L2 ap waves geology
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Waves are formed by wind blowing over the surface of the sea. The height and energy of waves depends on wind strength, duration, and fetch. There are two main types of waves - constructive waves which build land, and destructive waves which erode land. Coastal geology also influences landscapes. Discordant coasts have bands of rock at 90 degrees to the sea, creating headlands and bays as softer rocks erode faster. Concordant coasts have parallel rock bands, where erosion of harder rocks leads to fast erosion of softer rocks behind.
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The coastal landscape on the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset, England has been formed through the interaction of physical and human processes. The Isle of Purbeck is a peninsula located in southern England surrounded by the English Channel. The geology of Wealden clay and the prevailing southwesterly winds have contributed to coastal erosion through rotational landslides. Human activity such as tourism, settlement, and the construction of coastal defences and groynes have also impacted the landscape around Swanage Bay over time.
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The coastal landscape on the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset, England has been formed through the interaction of physical and human processes. The Isle of Purbeck is a peninsula located in southern England surrounded by the English Channel. The geology of Wealden clay and the prevailing southwesterly winds have contributed to coastal erosion through rotational landslides. Human activity such as tourism, settlement, and the construction of coastal defences and groynes have also impacted the landscape around Swanage Bay over time.
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The document summarizes various coastal erosion processes that shape coastlines:
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1) The document is a PowerPoint presentation about coastal features created by erosion. It contains sections on objectives, rationale, waves, coastal erosion, and various landforms created by erosion like headlands and bays, cliffs and wave-cut platforms, and caves, arches, stacks and stumps.
2) It explains the two types of waves - constructive waves that build beaches and destructive waves that erode coastlines. Coastal erosion occurs as wind and water wear away sediments from the land.
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This document discusses the different processes that shape coastal landscapes. It aims to teach students that coastal landscapes are changed by various processes and how these processes can alter the coast. It identifies marine or coastal processes like wave erosion, transport, and deposition as well as land-based processes like weathering and mass movement. Students are then instructed to work in groups to create presentations explaining how their assigned process shapes the coastal landscape.
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The document discusses different types of coastal landforms formed by erosion and deposition. It describes four types of sediment transportation along coasts: dissolution, suspension, saltation, and traction. It also discusses the formation of headlands and bays due to differences in the resistance of the underlying rock. When waves have low energy and conditions are calm, deposition occurs, forming landforms like beaches, spits, tombolos, sand bars and barrier islands.
8. spits and bars
Spits and bars are depositional coastal landforms formed by processes such as longshore drift. A spit is a depositional landform that extends from the shore out to sea, often curved in shape due to opposing winds and currents. A bar occurs where a spit grows across a bay, enclosing the bay to form a lagoon, or forms offshore due to breaking waves. Longshore drift transports sediment along the coast and causes deposition of material in certain areas, gradually building up spits and bars.
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Beaches form in sheltered environments like bays through the processes of deposition. Spits are formed when longshore drift causes sediment to accumulate into narrow extensions of land along a shoreline. Bars are similar to spits but connect two areas of mainland, while tombolos connect an island to the mainland through a double-barred spit formation.
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Coastal erosion is influenced by four main processes: corrosion from saltwater, attrition from pebbles hitting cliffs and other materials, abrasion from waves throwing stones that smooth materials, and hydraulic action from water forcing into cracks and splitting rocks apart. These processes create landforms like headlands and bays, wave-cut platforms and notches, beaches, spits, and bars. The geology of the coast determines how resistant the rocks are to erosion - more resistant rocks like chalk erode more slowly than less resistant rocks like clay and limestone. Waves coming directly onto shore are more destructive than waves hitting the coast at an angle, as destructive waves have more energy to erode the land.
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Beaches, spits, and bars are landforms created by coastal depositional processes. Beaches form along shorelines through the deposition of sediment by wave action. As sediment is transported along the shoreline by longshore drift, it can build up into narrow peninsulas called spits. Spits often form at the mouths of estuaries, where the changing direction of the coastline causes sediment to deposit. Bars may develop offshore or near the mouths of rivers, made of sediment that has been deposited and built up over time.
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This is an interactive power point that helps students discoverer the processes that shape our coastal land forms.
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This document discusses various landforms created by coastal erosion over thousands of years, including headlands and bays, cliffs and wave-cut platforms, and caves, arches, stacks, and stumps. It provides learning objectives to describe and explain the formation of these landforms through geological processes and the influence of vegetation. Diagrams and videos are referenced to illustrate each landform and the erosion process involved in its development.
