IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
Analysis of Multicast Routing Protocols: Puma and OdmrpIJMER
This document summarizes and compares two multicast routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks: PUMA and ODMRP. It begins with an introduction to ad hoc networks and multicast routing. It then provides details on PUMA, a receiver-initiated protocol where receivers elect a core node to reduce flooding. PUMA establishes a mesh structure along shortest paths from the core to group members. ODMRP is a mesh-based protocol that maintains multiple paths between sources and receivers through periodic control messages. It is more resilient to failures but has higher overhead than PUMA. The document analyzes the algorithms, advantages, and disadvantages of each protocol.
This document analyzes the performance of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) using WiMAX technology with realistic mobility patterns. It designs VANET systems in different environments using the NS2 simulator. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) techniques are implemented to improve quality of service. Simulation results show that MIMO and AMC provide significant gains in throughput, delay, jitter, packet delivery ratio, and packet loss ratio. Different routing protocols are also evaluated under various realistic mobility scenarios.
Towards Improving Road Safety Using Advanced Vehicular NetworksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are advanced network technologies applied to improve safety on roads and to offer suitable solutions for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The goal of VANETs is to assistdrivers and to act as a smart co-pilot that can alret about accidents and help avoiding them while prodivding high-end infotainment systems for both the driver and passengers. Consequently, VANETs can save millions of lives around the world, especially in Saudi Arabia, which has a very high rate of road accidents annualy. In this paper, we introduce and discuss VANETs, related routing protocols, challenging problems, and the existing solutions. This work is a part of a bigger project that aims to enhance VANETs technologies and to updapteITS to significantly promote road safety in general and Saudi Arabia’s roads in particular.
Comparative Performance Assessment of V-Blast Encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA Wirele...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN
channel and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
Abstract: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), a subclass of mobile ad hoc network (MANET), is a
promising approach for the intelligent transport system (ITS). VANET allows vehicles to form a self-organized
network without the need for a permanent infrastructure. As the VANET has a potential in improving road
safety, real time traffic update and other travel comforts, it turns attention of the researcher. Though VANET
and MANET shares some common characteristics like self-organized network, dynamic topology, ad hoc nature
etc, VANET differs from MANET by challenges, application, architecture, power constraint and mobility
patterns, so routing protocols used in MANET are not applicable with VANET. New routing strategy for VANET
has been proposed by many researchers in recent year. This paper provides focus on the various aspects of
VANET like architecture, characteristic, challenges, glimpse of routing protocols, and simulation models used
for VANET.
Keywords: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks; routing; position based routing; characteristics; transmission strategies
A Dynamic MAC Protocol for WCDMA Wireless Multimedia NetworksIDES Editor
Existing MAC protocols like TDMA and 802.11
have many disadvantages for scheduling multimedia traffic in
CDMA wireless networks. Our objective is to develop a
dynamic MAC protocol for WCDMA networks to avoid
congestion and improve the channel utilization and
throughput of the bulky real-time flows. In this paper, we
propose to develop a dynamic MAC protocol for wireless
multimedia networks. In the design, we combine the merits of
the CSMA, TDMA MAC protocols with WCDMA systems to
improve the throughput of the multimedia WLAN in a
cellular environment. We use these MAC protocols
adaptively, to handle both the low and high data traffics of the
mobile users. It uses multiple slots per frame allowing
multiple users to transmit simultaneously using their own
CDMA codes. By simulation results, we show that our
proposed MAC protocol achieves high channel utilization and
improved throughput with reduced average delay under low
and high data traffic.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
Analysis of Multicast Routing Protocols: Puma and OdmrpIJMER
This document summarizes and compares two multicast routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks: PUMA and ODMRP. It begins with an introduction to ad hoc networks and multicast routing. It then provides details on PUMA, a receiver-initiated protocol where receivers elect a core node to reduce flooding. PUMA establishes a mesh structure along shortest paths from the core to group members. ODMRP is a mesh-based protocol that maintains multiple paths between sources and receivers through periodic control messages. It is more resilient to failures but has higher overhead than PUMA. The document analyzes the algorithms, advantages, and disadvantages of each protocol.
This document analyzes the performance of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) using WiMAX technology with realistic mobility patterns. It designs VANET systems in different environments using the NS2 simulator. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) techniques are implemented to improve quality of service. Simulation results show that MIMO and AMC provide significant gains in throughput, delay, jitter, packet delivery ratio, and packet loss ratio. Different routing protocols are also evaluated under various realistic mobility scenarios.
Towards Improving Road Safety Using Advanced Vehicular NetworksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are advanced network technologies applied to improve safety on roads and to offer suitable solutions for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The goal of VANETs is to assistdrivers and to act as a smart co-pilot that can alret about accidents and help avoiding them while prodivding high-end infotainment systems for both the driver and passengers. Consequently, VANETs can save millions of lives around the world, especially in Saudi Arabia, which has a very high rate of road accidents annualy. In this paper, we introduce and discuss VANETs, related routing protocols, challenging problems, and the existing solutions. This work is a part of a bigger project that aims to enhance VANETs technologies and to updapteITS to significantly promote road safety in general and Saudi Arabia’s roads in particular.
