Language Planning and Language Policy, 4 Stages of Language Planning (Haugen, 1966): 1. Selection 2. Codification 3. Implementation 4. Elaboration

2. Language is an asset and a primary
instrument of human communication. It
gives a sense of identity to an individual as
well as a social group. However, language
can also become a problem and a barrier
to communication, which necessitates
language planning.

3. Language Planning
 all conscious efforts that aim at changing
the linguistic behavior of a speech
community.
 Language planning occurs in most
countries by their relevant governments
wherein they have more than one
language within the community.

4. Language Policy
 Language policy is sometimes used as a
synonym to a language planning. However,
Language policy refers to the more general
linguistic, political and social goals
underlying the actual language planning
process.

5. In short, "language policy" is the expression
of the ideological orientations and views,
and "language planning" is the actual
proposal that makes up their
implementation.

6. Language Planning
 A deliberate language change. (Ruben and
Jernudd, 1971b: xvi)
 Organized activity in order to solve language
problems within a community. (Jahr, 1992, cf
McKay & Hornberger, 1996)
 The proposal to express language ideologies
within the community. (Bakmand, 2000)

7. 4 Stages of Language Planning
(Haugen, 1966)
1. Selection
2. Codification
3. Implementation
4. Elaboration

8. 1. Selection
 is the term used to refer to the choice of a
language variety to fulfill certain functions
in a given society.

9. 2. Codification
 The creation of a linguistic standard or
norm for a selected linguistic code. It is
divided up into three stages:
1) Graphization – developing a writing
system.
2) Grammaticalization – deciding on
rules/norms of grammar
3) Lexicalization – identifying the vocabulary

10. 3. Implementation (acceptance)
 Promoting of the decisions made in the
stages of selection and codification which
can include marketing strategy, production
of books, pamphlets, newspapers, and
textbooks using the new codified standard.

11. 4. Elaboration
 Refers to the terminology and stylistic
development of a codified language to
meet the communicative demands of
modern life and technology. Its main area
is the production and dissemination of new
terms.

12. Norm (political planning) Function (cultivation)
Society (status planning) 1. Selection of norm
(decision procedures)
3. Implementation
(educational spread)
Language (corpus planning)
2. Codification
(standardization procedures)
4. Elaboration
(functional development)
Haugen, 1990
(revised)
• 1 and 3 are the responsibility of society
• 2 and 4 are taken care of by linguists
and authors (Haugen 1990:49)

13. 2 major levels of Language Planning
1. Status Planning
2. Corpus Planning

14. 1. Status Planning refers to the social and
political position a language will be
assigned
 Selection (1) and Implementation (3)
(Haugen, 1990)

15. 2. Corpus Planning refers to changes or
standardising of certain elements of the
language, e.g. lexicon and orthography
 Codification (2) and Elaboration (4)
(Haugen, 1990)

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