Transportation Deposition
Beaches form through the process of erosion and deposition by ocean waves. Sediment such as sand and pebbles is eroded from cliffs and shores by wave action and transported down the coast by longshore drift. This sediment is eventually deposited and builds up over time to create beaches. The size and shape of beaches depends on the type of sediment - shingle beaches are steeper while sand beaches have a more gentle slope. Features like spits, bars, and tombolos are also formed through deposition when sediment carried by longshore drift accumulates in different ways.
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This document discusses the causes of coastal flooding and sea level rise. There are two types of long term sea level changes: isostatic changes which are localized upward or downward land movements caused by tectonic or ice sheet forces, and eustatic changes which are global changes to ocean volumes from ice sheet melting. Over the past 18,000 years, melting ice sheets have raised sea levels about 0.1-0.2mm per year globally on average. Short term sea level rise is caused by thermal expansion as the oceans warm and increased melting of ice caps and glaciers due to global warming. Storm surges can temporarily raise sea levels over 2 meters locally due to low air pressure and strong winds.
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This document provides information about coastal landforms, erosion processes, and longshore drift to help students prepare for a controlled assessment task on coastal management. It discusses various coastal landforms formed by erosion like headlands and bays, wave cut notches and platforms. It also explains the four types of erosion - corrosion, attrition, abrasion, and hydraulic action. Longshore drift is introduced along with examples of past controlled assessments and marking schemes to help students understand what will be expected of them.
Headlands
The document discusses various coastal landforms created by erosion processes along the coastline. It focuses on the specific example of Old Harry Rocks, located on the Dorset coast in England. Old Harry Rocks consists of two chalk stacks that were formed as the surrounding softer clay was eroded away by waves and other processes over centuries. Hydraulic action, corrosion and abrasion helped erode weaknesses in the chalk cliff and form caves, arches and eventually the remaining stacks that make up Old Harry Rocks today. One of the stacks used to be part of an arch but collapsed, becoming a stump. The document analyzes how these specific landforms were formed through coastal erosion.
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The document discusses different types of weathering and erosion processes that shape coastlines. Waves erode softer rock faster than harder rock, forming bays surrounded by harder headlands that are more resistant to erosion. Deposition occurs in the sheltered bays, creating beaches, while the exposed headlands continue to be eroded by waves. Biological, chemical, freeze-thaw and other processes also contribute to coastal weathering and erosion over time.
Westward ho fieldtrip 2010
This document provides information about an upcoming GCSE geography field trip to Westward Ho!, including:
- The main question is how and why coastal features vary in the Westward Ho! area.
- Key questions relate to coastal processes, landforms, engineering solutions and how the coastline may change over time.
- The fieldwork will study wave action, erosion, deposition and coastal management processes.
- Background research on coastal geography and the Westward Ho! area will help inform the fieldwork investigation.
Westward ho photo tour
The document summarizes a field trip taken by the Department of Geography at South Molton Community College to study coastal landforms in Westward Ho!, Devon. Key stops included Hartland Quay to examine the source of local pebbles, Westward Ho! beach to analyze wave patterns and erosion, and the Pebble Ridge to observe its retreat and attempts to reinforce it with structures like gabions and beach replenishment. The trip provided examples of coastal erosion, sediment transport, and management techniques to protect against flooding and ridge breaches.
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Volcanic eruptions can be monitored and potentially predicted using various methods. Earthquake activity, ground deformation measured by tiltmeters and GPS, changes in magma temperature, and gas emissions are monitored in real-time. Seismometers are also used to analyze earthquake waves. By studying patterns of past eruptions, including the timing of flows and gaps between events, volcanologists aim to improve predictions. However, volcanic eruptions often remain unpredictable.
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This document provides an overview of the three main types of rock found in the UK: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It discusses their characteristics and formation processes. Students learn that igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through compaction of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form under extreme heat and pressure. The document instructs students to research examples like granite, basalt, chalk, and slate in more detail and share their findings. The goal is for students to understand the variations in UK geology and be able to classify and describe different rock types.
Coasts 1 blog
The document outlines the topics and objectives for a lesson on coastal landforms and processes. It includes sections on agents shaping coasts like waves, tides, and currents; coastal processes; coastal landforms; coastal protection measures; and diagrams and videos illustrating concepts. The lesson will describe factors affecting wave energy, types of wave movement including swash and backwash, and different types of constructive and destructive waves.