Comparative Performance Assessment of V-Blast Encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA Wirele...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN
channel and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
Abstract: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), a subclass of mobile ad hoc network (MANET), is a
promising approach for the intelligent transport system (ITS). VANET allows vehicles to form a self-organized
network without the need for a permanent infrastructure. As the VANET has a potential in improving road
safety, real time traffic update and other travel comforts, it turns attention of the researcher. Though VANET
and MANET shares some common characteristics like self-organized network, dynamic topology, ad hoc nature
etc, VANET differs from MANET by challenges, application, architecture, power constraint and mobility
patterns, so routing protocols used in MANET are not applicable with VANET. New routing strategy for VANET
has been proposed by many researchers in recent year. This paper provides focus on the various aspects of
VANET like architecture, characteristic, challenges, glimpse of routing protocols, and simulation models used
for VANET.
Keywords: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks; routing; position based routing; characteristics; transmission strategies
A Dynamic MAC Protocol for WCDMA Wireless Multimedia NetworksIDES Editor
Existing MAC protocols like TDMA and 802.11
have many disadvantages for scheduling multimedia traffic in
CDMA wireless networks. Our objective is to develop a
dynamic MAC protocol for WCDMA networks to avoid
congestion and improve the channel utilization and
throughput of the bulky real-time flows. In this paper, we
propose to develop a dynamic MAC protocol for wireless
multimedia networks. In the design, we combine the merits of
the CSMA, TDMA MAC protocols with WCDMA systems to
improve the throughput of the multimedia WLAN in a
cellular environment. We use these MAC protocols
adaptively, to handle both the low and high data traffics of the
mobile users. It uses multiple slots per frame allowing
multiple users to transmit simultaneously using their own
CDMA codes. By simulation results, we show that our
proposed MAC protocol achieves high channel utilization and
improved throughput with reduced average delay under low
and high data traffic.
ABSTRACT : Performance enhancement of smart antennas versus their complexity for commercial wireless
applications. The goal of the study presented in this paper is to investigate the performance improvement
attainable using relatively simple smart antenna techniques when applied to the third-generation W-CDMA air
interface. Methods to achieve this goal include fixed multi beam architectures with different beam selection
algorithms (maximum power criterion, combined beams) or adaptive solutions driven by relatively simple direction
finding algorithms. After comparing these methods against each other for several representative scenarios, some
issues related to the sensitivity of these methods are also studied, (e.g., robustness to environment, mismatches
originating from implementation limitations, etc.). Results indicate that overall, conventional beam forming
seems to be the best choice in terms of balancing the performance and complexity requirements, in particular
when the problem with interfering high-bit-rate W-CDMA 3g users is considered.
1. The document discusses performance enhancement of WiMAX mobile handover using OFDM with M-QAM modulation and best relay selection.
2. It analyzes the bit error rate performance of M-QAM OFDM systems for different modulation schemes, numbers of relays, and subchannels.
3. The results show that M-QAM OFDM with best relay selection provides higher performance and lower error communication compared to other techniques.
A DDRESSING T HE M ULTICHANNEL S ELECTION , S CHEDULING A ND C OORDINATION...pijans
We discuss a new multichannel coordination and sche
duling challenge called the Multichannel Scheduling
Cost (MSC). It is caused by the inability of the co
ntrol channel to schedule simultaneous transmission
s
resulting in data channels lying idle and their ban
dwidth underutilized. As a result, wasted bandwidth
increases as the number of data channels increases.
To address this challenge, a cyclic scheduling
Algorithm (CSA) is proposed. It employs one dedicat
ed signaling channel and 4 data channels. It is
premised on a proactive channel reservation scheme
which reduces the idleness of channels. The scheme
ensures that data channels are reserved while they
are still busy. The data channels are reserved whil
e
their remaining transmission duration is equal to t
he virtual carrier sensing duration. This gives the
next
pair sufficient time to reserve the current data ch
annel before it becomes available, limiting the MSC
to the
first cycle. The simulation results show a performa
nce benefit of the CSA scheme in addressing the eff
ects
of the MSC
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
GLOBAL FRONTRUNNER ROUTING ALGORITHM (GFRA) FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN VANETS cscpconf
VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork) is the emerging research area that making the phrase
“Network on Wheel” true. In this new age network the basic WLAN (IEEE 802.11) standard is
used. As the necessity of such network increases the implementation challenges are being taken
into account. They are broadcasting, routing, priority scheduling and security and privacy. In
this paper the routing is considered as the research factor. A proposal for routing with
frequently changing topology to avoid disconnection of network on road and for the routing
among overlapping networks in flyovers with multiple ramps and stack to avoid wrong
messaging is given.
This document summarizes adaptive resource allocation techniques for wireless MIMO-OFDMA systems used for multimedia multicasting. It discusses different multicast scheduling approaches, including single-rate and multi-rate transmissions. For single-rate, a fixed default rate, worst user's rate, or group average throughput can be used. For multi-rate, information can be split into multiple streams or subgroups can be formed based on channel quality. The document also provides an overview of the multicast resource allocation block in an OFDMA system, which determines subcarrier allocation and transmit power based on channel state information feedback to optimize throughput or power.
Analysis of MAC protocol for Cognitive Radio Wireless Sensor Network (CR-WSN)IRJET Journal
This document analyzes MAC protocols for cognitive radio wireless sensor networks (CR-WSNs). It begins with an introduction to cognitive radio and how combining it with wireless sensor networks can yield new networking capabilities. It then discusses various MAC protocol layers and focuses on the COGMAC protocol. COGMAC is a decentralized cognitive MAC protocol based on the multichannel preamble reservation scheme. The document outlines COGMAC's advantages over conventional MAC protocols and introduces an upgraded version called COGMAC+. COGMAC+ uses adaptive energy detection and random backoff schemes to improve performance. Finally, the document summarizes that cognitive radio can improve spectrum utilization and quality in sensor networks by exploiting multiple channel availability and overcoming issues from dense deployments.
