Headlands and Bays
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The document discusses different types of weathering and erosion processes that shape coastlines. Waves erode softer rock faster than harder rock, forming bays surrounded by harder headlands that are more resistant to erosion. Deposition occurs in the sheltered bays, creating beaches, while the exposed headlands continue to be eroded by waves. Biological, chemical, freeze-thaw and other processes also contribute to coastal weathering and erosion over time.
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Coasts: Headlands and Bays
This document provides information about headlands and bays, including:
1) Headlands and bays are formed by the uneven erosion of coastlines composed of bands of rock with varying resistance. More resistant rocks like granite and basalt form headlands, while less resistant rocks like chalk, sandstone and shale erode more quickly to form bays.
2) Waves concentrate their energy at headlands, eroding them more, while weakening along wider bays where sediments are deposited.
3) Students are expected to learn about beaches, spits and tombolos from their textbook for homework, with examples of different beach gradients based on sediment coarseness.
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The document discusses various coastal landforms created by erosion processes along the coastline. It focuses on the specific example of Old Harry Rocks, located on the Dorset coast in England. Old Harry Rocks consists of two chalk stacks that were formed as the surrounding softer clay was eroded away by waves and other processes over centuries. Hydraulic action, corrosion and abrasion helped erode weaknesses in the chalk cliff and form caves, arches and eventually the remaining stacks that make up Old Harry Rocks today. One of the stacks used to be part of an arch but collapsed, becoming a stump. The document analyzes how these specific landforms were formed through coastal erosion.
Wave refraction
1) As waves approach the coast, they travel parallel to each other at the same speed.
2) At headlands, waves encounter more friction as the water is shallower, causing the waves to slow down. At bays, the deeper water causes less friction so wave speed remains constant.
3) This causes wave refraction - waves bend towards headlands and away from bays. The changing wave energy leads to different coastal landforms at headlands versus bays.
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This document discusses coastal landforms and processes including constructive and destructive wave characteristics, erosion processes like abrasion and hydraulic action, cliff retreat and wave cut platforms. It also discusses coastal management strategies like hard engineering options such as sea walls, revetments and groynes, and soft engineering options like beach replenishment, cliff regrading and managed retreat. The document concludes with an example of coastal management at Swanage which uses beach replenishment, groynes, cliff regrading and drainage.
Transportation Deposition
Beaches form through the process of erosion and deposition by ocean waves. Sediment such as sand and pebbles is eroded from cliffs and shores by wave action and transported down the coast by longshore drift. This sediment is eventually deposited and builds up over time to create beaches. The size and shape of beaches depends on the type of sediment - shingle beaches are steeper while sand beaches have a more gentle slope. Features like spits, bars, and tombolos are also formed through deposition when sediment carried by longshore drift accumulates in different ways.
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This document provides information about the GCSE Geography course for Mr. Rogers' class, including details on exam dates and percentages of the final mark for different topics. It discusses rivers and coasts, economic geography, settlement and population, and hazards. It provides resources for students, including Mr. Rogers' contact information and links to online materials. Homework is assigned to produce a factfile on a place eroded by the coast.
Coastal erosion processes
The document provides information about different types of coastal erosion and how they can be represented through "Kung Fu" gestures. It includes descriptions of four erosion processes - hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and corrosion. Students are asked to create gestures to symbolize each process. The document also contains sample exam questions about coastal erosion processes and features formed by erosion.
Erosion Landforms Coasts
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Coasts: Headlands and Bays
This document provides information about headlands and bays, including:
1) Headlands and bays are formed by the uneven erosion of coastlines composed of bands of rock with varying resistance. More resistant rocks like granite and basalt form headlands, while less resistant rocks like chalk, sandstone and shale erode more quickly to form bays.
2) Waves concentrate their energy at headlands, eroding them more, while weakening along wider bays where sediments are deposited.
