The document discusses the field of areal linguistics. It defines key terms like Sprachbund, which refers to a group of languages that have become similar through contact over geographical proximity despite having different origins. The document outlines the history of areal linguistics developing as a field and notes important scientists who studied linguistic geography and language contact. It provides examples of language features that have converged in the Balkan Sprachbund, a major area of study in areal linguistics, and provides a translation in several Balkan languages to illustrate these commonalities between languages from different families.

2. Plan Of The Theme:
1-Types of Classifications of Languages
2-Defintion of the term “Areal Linguitics”
3-Objectives of “Areal Linguitics”
4-Linguistic Geography and Scientists
5-Main notions of “Areal Linguitics”
6-Balcanic ―Sprachbund‖
7-Investigation of Balcanic “Sprachbund”
on the map.
8-Common grammatical features of
Balcanic Sprachbund Languages.

3. Types of Classifications of World
Languages
(On the basis of Comparativism)
Genealogical Areal Classification Typological(Morphological)
classification Classification
Tree, family, 1-Area
branch, group 2-Zone Types,
, comparative Classes,
historical
3-Language Structure
method contacts
4-“Sprachbund”
5-Isoglosses
6-Dialect area
7-Convergence,
Divergence
8-Adstrat
Superstratum, Subs
trate

4. History of the development of an Areal Linguistics
The concept of language union first clearly
formulated by N.S Troubetzkoy in "The
Tower of Babel and the confusion of
tongues" in 1923. To define this notion, he
suggested the German term "Sprachbund",
which in many other languages ​used
without translation.
Areal linguistics - is a branch of linguistics that studies (using the methods of
linguistic geography )distribution of linguistic phenomena in the spatial extent and
interlingual (interdialectic) interaction.
Linguistic geography appeared in 70-80 years of 19th century, When there were revealed
facts of different boundaries of linguistic phenomena. In 1876 in Germany G.Venner
began collecting material for making linguistic atlas of German language.In France
Zh.Zhileronom and E.Edmonom created "Linguistic Atlas of France," which had a great
influence on the development of Romanesque and European linguistic geography. There
were published atlases of Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Romania,
The term "spatial / areal linguistics" was first introduced by MJ Bartoli and J. Vidossi, but
the principles were developed by Bartoli in 1925. Areal linguistics is closely linked to
linguistic geography and dialectology. And it comes from the Dialectology. In the USSR
there were ―linguistic Atlases” of nation`s languages.

5. Subject, Object, Aim and Methods of Areal Linguistics
I-Its main Aim - to determine the area of ​language (or dialect) within the boarders of its
linguistic features.
II-The main research Methods are linguageographical method(displaying of linguistic
phenomena on the map) or areal (isoglossive) method . The studies identify the regions
(areas) the interaction of dialects, languages, and areal communities – ―sprachbunds‖
sharing common structural features.
III-The Object of Areal linguistics is territorial distribution of languages ​and linguistic
phenomena.
IV-The Subject of Modern Areal linguistics are general linguistic problems:
 Division of proto-language states at historically attested languages ​and dialect continuum;
 Giving areal characteristic features of the interacting languages ​and dialects of certain
region;
 Finding regularities of language contacts;
 Development of areal typology principles, setting a theory of language interaction (theory of
sprachbund);
 Defining the role of substrates in the area of contacts;
 The study of language interference in geographically contiguous languages;
 Development of ethno-linguistic and socio-linguistic typology for geographically
contiguous languages.

6. GLOSSARY
Is the geographical boundary of a certain linguistic
feature, such as the pronunciation of a vowel, the
1-”Sprachbund” (From German -"federation of meaning of a word, or use of some syntactic
languages") feature.
2-Dialects (ancient Greek word diálektos- Coincidence of two or more linguistic
"discourse―/diá-"through" + legō- "I speak") entities.(Glottonic C. ors tructural-diachronic C.)
Is a group of languages that have become similar
3-Isogloss (ancient Greek ísos- "equal, similar" in some way because of geographical proximity
and glōssa- "tongue, dialect, language") and language contact.
A regional or social variety of a language
4-Convergences( from Latin"converge" –come
distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or
closer) vocabulary, especially a variety of speech differing
from the standard literary language of a
5-Divergences (latin ‖divergere” -go in different particular group.
directions)
1)The phonologization of the variants of a
phoneme in connection with the elimination of the
positional conditions that initially determined the
given variation. 2) The positional change of sounds
3) Linguistic evolution, when certain dialects
became isolated and form independent languages.