The document proposes a hybrid architecture for channel allocation and routing in wireless mesh networks to improve quality of service. It uses a combination of static and dynamic channel allocation. Dynamic channel allocation (DCA) is optimized using an Adaptive DCA protocol (ADCA) that considers both throughput and delay. Static channels provide high throughput paths while dynamic channels improve connectivity and adaptability. Simulation results show the hybrid approach achieves lower delay and higher throughput than static-only or dynamic-only approaches. It also compares clustering which can further increase throughput and reduce delay compared to the hybrid method.
This document summarizes an academic paper about using a partially observable Markov decision process to improve handoff latency in an automatic train control system that uses wireless local area networks with multiple-input multiple-output technologies. The objective is to reduce handoff decision time by considering channel estimation errors and balancing multiplexing gain versus diversity gain. It also provides background on train control systems, noting their evolution from mechanical to electromechanical to computer-based systems using wayside communication to determine train locations and ensure safe movement between tracks.
Survivability Issues in Optical Wavalength Division Multiplexing (WDM) NetworkIOSR Journals
This document provides a survey of survivability issues in optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. It discusses various protection techniques used in single and multi-domain WDM networks including link-based, path-based, and p-cycle protection. It reviews existing algorithms for survivability against multi-link failures such as LBSR, ESPP, and LSPP. It then proposes a new algorithm that combines p-cycle protection and wavelength assignment with Dijkstra's algorithm to reduce blocking probability. The document concludes that p-cycle protection is an effective technique and the proposed algorithm aims to find the shortest lightpath and optimize resource usage.
Performance Comparison of Multi-Carrier CDMA Using QPSK and BPSK ModulationIOSR Journals
Abstract: MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access) plays an important role in modern wireless communications. Modern communication required an efficient spectrum usage and capacity and throughput.MC-CDMA provided the solution of these problems. MIMO refers to links with multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver side. CDMA systems combined with multiple antennas is a promising technique, beyond 3G and 4G wireless communications. MIMO provides spatial diversity, which mitigates the fading. The usage of multiple antennas can significantly improve the performance of wireless communication system. This work also derives simulation through MATLAB of average bit error rate verses bit energy to noise ratio of multicarrier code division multiple access over Rayleigh channel using QPSK and BPSK modulation additive white Gaussian noise. Keywords: AWGN,BER,MC-CDMA, QPSK Modulation, Rayleigh Channel.
Sample-by-sample and block-adaptive robust constant modulus-based algorithmsDr. Ayman Elnashar, PhD
In this study, a robust sample-by-sample linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm (LCCMA) and a robust adaptive block-Shanno constant modulus algorithm (BSCMA) are developed. The well-established quadratic inequality constraint approach is exploited to add robustness to the developed algorithms. The LCCMA algorithm is implemented using a fast steepest descent adaptive algorithm, whereas the BSCMA algorithm is realised using a modified Newton’s algorithm without the inverse of Hessian matrix estimation. The developed algorithms are exercised to cancel the multiple access interference in a loaded direct sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) system. Simulations are presented in a rich multipath environment with a severe near-far effect to evaluate the robustness of the proposed DS/CDMA detectors. Finally, a comprehensive comparative analysis between the sample-by-sample and block-adaptive constant modulus-based detectors is presented. It has been demonstrated that the developed robust BSCMA detector offers rapid convergence speed and very low computational complexity, whereas the developed robust LCCMA detector engenders about 5 dB improvement in the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio over the BSCMA detector.
Spectrum sharing paradigm (SSP) has recently emerged as an attractive solution to provide capital expenditure (CapEx) and operating expenditure (OpEx) savings and to enhance spectrum utilization (SU). However, practical issues concerning the implementation of such paradigm are rarely addressed (e.g., mutual interference, fairness, and mmWave base station density). Therefore, in this paper, we proposed ultra-reliable and proportionally fair hybrid spectrum sharing access strategy that aims to address the aforementioned aspects as a function of coverage probability (CP), average rate distributions (ARD), and the number of mmWave base stations (mBSs). In this strategy, the spectrum is sliced into three parts (exclusive, semi-pooled, and fully pooled). A typical user that belongs to certain operator has the right to occupy a part of the spectrum available in the high and low frequencies (28 and 73 GHz) based on an adaptive multi-state mmWave cell selection scheme (AMMC-S) which associates the user with the tagged mBS that offers a highest SINR to maintain more reliable connection and enrich the user experience. Numerical results show that significant improvement in terms of ARD, CP, fairness among operators, and maintain an acceptable level of mBSs density.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A novel low computational complexity robust adaptive blind multiuser detector, based on the minimum output energy (MOE) detector with multiple constraints and a quadratic inequality (QI) constraint is developed in this paper. Quadratic constraint has been a widespread approach to improve robustness against mismatch errors, uncertainties in estimating the data covariance matrix, and random perturbations in detector parameters. A diagonal loading technique is compulsory to achieve the quadratic constraint where the diagonal loading level is adjusted to satisfy the constrained value. Integrating the quadratic constraint into recursive algorithms seems to be a moot point since there is no closed-form solution for the diagonal loading term. In this paper, the MOE detector of DS/CDMA system is implemented using a fast recursive steepest descent adaptive algorithm anchored in the generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) structure with multiple constraints and a QI constraint on the adaptive portion of the GSC structure. The Lagrange multiplier method is exploited to solve the QI constraint. An optimal variable loading technique, which is capable of providing robustness against uncertainties and mismatch errors with low computational complexity is adopted. Simulations for several mismatch and random perturbations scenarios are conducted in a rich multipath environment with near–far effect to explore the robustness of the proposed detector.