3) Students are expected to learn about beaches, spits and tombolos from their textbook for homework, with examples of different beach gradients based on sediment coarseness.
Headlands
The document discusses various coastal landforms created by erosion processes along the coastline. It focuses on the specific example of Old Harry Rocks, located on the Dorset coast in England. Old Harry Rocks consists of two chalk stacks that were formed as the surrounding softer clay was eroded away by waves and other processes over centuries. Hydraulic action, corrosion and abrasion helped erode weaknesses in the chalk cliff and form caves, arches and eventually the remaining stacks that make up Old Harry Rocks today. One of the stacks used to be part of an arch but collapsed, becoming a stump. The document analyzes how these specific landforms were formed through coastal erosion.
Wave refraction
1) As waves approach the coast, they travel parallel to each other at the same speed.
2) At headlands, waves encounter more friction as the water is shallower, causing the waves to slow down. At bays, the deeper water causes less friction so wave speed remains constant.
3) This causes wave refraction - waves bend towards headlands and away from bays. The changing wave energy leads to different coastal landforms at headlands versus bays.
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This document discusses coastal landforms and processes including constructive and destructive wave characteristics, erosion processes like abrasion and hydraulic action, cliff retreat and wave cut platforms. It also discusses coastal management strategies like hard engineering options such as sea walls, revetments and groynes, and soft engineering options like beach replenishment, cliff regrading and managed retreat. The document concludes with an example of coastal management at Swanage which uses beach replenishment, groynes, cliff regrading and drainage.
Transportation Deposition
Beaches form through the process of erosion and deposition by ocean waves. Sediment such as sand and pebbles is eroded from cliffs and shores by wave action and transported down the coast by longshore drift. This sediment is eventually deposited and builds up over time to create beaches. The size and shape of beaches depends on the type of sediment - shingle beaches are steeper while sand beaches have a more gentle slope. Features like spits, bars, and tombolos are also formed through deposition when sediment carried by longshore drift accumulates in different ways.
Coastal processes this one
This document provides information about the GCSE Geography course for Mr. Rogers' class, including details on exam dates and percentages of the final mark for different topics. It discusses rivers and coasts, economic geography, settlement and population, and hazards. It provides resources for students, including Mr. Rogers' contact information and links to online materials. Homework is assigned to produce a factfile on a place eroded by the coast.
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The document provides information about different types of coastal erosion and how they can be represented through "Kung Fu" gestures. It includes descriptions of four erosion processes - hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and corrosion. Students are asked to create gestures to symbolize each process. The document also contains sample exam questions about coastal erosion processes and features formed by erosion.
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The document discusses different types of coastal landforms formed by erosion and deposition. It describes four types of sediment transportation along coasts: dissolution, suspension, saltation, and traction. It also discusses the formation of headlands and bays due to differences in the resistance of the underlying rock. When waves have low energy and conditions are calm, deposition occurs, forming landforms like beaches, spits, tombolos, sand bars and barrier islands.
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Spits and bars are depositional coastal landforms formed by processes such as longshore drift. A spit is a depositional landform that extends from the shore out to sea, often curved in shape due to opposing winds and currents. A bar occurs where a spit grows across a bay, enclosing the bay to form a lagoon, or forms offshore due to breaking waves. Longshore drift transports sediment along the coast and causes deposition of material in certain areas, gradually building up spits and bars.
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Beaches are depositional landforms that form along coastlines where sand and shingle accumulate faster than they are removed by waves. Beaches represent accumulated material deposited between low and high tides. Beach material comes from cliff erosion, offshore sources, and rivers. Sand produces gently sloped beaches below 5 degrees, while shingle produces steeper beaches from 10-20 degrees. Factors like wave energy, type, and longshore drift influence beach profiles.
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1) The UK coastline has been divided into coastal cells and sub-cells to simplify understanding coastal processes. The East Riding coastline is designated as sub-cell 2a.