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The document discusses various coastal landforms created by wave erosion and deposition along shorelines. It describes how alternating bands of hard and soft rock lead to the formation of headlands and bays through differential erosion. As waves erode the soft rock faster than the hard rock, an irregular coastline develops. Further erosion can form caves, arches, stacks, and stumps. Coves are formed when a stream cuts through a cliff, widening through erosion. Wave-cut platforms are flat terraces exposed when cliffs retreat inland. Longshore drift can build up spits, narrow accumulations of sand and gravel stretching from the shore into the sea.
Coasts
This document discusses coastal landforms and processes including constructive and destructive wave characteristics, erosion processes like abrasion and hydraulic action, cliff retreat and wave cut platforms. It also discusses coastal management strategies like hard engineering options such as sea walls, revetments and groynes, and soft engineering options like beach replenishment, cliff regrading and managed retreat. The document concludes with an example of coastal management at Swanage which uses beach replenishment, groynes, cliff regrading and drainage.
S3 GE Slides 1.1 - Coasts GW1
The document discusses coastal environments and processes. It begins by defining a coast and describing the different zones and landforms that make up coasts, such as beaches, headlands, and cliffs. It then explains how coasts are dynamic environments that change over time due to various natural processes and forces, including waves, tides, currents, geology, and ecosystems. Specific coastal erosional processes like corrasion, attrition, solution, and hydraulic action are also outlined.
Geography SBA.docx
The document is a 17-page geography SBA report by Okay-Lia Buchanan investigating how wave processes contribute to coastal landform formation in Hellshire, St. Catherine, Jamaica. The study was conducted along 500 meters of coastline near Cliff Boulevard on October 3rd, 2022. Various coastal features were observed including two headlands, a bay, a cliff, and two berms. Data on wave types and frequencies were collected through observation and using a stopwatch. Spilling and surging waves were found to be most effective at sediment deposition. In conclusion, the fieldwork provided insight into how erosion and deposition by wave activity influenced the coastal landforms in the study area.
Coasts
This document provides an overview of coasts and coastal processes. It begins with an introduction to the topics that will be covered, including the syllabus, case studies, coastal processes, and exam technique. Case studies include the Holderness Coast, Flamborough Head, and Spurn Point. Coastal processes such as hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and solution are explained. Exam advice is given around answering 6-marker questions by explaining coastal landforms and processes in a structured sequence.
Coasts igcse geography
Waves are the primary force causing erosion along coastlines. Constructive waves build beaches up while destructive waves erode beaches. Coastal landforms like cliffs, caves, arches and stacks are formed through erosion processes. Longshore drift transports sediment along the coast, potentially building up spits or bars. The coast at Holderness, East Yorkshire is eroding rapidly, retreating over 1 meter per year due to its soft cliff material and destructive North Sea waves. Several villages have been lost and infrastructure like roads and gas facilities are threatened. Various coastal defenses have been installed with mixed success.
Coastal erosion processes
The document provides information about different types of coastal erosion and how they can be represented through "Kung Fu" gestures. It includes descriptions of four erosion processes - hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and corrosion. Students are asked to create gestures to symbolize each process. The document also contains sample exam questions about coastal erosion processes and features formed by erosion.
2016 Sec 3 Pure Chapter 1 coasts
This document provides an overview of coastal environments and processes. It begins with key thinking questions about coasts and their value. It then defines coasts and describes their main zones or parts. Two main factors that affect the coastal environment are tides and sea level changes. The document also discusses coastal erosion processes like abrasion and hydraulic action. Finally, it introduces coastal landforms like cliffs, shore platforms, headlands and bays that result from erosion.
3.1 revision 2013
Revision powerpoint for 3.1 Coastal Processes focusing on Muriwai Beach and Maori Bay by Takapuna Grammar Geography
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Coastal erosional processes and landforms lesson 4
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L2 consumption patterns
There are differences in water consumption between developed and developing countries. Developing countries use a high percentage of water for agriculture, around 88%, due to inefficient irrigation systems and widespread subsistence farming. Their water usage for industry is low at 2% as there is little large-scale manufacturing. Developed countries have a lower agricultural water usage rate of 9% as they employ modern irrigation techniques. Their industry water usage is high at 79% to support extensive manufacturing activities. Domestic water usage makes up 12% in developed nations but is rising in developing nations where access to piped water is limited.