1) The document proposes an efficient carrier Ethernet overbooking solution for mobile backhaul networks. It develops a statistical method to derive a safe overbooking factor at the user-network-interface (UNI) based on peak utilization data.
2) It then presents two transport architectures to support bandwidth sharing across a cellular cluster using a single Ethernet virtual connection (EVC) pipe with an overbooked bandwidth.
3) A novel bandwidth control algorithm is also introduced to provide quality of service for multimedia traffic over the overbooked UNI, with service level agreement policing and protection for high priority services. Experimental and simulation results show that the new schemes can improve resource utilization, reduce costs, and maintain backhaul performance
This document compares SONET and DWDM network architectures through modeling a sample metro network. It finds:
1) For lower bandwidth demands like OC-3, SONET is more cost effective until traffic reaches around 16-20 Gbps, at which point DWDM becomes cheaper.
2) Higher bandwidth demands like OC-48 and Gigabit Ethernet favor DWDM, which overtakes SONET around 60-65 Gbps of traffic.
3) The SONET overlay approach delays but does not prevent the crossover points where DWDM becomes more cost effective than SONET.
4) Factors like span distances, fiber costs, and inclusion of lower bandwidth services can influence
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF VBLAST ENCODED 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA WIRELES...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN channel
and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study analyzing the integrated land and watershed development of Dhobai Watershed in Dumka District, Jharkhand, India using GIS and geonomic analysis. The study aims to generate updated thematic information on natural resources to facilitate sustainable land and water management. Methodology included visual and digital interpretation of satellite imagery and topographical maps. Themes mapped included geomorphology, drainage, climate, soils, and land use/land cover. Geomorphological units identified include valleys, hills, and uplands. Drainage is dominated by the Dhobai River. Soils include Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols. Land use is primarily single
ABSTRACT : Performance enhancement of smart antennas versus their complexity for commercial wireless
applications. The goal of the study presented in this paper is to investigate the performance improvement
attainable using relatively simple smart antenna techniques when applied to the third-generation W-CDMA air
interface. Methods to achieve this goal include fixed multi beam architectures with different beam selection
algorithms (maximum power criterion, combined beams) or adaptive solutions driven by relatively simple direction
finding algorithms. After comparing these methods against each other for several representative scenarios, some
issues related to the sensitivity of these methods are also studied, (e.g., robustness to environment, mismatches
originating from implementation limitations, etc.). Results indicate that overall, conventional beam forming
seems to be the best choice in terms of balancing the performance and complexity requirements, in particular
when the problem with interfering high-bit-rate W-CDMA 3g users is considered.
1. The document discusses performance enhancement of WiMAX mobile handover using OFDM with M-QAM modulation and best relay selection.
2. It analyzes the bit error rate performance of M-QAM OFDM systems for different modulation schemes, numbers of relays, and subchannels.
3. The results show that M-QAM OFDM with best relay selection provides higher performance and lower error communication compared to other techniques.
A DDRESSING T HE M ULTICHANNEL S ELECTION , S CHEDULING A ND C OORDINATION...pijans
We discuss a new multichannel coordination and sche
duling challenge called the Multichannel Scheduling
Cost (MSC). It is caused by the inability of the co
ntrol channel to schedule simultaneous transmission
s
resulting in data channels lying idle and their ban
dwidth underutilized. As a result, wasted bandwidth
increases as the number of data channels increases.
To address this challenge, a cyclic scheduling
Algorithm (CSA) is proposed. It employs one dedicat
ed signaling channel and 4 data channels. It is
premised on a proactive channel reservation scheme
which reduces the idleness of channels. The scheme
ensures that data channels are reserved while they
are still busy. The data channels are reserved whil
e
their remaining transmission duration is equal to t
he virtual carrier sensing duration. This gives the
next
pair sufficient time to reserve the current data ch
annel before it becomes available, limiting the MSC
to the
first cycle. The simulation results show a performa
nce benefit of the CSA scheme in addressing the eff
ects
of the MSC
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
GLOBAL FRONTRUNNER ROUTING ALGORITHM (GFRA) FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN VANETS cscpconf
VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork) is the emerging research area that making the phrase
“Network on Wheel” true. In this new age network the basic WLAN (IEEE 802.11) standard is
used. As the necessity of such network increases the implementation challenges are being taken
into account. They are broadcasting, routing, priority scheduling and security and privacy. In
this paper the routing is considered as the research factor. A proposal for routing with
frequently changing topology to avoid disconnection of network on road and for the routing
among overlapping networks in flyovers with multiple ramps and stack to avoid wrong
messaging is given.
This document summarizes adaptive resource allocation techniques for wireless MIMO-OFDMA systems used for multimedia multicasting. It discusses different multicast scheduling approaches, including single-rate and multi-rate transmissions. For single-rate, a fixed default rate, worst user's rate, or group average throughput can be used. For multi-rate, information can be split into multiple streams or subgroups can be formed based on channel quality. The document also provides an overview of the multicast resource allocation block in an OFDMA system, which determines subcarrier allocation and transmit power based on channel state information feedback to optimize throughput or power.