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Spit, bar or tombolo
Beaches form in sheltered environments like bays through the processes of deposition. Spits are formed when longshore drift causes sediment to accumulate into narrow extensions of land along a shoreline. Bars are similar to spits but connect two areas of mainland, while tombolos connect an island to the mainland through a double-barred spit formation.
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The document discusses coastal processes and landforms. It explains that coastal processes like tides, waves and currents constantly shape the coastline through erosion and deposition. This dynamic zone includes features like beaches, cliffs, caves and stacks that are formed by erosional forces, as well as spits, bars and tombolos created through deposition. Longshore drift plays a key role in shaping depositional landforms as sediments are transported along the shore. The profile of beaches and evolution of coastal dunes over time are also outlined.
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Formation Of A Wave Cut Platform
A wave cut platform is formed by the continuous erosion of a sea cliff by destructive ocean waves. The erosion creates a wave cut notch between the high and low tide lines that grows deeper over time. As the notch expands into a cave, the cliff face weakens and collapses under gravity, leaving behind a wave cut platform where the cliff once was through the combined effects of erosion and gravitational collapse of the rock.
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- The Jurassic Coast exposes geology spanning millions of years, including rocks from the Jurassic period 200-140 million years ago.
- More resistant rock types like chalk erode more slowly than less resistant rocks like clay and limestone, leading to the formation of bays in softer rocks and headlands in harder rocks.
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Beaches have three main components - the nearshore, foreshore, and backshore. The nearshore extends seaward of the shoreline and contains sand bars formed by sediment deposition as wave energy is lost. The foreshore is the area between low and high tide marks affected daily by swash and backwash, depositing and returning sediment. The backshore lies beyond the foreshore and contains dunes, with sediment transported there during storms. Key beach features include berms, ridges and runnels, cusps, spits, and bars, formed by processes like deposition, swash action, and longshore drift.
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The document discusses various coastal landforms created by erosion and deposition processes along shorelines. It describes landforms such as headlands and bays, cliffs and wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, and stumps which are formed by coastal erosion. Beaches and spits are landforms created by coastal deposition, with beaches forming in sheltered areas between high and low tide lines, and spits forming as narrow ridges projecting from the coast due to longshore drift depositing materials.
Formation Of A Spit James Benson
A spit is formed through the process of longshore drift. As waves approach the shore at an angle, sediment is carried along the coast until it reaches a change in direction, such as a headland. The sediment builds up over time to form a sandbar that stretches out into the sea. Spits continue growing until reaching an area of fast water flow or change in wind direction. Sheltered water and salt marshes form behind the spit, providing habitat for wildlife.
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The document discusses various coastal landforms created by wave erosion and deposition along shorelines. It describes how alternating bands of hard and soft rock lead to the formation of headlands and bays through differential erosion. As waves erode the soft rock faster than the hard rock, an irregular coastline develops. Further erosion can form caves, arches, stacks, and stumps. Coves are formed when a stream cuts through a cliff, widening through erosion. Wave-cut platforms are flat terraces exposed when cliffs retreat inland. Longshore drift can build up spits, narrow accumulations of sand and gravel stretching from the shore into the sea.
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The document describes various coastal landforms and features including estuaries, barrier islands, headlands, arches, stacks, sand dunes, salt marshes, tombolos, and wave-cut platforms. Estuaries are where fresh and salt water mix at the wide part of a river near the sea. Barrier islands are long narrow sandy islands running parallel to the shore. Arches form natural rock formations with passages underneath, and stacks remain after arch collapse. Sand dunes occur along coastal areas and deserts. Salt marshes are transitional areas between land and salty water. Tombolos connect islands to mainland or other islands. Wave-cut platforms are flat areas at the base of sea cliffs caused by wave action
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This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes, their impacts on people, and methods for managing the coastline and tourist activities. It specifically describes rotational landsliding, longshore drift, and different hard and soft engineering options for reducing coastal erosion, including beach nourishment, groynes, riprap, and planting vegetation. It also addresses managing tourist access through designating protected areas, limiting visitor numbers, and building infrastructure like footpaths, fences, and visitors centers.
