODES
CAUSAL ORGANISM :- Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi
SYMPTOMS:-
1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF YELLOW TO BROWN, ANGULAR SPOTS ON
LOWER LEAVES WHICH ADVANCE UP THE PLANT IS A GOOD
INDICATION OF NEMATODE INFECTION.
2. NEMATODES ARE MICROSCOPIC ROUNDWORMS THAT LIVE IN THE
SOIL OR IN INFESTED PLANT MATERIAL.
3. NEMATODES SWIM IN A FILM OF WATER ON PLANTS TO SPREAD TO
UNINFECTED LEAVES.
4. LESIONS ON THE LEAVES EVENTUALLY COALESCE TO COVER THE
ENTIRE LEAF WHICH DIES, WITHERS, AND FALLS.
5. CAREFULLY INSPECT CUTTINGS AND PLANTS RECEIVED FROM
PROPAGATORS. REMOVE INFESTED PLANTS AND CROP DEBRIS.
6. AVOID WETTING THE FOLIAGE AND OVERHEAD IRRIGATION.

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CAUSAL ORGANISM :-
VIRUSES AND OTHER INFECTIOUS AGENTS: -
CHRYSANTHEMUMS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO A LARGE NUMBER OF VIRUS
DISEASES INCLUDING CHRYSANTHEMUM MOSAIC VIRUS,
IMPATIENS NECROTIC SPOT VIRUS,
TOMATO ASPERMY VIRUS AND
TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS.
VIROID:-
VIROID DISEASES INCLUDE CHRYSANTHEMUM CHLOROTIC MOTTLE
AND CHRYSANTHEMUM STUNT VIROID.

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SYMPTOMSOF VIRUS &VIROID :-
INFECTED PLANTS INCLUDE STUNTING, SPINDLY GROWTH, AND
FORMATION OF DENSE ROSETTES.
FLOWERS MAY BE SMALL, DISTORTED OR EXHIBIT STREAKING AND
COLOR BREAK.
LEAF SYMPTOMS ARE DIVERSE AND MAY APPEAR AS LEAF
YELLOWING, RING SPOTS, LINES, MOTTLING, MOSAICS, VEIN
CLEARING, DISTORTION, CRINKLING, WILT AND LEAF DROP.

51
PHYTOPLASMAS:-
A SERIOUS DISEASE CAUSED BY ORGANISMS ASTER YELLOWS
SYMPTOMS:-
ASTER YELLOWS RESULTS IN CHLOROTIC FOLIAGE, PLANT STUNTING,
SPINDLY, UPRIGHT YELLOW SHOOTS, FEW OR NO FLOWERS,
FLOWER DISTORTION AND FAILURE TO COLOR.
MANY OF THESE DISEASES ARE SPREAD BY SUCKING INSECTS SUCH AS
APHIDS AND LEAFHOPPERS.
MANAGEMENT FOR VIRUS,VIROIDS, PHYTOPLASMA:-
START WITH PATHOGEN-FREE PLANTS FROM A CULTURE INDEXING
PROGRAM.
REMOVE AND DESTROY INFECTED PLANTS.
REMOVE WEEDS THAT MAY BE HOSTS.
CONTROL THE INSECTS THAT TRANSMIT THESE DISEASES.
WASH TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED NEAR INFESTED PLANTS WITH
AN APPROPRIATE GREENHOUSE DISINFECTANT.

52
VASCULAR WILTS :-
CAUSAL ORGANISM:-
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. chrysanthemi
AND Verticillium dahliae.
FUSARIUM WILT SYMTOMS:-
THE FIRST SIGNS OF THIS DISEASE ARE YELLOWING OF FOLIAGE,
STUNTING, AND WILTING OFTEN ALONG ONE SIDE OF PLANT.
PLANTS MAY APPEAR WATER STRESSED AND FOLIAGE MAY BROWN
AND DIE.
STEMS SHOW A REDDISH BROWN DISCOLORATION OF THE VASCULAR
SYSTEM.
FUSARIUM IS SPREAD IN CONTAMINATED SOIL AND INFECTED
CUTTINGS AND IS FAVORED BY WARM TEMPERATURES, HIGH
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, OVERWATERING, AND POOR DRAINAGE.

53
MANAGEMENT :-
1. START WITH PATHOGEN FREE CUTTINGS OR PLANTS AND
PASTEURIZED GROWING MEDIA. ADJUST PH TO 6.5 TO 7.0 AND USE
NITRATE NITROGEN FERTILIZATION.
2. AVOID HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE CULTIVARS SUCH AS
BRAVO
CIRBRONZE
ILLINI TROPHY
ORANGE BOWL
ROYAL TROPHY
YELLOW DELAWARE

54
VERTICILLIUM WILT SYMPTOMS:-
VERTICILLIUM WILT OFTEN APPEAR ONLY AFTER BLOSSOM BUDS
HAVE FORMED; YOUNG VIGOROUS PLANTS MAY BE
SYMPTOMLESS.
FOLIAGE BECOMES YELLOW AND WILTED, SOMETIMES ONLY ALONG
LEAF MARGINS AND ON ONE SIDE OF THE PLANT.
 LEAVES BEGIN TO DIE FROM THE BASE OF THE PLANT UPWARD AND
OFTEN REMAIN ATTACHED.
STEMS MAY EXHIBIT DARK STREAKS IN THE VASCULAR SYSTEM.
THIS DISEASE IS FAVORED WHEN COOL WEATHER IS FOLLOWED BY
HOT TEMPERATUES.
.