Analysis of MAC protocol for Cognitive Radio Wireless Sensor Network (CR-WSN)IRJET Journal
This document analyzes MAC protocols for cognitive radio wireless sensor networks (CR-WSNs). It begins with an introduction to cognitive radio and how combining it with wireless sensor networks can yield new networking capabilities. It then discusses various MAC protocol layers and focuses on the COGMAC protocol. COGMAC is a decentralized cognitive MAC protocol based on the multichannel preamble reservation scheme. The document outlines COGMAC's advantages over conventional MAC protocols and introduces an upgraded version called COGMAC+. COGMAC+ uses adaptive energy detection and random backoff schemes to improve performance. Finally, the document summarizes that cognitive radio can improve spectrum utilization and quality in sensor networks by exploiting multiple channel availability and overcoming issues from dense deployments.
The document proposes a hybrid architecture for channel allocation and routing in wireless mesh networks to improve quality of service. It uses a combination of static and dynamic channel allocation. Dynamic channel allocation (DCA) is optimized using an Adaptive DCA protocol (ADCA) that considers both throughput and delay. Static channels provide high throughput paths while dynamic channels improve connectivity and adaptability. Simulation results show the hybrid approach achieves lower delay and higher throughput than static-only or dynamic-only approaches. It also compares clustering which can further increase throughput and reduce delay compared to the hybrid method.
This document summarizes an academic paper about using a partially observable Markov decision process to improve handoff latency in an automatic train control system that uses wireless local area networks with multiple-input multiple-output technologies. The objective is to reduce handoff decision time by considering channel estimation errors and balancing multiplexing gain versus diversity gain. It also provides background on train control systems, noting their evolution from mechanical to electromechanical to computer-based systems using wayside communication to determine train locations and ensure safe movement between tracks.
Survivability Issues in Optical Wavalength Division Multiplexing (WDM) NetworkIOSR Journals
This document provides a survey of survivability issues in optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. It discusses various protection techniques used in single and multi-domain WDM networks including link-based, path-based, and p-cycle protection. It reviews existing algorithms for survivability against multi-link failures such as LBSR, ESPP, and LSPP. It then proposes a new algorithm that combines p-cycle protection and wavelength assignment with Dijkstra's algorithm to reduce blocking probability. The document concludes that p-cycle protection is an effective technique and the proposed algorithm aims to find the shortest lightpath and optimize resource usage.
Performance Comparison of Multi-Carrier CDMA Using QPSK and BPSK ModulationIOSR Journals
Abstract: MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access) plays an important role in modern wireless communications. Modern communication required an efficient spectrum usage and capacity and throughput.MC-CDMA provided the solution of these problems. MIMO refers to links with multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver side. CDMA systems combined with multiple antennas is a promising technique, beyond 3G and 4G wireless communications. MIMO provides spatial diversity, which mitigates the fading. The usage of multiple antennas can significantly improve the performance of wireless communication system. This work also derives simulation through MATLAB of average bit error rate verses bit energy to noise ratio of multicarrier code division multiple access over Rayleigh channel using QPSK and BPSK modulation additive white Gaussian noise. Keywords: AWGN,BER,MC-CDMA, QPSK Modulation, Rayleigh Channel.
Sample-by-sample and block-adaptive robust constant modulus-based algorithmsDr. Ayman Elnashar, PhD
In this study, a robust sample-by-sample linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm (LCCMA) and a robust adaptive block-Shanno constant modulus algorithm (BSCMA) are developed. The well-established quadratic inequality constraint approach is exploited to add robustness to the developed algorithms. The LCCMA algorithm is implemented using a fast steepest descent adaptive algorithm, whereas the BSCMA algorithm is realised using a modified Newton’s algorithm without the inverse of Hessian matrix estimation. The developed algorithms are exercised to cancel the multiple access interference in a loaded direct sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) system. Simulations are presented in a rich multipath environment with a severe near-far effect to evaluate the robustness of the proposed DS/CDMA detectors. Finally, a comprehensive comparative analysis between the sample-by-sample and block-adaptive constant modulus-based detectors is presented. It has been demonstrated that the developed robust BSCMA detector offers rapid convergence speed and very low computational complexity, whereas the developed robust LCCMA detector engenders about 5 dB improvement in the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio over the BSCMA detector.