L1 variety in supply ap
Freshwater availability varies globally due to its uneven distribution and factors like population growth, climate change, and development levels that impact supply and demand. Aquifers underground store freshwater, but some are being drained faster than replenished. While three percent of water is fresh, two thirds is frozen and one percent is available for human use.
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China faces significant challenges with sustainable water management due to having only 7% of the world's freshwater resources but over 19.5% of the global population. To address this, China is taking several steps including implementing more efficient irrigation techniques for agriculture, building new reservoirs and water transfer projects, treating more wastewater, and raising public awareness of water conservation issues.
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The document discusses sustainable management and use of water. Over 80 million more people are added to the global population each year, placing increasing demands on water resources. Agriculture and increasing meat consumption in countries like China also impact water usage. Two million tons of human waste is dumped into rivers daily. Individuals can help by planting drought-tolerant plants and using water-efficient appliances. Organizations in places like Las Vegas recycle water from hotels through advanced filtration systems. The government implements initiatives around limiting outdoor watering and pricing to encourage conservation.
L4 attitudes and desal ap
1. Las Vegas gets 90% of its water from Lake Mead, but over the last 10 years the water level has dropped by half. One solution is to build a 500km pipeline to transfer water to the city.
2. Desalination is a technology that can resolve water shortages by removing salt from seawater to make it suitable for drinking. It involves reverse osmosis, where pressure is used to squeeze water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving salt behind. It is commonly used in dry, coastal regions like Spain, Australia, and Saudi Arabia.
3. Desalination has pros like providing a reliable water source, but cons such as high financial and energy costs.
L1 ap classification, exploitation and changes
The document defines and classifies natural resources. It distinguishes between biotic factors like living organisms and abiotic factors like non-living things. Resources are also classified as renewable like solar energy or non-renewable like fossil fuels. Humans exploit resources through activities like overgrazing, overfishing, deforestation, and overusing water. This causes changes like soil erosion, declining fish populations, loss of biodiversity, and depleted aquifers. Humans also exploit energy resources but burning fossil fuels pollutes the environment and contributes to issues like acid rain.
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This document discusses global patterns of food, energy, and water use. It notes that developed countries consume far more resources per person than developing nations. For example, the average North American consumes around 90kg of resources daily compared to just 10kg for the average African. While the world produces enough food overall, it is unevenly distributed, leading to both obesity and famine. Developed nations like the U.S. consume a disproportionate amount of the world's energy and water resources despite having a small percentage of the global population. Patterns of consumption depend on development level and resource availability within each country.
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L1 variety in supply ap
Freshwater availability varies globally due to its uneven distribution and factors like population growth, climate change, and development levels that impact supply and demand. Aquifers underground store freshwater, but some are being drained faster than replenished. While three percent of water is fresh, most is locked in ice or far from population centers.
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(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
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- 1. What is the Influence of Waves and Geology on the Coast?
- 2. 1. How do waves form? โข Watch this โข Waves form when the wind blows over the sea. They are the result of friction on the surface of the water. โข Height and energy of a wave is due to: a. Wind strength b. Wind duration c. Fetch (distance of open water over which wind blows) Video here
- 4. 2. What are the different types of waves?
- 6. Complete the table using p20 Differences Constructive Waves Destructive Waves Formation Energy Shape Breaking characteristics Coastal impact
- 7. 3. How can geology Influence the coastal landscape?
- 8. 3. How can geology Influence the coastal landscape?
- 10. Bay and Headland
- 12. a. Discordant coast โข These bands of rock are at 90 degrees to the sea. This creates discordant headlands and bays along the stretch of coast because the rocks have different abilities to withstand erosion by the sea. โข For example on the Isle of Purbeck from Studland to Durlston Head. Where the chalk is more resistant to erosion and the softer mudstone and sandstone are eroded at a faster pace.
- 20. b. Concordant coast โข A concordant coast is a coastline that has bands or rock that are parallel to the sea. โข The bands are often made up of hard and soft rock. If the sea erodes through parts of the hard rock then it will quickly erode through the softer rock behind it. โข E.g. Lulworth Cove in Dorset. Which is made up of harder Portland Stone with softer Greensand behind it
- 21. Isle of Purbeck
- 22. Kahoot Quiz โข Have a go at the Kahoot quiz belowโฆ โข http://bit.ly/2dbnGgH