55
MANAGEMENT:-
START WITH PASTEURIZED GROWING MEDIA AND PATHOGEN-FREE
CUTTINGS.
MOST CULTIVARS ARE RESISTANT.
AVOID SUSCEPTIBLE CULTIVARS INCLUDING
BRIGHT GOLDEN ANN
ECHO
GLOWING MANDALAY
MOUNTAIN PEAK
PARAGON
PERT
PURITAN
WEDGEWOOD

56
DISEASES OF THE FLOWERS :-
RAY BLIGHT:-
CAUSAL ORGANISM :- Didymella ligulicola
1. THIS DISEASE AFFECTS THE RAY FLORETS AND MAY EXTEND INTO
FLORAL STALKS.
2. LOWER LEAVES AND STEMS CAN ALSO BE AFFECTED.
3. SYMPTOMS INCLUDE A BLACKISH ROT OF RAY FLORETS AND FLOWERS
MAY BE DEFORMED AND ONE-SIDED.
4. BUD BLAST CAN OCCUR IN SEVERE CASES.
5. LOWER LEAVES AND STEMS CAN ROT,
AND FOLIAGE MAY DISTORT OR DIE
ON ONE SIDE OF STEM.
6. D. ligulicola PERSISTS IN PLANT DEBRIS
AND SPORES ARE SPREAD BY WIND AND
WATER.
7. THE DISEASE IS FAVORED BY OVERHEAD
IRRIGATION OR RAIN
.

57
MANAGEMENT :-
1.START WITH PATHOGEN-FREE CUTTINGS.
2.AVOID WETTING FOLIAGE AND FLOWERS AND KEEP
HUMIDITY LOW.
3.PROTECT FOLIAGE WITH FUNGICIDES WITH ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS INCLUDING AZOXYSTROBIN,
CHLOROTHALONIL, FLUDIOXONIL, IPRODIONE,
MANCOZEB, MYCLOBUTANIL, PROPICONAZOLE,
PYRACLOSTROBIN, OR THIOPHANATE METHYL
ACCORDING TO LABEL INSRUCTIONS

58
RAY SPECK: -
CAUSAL ORGANISM:- Stemphylium lycopersici
1. CAUSES SMALL, NECROTIC, LIGHT BROWN TO DARK BROWN LESIONS
WHICH MAY COALESCE AND CAUSE BLOSSOM DEATH.
2. THE PATHOGEN IS FAVORED BY WET CONDITIONS AND
TEMPERATURES BETWEEN 60° TO 85° F.
MANAGEMENT:-
1. ROGUE AND DISPOSE OF INFECTED PLANTS.
2.
3. PROVIDE GOOD AIR CIRCULATION AND DON'T OVERCROWD PLANTS.
4. AVOID OVERHEAD IRRIGATION AND KEEP PLANTS dry.

59
DISEASES OF ROOTS AND CROWNS :-
1. ROOT ROT BY Pythium & Phytopthora
2. CROWN ROT BY Rhizoctonia

60
BLINDNESS :- IT OCCURS WHEN THE NIGHT
TEMPERATURE IS TOO LOW AND THE DAYS ARE SHORT
AT THE TIME WHEN FLOWER BUDS ARE FORMING. A
ROSETTE TYPE OF GROWTH IS INDICATIVE OF THIS
DIFFICULTY. CENTER PETALS FAIL TO DEVELOP &
FLOWERS MAY FAIL TO OPEN.THIS CAN BE REDUCED BY
PROPERLY REGULATING THE LIGHT AND
TEMPERATURE.
CROWN BUD :- BUD DEVELOPMENT IS SEVERELY
RETARDED AND INVLOUCRAL BRACTS BECOME
GROSSLY ENLARGED. THIS IS OBSERVED IN PLANTS
GROWN IN LONG DAYS AFTER RECEIVING A FEW SHORT
DAYS
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS :-

61
CHLOROSIS :- OR YELLOWING OF THE UPPER
FOLIAGE, IS GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH OVER
WATERING, NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY OR EXCESSIVE
FERTILIZER IN THE SOIL, OR INSECTS OR DISEASES
ATTACKING THE ROOT SYSTEM. PROPER NUTRIENT
AND PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES OVER COME
THIS PROBLEM.
BLEACHING OF PETALS :– HIGH
TEMPERATURE DURING FLORAL DEVELOPMENT
RESULTS IN BRONZE AND PINK COLOURED
CULTIVARS
SUNSCALD :- IS PREVALENT ON STANDARDS
IN FLOWER IN VERY WARM WEATHER. THE PETALS
TURN BROWN AND DRY UP.

62
IMPORTANT CULTIVARS :-
WHITE :-
INNOCENCE BEAUTY BIRBAL SAHANI

63
YELLOW :-
 CHANDRAMA
PURPLE:-
 PINK CLOUD

64
RED :-
BRAVO,
ALFRED WILSON

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