Spectrum sharing paradigm (SSP) has recently emerged as an attractive solution to provide capital expenditure (CapEx) and operating expenditure (OpEx) savings and to enhance spectrum utilization (SU). However, practical issues concerning the implementation of such paradigm are rarely addressed (e.g., mutual interference, fairness, and mmWave base station density). Therefore, in this paper, we proposed ultra-reliable and proportionally fair hybrid spectrum sharing access strategy that aims to address the aforementioned aspects as a function of coverage probability (CP), average rate distributions (ARD), and the number of mmWave base stations (mBSs). In this strategy, the spectrum is sliced into three parts (exclusive, semi-pooled, and fully pooled). A typical user that belongs to certain operator has the right to occupy a part of the spectrum available in the high and low frequencies (28 and 73 GHz) based on an adaptive multi-state mmWave cell selection scheme (AMMC-S) which associates the user with the tagged mBS that offers a highest SINR to maintain more reliable connection and enrich the user experience. Numerical results show that significant improvement in terms of ARD, CP, fairness among operators, and maintain an acceptable level of mBSs density.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A novel low computational complexity robust adaptive blind multiuser detector, based on the minimum output energy (MOE) detector with multiple constraints and a quadratic inequality (QI) constraint is developed in this paper. Quadratic constraint has been a widespread approach to improve robustness against mismatch errors, uncertainties in estimating the data covariance matrix, and random perturbations in detector parameters. A diagonal loading technique is compulsory to achieve the quadratic constraint where the diagonal loading level is adjusted to satisfy the constrained value. Integrating the quadratic constraint into recursive algorithms seems to be a moot point since there is no closed-form solution for the diagonal loading term. In this paper, the MOE detector of DS/CDMA system is implemented using a fast recursive steepest descent adaptive algorithm anchored in the generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) structure with multiple constraints and a QI constraint on the adaptive portion of the GSC structure. The Lagrange multiplier method is exploited to solve the QI constraint. An optimal variable loading technique, which is capable of providing robustness against uncertainties and mismatch errors with low computational complexity is adopted. Simulations for several mismatch and random perturbations scenarios are conducted in a rich multipath environment with near–far effect to explore the robustness of the proposed detector.
1) The document proposes an efficient carrier Ethernet overbooking solution for mobile backhaul networks. It develops a statistical method to derive a safe overbooking factor at the user-network-interface (UNI) based on peak utilization data.
2) It then presents two transport architectures to support bandwidth sharing across a cellular cluster using a single Ethernet virtual connection (EVC) pipe with an overbooked bandwidth.
3) A novel bandwidth control algorithm is also introduced to provide quality of service for multimedia traffic over the overbooked UNI, with service level agreement policing and protection for high priority services. Experimental and simulation results show that the new schemes can improve resource utilization, reduce costs, and maintain backhaul performance
This document compares SONET and DWDM network architectures through modeling a sample metro network. It finds:
1) For lower bandwidth demands like OC-3, SONET is more cost effective until traffic reaches around 16-20 Gbps, at which point DWDM becomes cheaper.
2) Higher bandwidth demands like OC-48 and Gigabit Ethernet favor DWDM, which overtakes SONET around 60-65 Gbps of traffic.
3) The SONET overlay approach delays but does not prevent the crossover points where DWDM becomes more cost effective than SONET.
4) Factors like span distances, fiber costs, and inclusion of lower bandwidth services can influence
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF VBLAST ENCODED 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA WIRELES...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN channel
and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study analyzing the integrated land and watershed development of Dhobai Watershed in Dumka District, Jharkhand, India using GIS and geonomic analysis. The study aims to generate updated thematic information on natural resources to facilitate sustainable land and water management. Methodology included visual and digital interpretation of satellite imagery and topographical maps. Themes mapped included geomorphology, drainage, climate, soils, and land use/land cover. Geomorphological units identified include valleys, hills, and uplands. Drainage is dominated by the Dhobai River. Soils include Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols. Land use is primarily single
The document discusses the performance analysis of the MUSIC algorithm for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation using different antenna array configurations. It explores the MUSIC algorithm using a uniform linear array (ULA) and uniform circular array (UCA). Computer simulations were developed to evaluate the DOA performance of MUSIC based on ULA and UCA geometries. The performance obtained with both array configurations is analyzed through simulation results. A new proposed array geometry based on ULA is also presented and its performance is compared with ULA through simulation.
This document summarizes a study on wall pressure distribution in a suddenly expanded flow for an area ratio of 2.56. Experiments were conducted by attaching an enlarged duct to the exit of an axisymmetric convergent-divergent nozzle. Wall pressure was measured for nozzle pressure ratios of 3-11 and Mach numbers of 1.87, 2.2, and 2.58. Microjets were used as an active control method to study their effect on wall pressure distribution. Results showed that microjets did not adversely affect the oscillatory wall pressure field for most conditions tested. At Mach 2.58 and NPR of 9, microjets significantly increased the reattachment length in the duct. In general, microjets were found
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes research on analyzing the steady-state performance of a self-excited induction generator using three optimization techniques: genetic algorithms, pattern search, and quasi-Newton methods. It provides background on induction generators and how they can operate as self-excited generators by connecting capacitors to the stator terminals. The document presents the standard steady-state equivalent circuit model and derives nonlinear equations that are solved using the three optimization techniques to determine unknown parameters. The performance of the self-excited induction generator is then evaluated based on the determined parameters.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses sensorless vector control of induction motors. It presents the dynamic modeling of induction motors using a reference frame transformation. It then describes the principles of vector control using an inverse transformation to control stator currents. A model reference adaptive system is proposed for sensorless speed estimation, where an adaptive model estimates the rotor speed by comparing its output to a reference model. Simulation results show the sensorless control approach can accurately estimate speed with good tracking performance.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document evaluates the performance of the AODV and DSR routing protocols for Variable Bit Rate (VBR) multimedia traffic in mobile ad hoc networks. It conducts simulations in NS-2 to analyze four performance metrics: packet received, throughput, routing overhead, and network load. The results show that AODV outperforms DSR for packet received, throughput, and routing overhead. DSR has higher network load than AODV. Therefore, the document concludes that AODV is better suited than DSR for VBR multimedia transmission in mobile ad hoc networks.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a paper that proposes a new approach to feature-based 3D modeling of turned components in AutoCAD. The approach develops algorithms to model features like cylinders, tapers, holes, and grooves based on user-entered dimensions. It then stores feature information and uses it to assess similarity between components. The modeling system supports both feature-based design and recognition without needing separate feature extraction. The paper presents the algorithms for modeling different features and assessing similarity based on common features like cylinders, holes, or grooves.