Holderness coastal erosion case study
The Holderness Coast in Yorkshire, UK is one of Europe's fastest eroding coastlines, losing an average of 2 meters of land per year, which is around 2 million tons of material. It is composed of soft, erodible boulder clay deposited over glacial chalk bedrock. Resistant Flamborough Head chalk formations and deposition at Spurn Point evidence longshore drift along the coast. Landslips, rockfalls, and mudflows are coastal erosion processes affecting the less resistant boulder clay cliffs.
L5 Distictive Coastal Deposition Features
Beaches form through deposition by constructive waves, building up material like sand and shingle along sheltered coastlines. Spits develop when longshore drift transports sediment along a coastline that changes direction, forming a narrow hooked landform. Bars are ridges that run parallel to the coast and can temporarily block river mouths and inlets, forming lagoons behind them that may slowly fill in with sediment over time.
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This document discusses coastal erosion processes. Hydraulic action erodes rock when air is forced into cracks by waves, exerting pressure that pulls out rock when the water falls. This type of erosion is called hydraulic action. Coastal erosion forms headlands and bays as harder rock headlands project into the sea while soft rock in between erodes back to form bays. Over time, hydraulic action can form arches, stacks, and stumps in headlands as erosion undercuts the base of cliffs.
8. spits and bars
Spits and bars are depositional coastal landforms formed by processes such as longshore drift. A spit is a depositional landform that extends from the shore out to sea, often curved in shape due to opposing winds and currents. A bar occurs where a spit grows across a bay, enclosing the bay to form a lagoon, or forms offshore due to breaking waves. Longshore drift transports sediment along the coast and causes deposition of material in certain areas, gradually building up spits and bars.
Beaches AS
Beaches are depositional landforms that form along coastlines where sand and shingle accumulate faster than they are removed by waves. Beaches represent accumulated material deposited between low and high tides. Beach material comes from cliff erosion, offshore sources, and rivers. Sand produces gently sloped beaches below 5 degrees, while shingle produces steeper beaches from 10-20 degrees. Factors like wave energy, type, and longshore drift influence beach profiles.
Coastal Processes on the Holderness Coast
1) The UK coastline has been divided into coastal cells and sub-cells to simplify understanding coastal processes. The East Riding coastline is designated as sub-cell 2a.
2) Cliff erosion along the East Riding coast is complex and dynamic, driven by random wave and tidal forces. Erosion produces sediment that is sorted and transported south by these coastal processes. Beach levels fluctuate in response, impacting erosion rates.
3) Erosion occurs in four zones - the cliff face, nearshore beach, offshore clay face, and protected offshore seabed. Cliff erosion averages 1.7m/year while offshore erosion likely matches this rate, totaling around 3 million cubic meters of erosion
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This document discusses coastal studies and processes. It describes the different types of waves that impact coasts, including constructive waves that have weaker backwash and destructive waves that strongly erode coasts. The key coastal processes are erosion, transportation, and deposition. Erosional processes include corrasion, attrition, solution, and hydraulic action, which can be remembered with the acronym CASH. Factors influencing the rate of coastal erosion are the type of waves, the nature of coastal rocks, the gradient of the coast, and human activities.
Spit, bar or tombolo
Beaches form in sheltered environments like bays through the processes of deposition. Spits are formed when longshore drift causes sediment to accumulate into narrow extensions of land along a shoreline. Bars are similar to spits but connect two areas of mainland, while tombolos connect an island to the mainland through a double-barred spit formation.
Coastal processes and features by shirin
The document discusses coastal processes and landforms. It explains that coastal processes like tides, waves and currents constantly shape the coastline through erosion and deposition. This dynamic zone includes features like beaches, cliffs, caves and stacks that are formed by erosional forces, as well as spits, bars and tombolos created through deposition. Longshore drift plays a key role in shaping depositional landforms as sediments are transported along the shore. The profile of beaches and evolution of coastal dunes over time are also outlined.