7. 1-”Sprachbund” (From German -"federation of Is a group of languages that have become similar
languages") in some way because of geographical proximity
and language contact.
A regional or social variety of a language
2-Dialects (ancient Greek word diálektos- distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or
"discourse―/diá-"through" + legō- "I speak") vocabulary, especially a variety of speech differing
from the standard literary language of a
particular group.
Is the geographical boundary of a certain linguistic
3-Isogloss (ancient Greek ísos- "equal, similar" feature, such as the pronunciation of a vowel, the
and glōssa- "tongue, dialect, language") meaning of a word, or use of some syntactic
feature.
4-Convergences( from Latin"converge" –come Coincidence of two or more linguistic
entities.(Glottonic C. ors tructural-diachronic C.)
closer)
1)The phonologization of the variants of a
phoneme in connection with the elimination of the
5-Divergences (latin ‖divergere” -go in different positional conditions that initially determined the
directions) given variation. 2) The positional change of sounds
3) Linguistic evolution, when certain dialects
became isolated and form independent languages.

8. MAP OF ISOGLOSSES
14.02.2013

9. Terms
Infl
6-Adstratum(from Latin. ad - near, and stratum -layer)
linguistic phenomenon, explained by the result of the Indigenous Indigenous
influence of one language to another in a prolonged
population population
contact of neighboring nations, where there is no
assimilation and dissolution of one language into
another. For example:Belarusian-Polish and Belarusian-
Lithuanian or Turkish Adstrat in Balcanic lang.-es.
7-Superstratum-(from Latin. ―supersternere―-
to spread upon) influence of the alien language on the
native language as a result of conquest. For example
Indigenous Conqueror
elements of German (Frankish, Burgundian)
superstratum in French. Word ―France‖ is a S. population Language
8-Substrate-(“substratum”-to spread underneath)-
Impact of indigenous languages ​on the foreign Indigenous Conqueror
language, as a result of cultural dominance, etc. People
population Language
switch to the tradition of another language, but in the
new language occur features of missing language. In
Balcanic ―Sprachbund‖ (Thracian substrate in
Romanian and Albanian lang.-es)

10. Balcanic “Sprachbund”
Grammatical similarities between (having no genetic relationship) Balkan languages ​was first
discovered in 1829 by Slovenian linguist Jerne Kopitar. The ‖Balkan sprachbund” or language area is
a group (union)in Areal linguistics—similarity in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and phonology—
among the languages of the Balkans. There is a special linguistics discipline Balcanistics (In Saint-
Petersburg).The languages that share these similarities belong to five distinct branches of the Indo-
European languages:
Albanian Hellenic=Greek Romance languages (Romanian)
Slavic Languages (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian) Indo-Aryan(Gypsy)
Most likely the earliest contact was between the Proto-Romanians and Proto-Albanians, (1st century -
5th century AD) this theory being supported by the Albanian vocabulary borrowed from Balkan Latin,
as well as the Romanian substrate, which has words cognate to Albanian words.
Common features for most Balkan languages​​:
1-There is no Dative case;
2-Lack or limited use of the infinitive;
3-Formation of the analytic form of the future tense with the auxiliary verb (or particle, which arose
from the verb), who had the original meaning "want";
4-A number of common phenomena in phonetics and phonology;
5-A heavy amount of lexical layers (common words from Albanian, Roman, Slavic, Greek, Turkish
origin).

11. Maps
Balcanic sprachbund
Pic.1 Central Balkan Region Pic.2 Balkan “Sprachbund”

12. This example translates in the Balkan languages the phrase "You should go!",
using the subjunctive constructions.
language example notes
Macedonian Да (си) одиш! "Оди" [odi] in the imperative is more
common, and has the identical meaning.
Bulgarian Да си ходиш!
Serbo-Croatian Да идеш! "Иди!" in the imperative is grammatically
correct, and has the identical meaning.
Albanian Të shkosh! "Shko!" in the imperative is grammatically
correct. "Të shkosh" is used in sentence only
followed by a modal verbs, ex. in these cases:
Ti duhet të shkosh (You should go), Ti mund
të shkosh (You can go) etc.
Modern Greek Να πας!
Romany (Gypsy) Te dža! Compare with similar Spanish "¡Que te
Romanian Să te duci! largues!"in Romanian, the "a se duce" (to go)
requires a reflexive construction, literally
"take yourself (to)"

13. Thank you for your attention!!!!
Thank you for your
attention!!!