This document presents a geometric programming model to optimize the production rate of a turning process. It develops a mathematical model to express the production time as a function of cutting parameters like cutting speed and feed rate. The objective is to minimize production time by determining the optimal cutting conditions. Experimental validation of the model shows it provides an efficient way to maximize production rate within operating constraints like maximum speed, feed rate, power requirements and surface roughness. The geometric programming technique offers advantages over other optimization methods for this application.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document summarizes a study on the protein profiles of gamma ray irradiated blood stages of Plasmodium berghei, the malaria parasite, for developing a malaria vaccine candidate. Key findings include:
1) Protein profiles differed between infected and uninfected blood, indicating exported parasite proteins. Higher irradiation doses and dose rates resulted in more protein bands.
2) A dose of 150 Gy and dose rate of 380 Gy/hour altered protein profiles the most for vaccine development.
3) Protein profiles depended on parasite density in blood and differed between P. berghei and other rodent malaria species.
4) Profiles were unaffected by infection duration but depended on parasite composition in blood stages. Altered proteins could
This document analyzes and compares the performance of the AODV and DSDV routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) through simulation. It first provides background on VANETs and describes the AODV and DSDV protocols. It then discusses the simulators MOVE, SUMO, and NS-2 that were used to generate mobility models and simulate the routing protocols under different network scenarios varying the number of nodes and connections. The document aims to evaluate the behavior and effectiveness of the reactive AODV protocol versus the proactive DSDV protocol in VANET environments.
This document analyzes and compares the performance of the AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) simulation. Simulations were conducted using NS-2, SUMO, and MOVE simulators for a grid map scenario with varying numbers of nodes. The results show that AODV performed better than DSDV in terms of throughput and packet delivery fraction, while DSDV had lower end-to-end delays. However, neither protocol was found to be fully suitable for the highly dynamic VANET environment. The document concludes that further work is needed to develop improved routing protocols optimized for VANETs.
Lately, the concept of VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) has gotten a huge attention as
more wireless communication technologies becoming available. Such networkis expected to be
one of the most valuable technology for improving efficiency and safety of the future
transportation. Vehicular networks are characterized by high mobility nodes which pose many
communication challenging problems. In vehicular networks, routing Collision Avoidance
Messages (CAMs) among vehicles is a key communication problem.Failure in routing CAMs to
their intended destination within the time constraint can render these messages useless. Many
routing protocols have been adapted for VANETs, such as DSDV (Destination Sequenced
Distance Vector), AODV (Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector), and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing). This work compares the performance of those routing protocols at different driving environments and scenarios created by using the mobility generator (VanetMobiSim) and
network simulator(NS2). The obtained results at different vehicular densities, speeds, road
obstacles, lanes, traffic lights, and transmission ranges showed that on average AODV protocol outperforms DSR and DSDV protocols in packet delivery ratio and end-toend delay. However, at certain circumstances (e.g., at shorter transmission ranges) DSR tends to have better performance than AODV and DSDV protocols.
Recent advances in wireless networks have led to the introduction of a new type of networks called Vehicular Networks. Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a form of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). VANETs provide us with the infrastructure for developing new systems to enhance drivers’ and passengers’ safety and comfort. VANETs are distributed self organizing networks formed between moving vehicles equipped with wireless communication devices. This type of networks is developed as part of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to bring significant improvement to the transportation systems performance. One of the main goals of the ITS is to improve safety on the roads, and reduce traffic congestion, waiting times, and fuel consumptions. The integration of the embedded computers, sensing devices, navigation systems (GPS), digital maps, and the wireless communication devices along with intelligent algorithms will help to develop numerous types of applications for the ITS to improve safety on the roads. The up to date information provided by the integration of all these systems helps drivers to acquire real-time information about road conditions allowing them to react on time. For example, warning messages sent by vehicles involved in an accident enhances traffic safety by helping the approaching drivers to take proper decisions before entering the crash dangerous zone (ElBatt et al., 2006) (Xu et al., 2007). And Information about the current transportation conditions facilitate driving by taking new routes in case of congestion, thus saving time and adjusting fuel consumption (Dashtinezhad et al., 2004) (Nadeem et al., 2004). In addition to safety concerns, VANET can also support other non-safety applications that require a Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. This includes Multimedia (e.g., audio/video) and data (e.g., toll collection, internet access, weather/maps/ information) applications.
Vehicular networks are composed of mobile nodes, vehicles equipped with On Board Units (OBU), and stationary nodes called Road Side Units (RSU) attached to infrastructure that will be deployed along the roads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Efficient Mobile Gateway Selection and Discovery Based-Routing Protocol in...IJCNCJournal
Coupling cellular communication networks with vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) can be a very interesting way out for providing Internet access to vehicles in the road. However, due to the several specific characteristics of VANETs, making an efficient multi-hop routing from vehicular sources to the Internet gateways through Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is still challenging. In this paper, an Internet mobile gateway selection scheme is proposed to elect more potential vehicles to behave as gateways to Internet in VANETs. Therefore, the discovery and the selection of route to those mobiles gateways is carried out via an efficient multiple metrics-based relay selection mechanism. The objective is to select the more reliable route to the mobile gateways, by reducing the communication overhead and performing seamless handover. The proposed protocol is compared with one recent protocol based on packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and overhead. The results show that the proposed protocol ameliorates significantly the network performance in the contrast of the other protocol.