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Formation Of A Wave Cut Platform
A wave cut platform is formed by the continuous erosion of a sea cliff by destructive ocean waves. The erosion creates a wave cut notch between the high and low tide lines that grows deeper over time. As the notch expands into a cave, the cliff face weakens and collapses under gravity, leaving behind a wave cut platform where the cliff once was through the combined effects of erosion and gravitational collapse of the rock.
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The sand dunes show different stages of development as you move inland from the shoreline. Embryo dunes near the beach are less than 1 meter tall and only stabilized by debris. Foredunes a little further inland reach up to 5 meters tall with grasses like marram grass stabilizing the sand. Yellow dunes have greater plant diversity as conditions improve, with dunes 5-10 meters tall and 80% plant coverage.
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Breakwaters reduce wave power to protect beaches from erosion. Gabions are wire cages filled with stones that absorb wave energy. Groynes are structures built perpendicular to the shore to slow longshore drift. Revetments are sloped structures that absorb wave energy and trap sediment. Sea walls are curved concrete walls that protect cliffs from wave erosion. Each method has advantages in reducing erosion but can also impact sediment movement and beaches.
Spit2
1) Beaches form in sheltered environments like bays through the process of deposition when the swash is stronger than the backwash.
2) Spits are formed through the process of longshore drift, where the direction of wind and wave action causes sediment to be deposited in a curved shape extending from the coastline.
3) Tombolos and bars are both types of coastal landforms formed through longshore drift - a tombolo joins an island to the mainland, while a bar joins two headlands across a bay.
Spits
A spit is a landform created by the deposition of sediment transported by longshore drift. Sediment is carried along the coast until the direction changes, causing deposition and the formation of a curved spit. Over time, the deposited sediment builds up in layers from mudflats to salt marsh and eventually freshwater marsh. As wind directions change, the end of the spit may curve further, forming hooked shapes. Spits can grow across river mouths or bays, diverting rivers or connecting islands to mainland via tombolos.
Formation of wave cut platform
A wave cut platform formed as waves broke against the base of a cliff, eroding a notch. Repeated wave action at the cliff's base eroded a deep notch by breaking waves cutting into the rock below the cliff on multiple occasions. The notch was deeply incised into the rock by persistent and repeated wave action at the bottom of the cliff over time.
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This document discusses the geological processes that occur at headlands and in bays. Headlands experience high energy destructive wave conditions that erode and undermine the cliffs, forming features like wave-cut notches, caves, stacks, and stumps. Bays have more sheltered, low energy conditions with constructive waves and deposition in shallow waters.
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The document discusses different methods of coastal management to reduce erosion and flooding risks along coastlines. It describes hard engineering options like groynes, sea walls, revetments, and rock armour that use rigid structures to reduce wave energy. It also describes soft engineering options like beach nourishment, beach reshaping, and managed retreat that are more sustainable and natural approaches. Managed retreat in particular allows the sea to reclaim formerly flooded land to create salt marshes that can absorb wave energy and flooding impacts.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
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💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
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#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
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Headlands and Bays
- 2. 2 Images CC PhilpC, Severecci, VikEliis
- 4. 4 Images CC PhilpC, , iknow-uk Wabberjocky
- 7. Harder rock Harder rock Softer rock Waves attack the coastline.
- 8. Harder rock Harder rock Softer rock Harder rock The more resistant rock is left sticking out into the sea called a headland . The softer rock is eroded by the sea- forming a bay . This area is now more sheltered, this encourages deposition and beaches are formed.
- 9. Harder rock Harder rock Softer rock Harder rock Surrounded by deep water and exposed to the full force of the waves- the headlands are eroded . The shallower waters in the bay continue to encourage deposition .