AN EFFICIENT MOBILE GATEWAY SELECTION AND DISCOVERY BASED-ROUTING PROTOCOL IN...IJCNCJournal
Coupling cellular communication networks with vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) can be a very
interesting way out for providing Internet access to vehicles in the road. However, due to the several
specific characteristics of VANETs, making an efficient multi-hop routing from vehicular sources to the
Internet gateways through Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is still challenging. In this paper, an
Internet mobile gateway selection scheme is proposed to elect more potential vehicles to behave as
gateways to Internet in VANETs. Therefore, the discovery and the selection of route to those mobiles
gateways is carried out via an efficient multiple metrics-based relay selection mechanism. The objective is
to select the more reliable route to the mobile gateways, by reducing the communication overhead and
performing seamless handover. The proposed protocol is compared with one recent protocol based on
packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and overhead. The results show that the proposed protocol
ameliorates significantly the network performance in the contrast of the other protocol.
Routing Algorithm for Heterogeneous Wireless Network in VanetIOSR Journals
This document proposes a routing algorithm for heterogeneous wireless networks (HWN) that integrate cellular (3G) networks and vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). The proposed HWN architecture includes base stations distributed along roadsides to form multiple cells. The routing algorithm, called Road Based Routing Algorithm (RBRA), uses a reactive routing approach. RBRA includes a route discovery process and a load distribution process. The route discovery process uses both ad-hoc and cellular interfaces to flood route request messages and find paths between sources and destinations within the HWN. If a base station cannot support a request due to bandwidth constraints, its load distribution process identifies neighboring base stations that may have available bandwidth.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
The document summarizes several routing protocols for Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) that utilize Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. It first provides background on VANETs and the different types of communication (V2V and V2I). It then overviews 5 specific V2I routing protocols, describing how each protocol utilizes Roadside Units (RSUs) to establish routes for packet forwarding between vehicles and infrastructure. Finally, it discusses challenges and future perspectives for better exploiting RSUs' potential in routing, such as using them as anchors to improve path robustness and load balancing traffic. The document aims to survey V2I routing protocols and analyze the role
Improved AODV based on Load and Delay for Route Discovery in MANETIOSR Journals
This document proposes an improved AODV routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that considers both node load and routing delay when selecting routes. It calculates a "route weight" based on the average load and delay of the nodes along each potential path from source to destination. The path with the lowest route weight is then selected for routing to help balance traffic loads across the network and minimize delays. Simulation results showed this approach can dynamically balance traffic allocation between paths and optimize resource utilization in the MANET.
Abstract: VANET (vehicular ad-hoc network) is a classification of MANET in which vehicles act as mobile node and provides a different approach to Intelligent transport System (ITS). VANET is an emerging area for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which can result in increased traffic safety, collision warning through exchange of messages through wireless media. Efficient routing protocols are required for efficient communication among vehicles. In the given paper, we surveyed various VANETs protocols like GPRS, GPRS-MV & GPSR. We compare our proposed protocols via NS-2 based simulations and show the performance of different protocols.
Dynamic routing discovery scheme for high mobility in mobile ad hoc wireless ...IJECEIAES
An innovative technology that is widely used in many applications is the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). Discovery and maintenance of routes at MANET are important issues. Within MANET, broadcasting is used to discover a path within on-demand routing protocols. Establishing and maintaining a route periodically among the nodes is the challenge that requires the transmitting of control packets across a network. This state leads to the issue of broadcasting storms. Broadcasting control packets increase control packets overhead and decrease network performance. In this paper, we proposed a scheme called AODV-Velocity and Dynamic (AODV-VD) for effective broadcast control packets. The routing protocol for the ad-hoc on-demand distance victor (AODV) is used to implement the proposed AODV-VD scheme. AODV-VD scheme reduces both the excessive route discovery control packets and network overhead. Network simulator version 2.35 (NS2.35) was used to compare the proposed AODV-VD scheme to the AODV routing protocol in terms of end-to-end latency, average throughput, packet transmission ratio and overhead ratio.
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the performance of different routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It first provides background on VANETs and discusses factors that affect communication. It then describes three routing protocols - Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) routing. To evaluate these protocols, the researchers used the OMNeT++ network simulator along with the SUMO traffic simulator. Simulations were run using these protocols in different traffic environments like city, main road, and country settings. Key metrics like throughput and latency were evaluated.
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the performance of different routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It first provides background on VANETs and discusses factors that affect communication. It then describes three routing protocols - Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) routing. To evaluate these protocols, the researchers used the OMNeT++ network simulator along with the SUMO traffic simulator. Simulations were run using these protocols in different traffic environments like city, main road, and country settings. Key metrics like throughput and latency were evaluated.
Mobile Relay Configuration in Data-Intensuive Wireless Sensor with Three Rout...IJERA Editor
Wireless sensor network are increasingly used in data-intensive applications such as micro-climate monitoring,
precision agriculture and audio/video surveillance. A key challenges faced by data-intensive wsn’s is to transmit
all the data generated with an application’s lifetime to the base station despite the fact that sensor nodes have
limited power supply. We propose using low-cost disposable mobile really and our work in the following
aspects First, it does not require complex motion planning of mobile nodes. Second we integrate the energy
consumption due to both mobility and wireless transmission. Our framework consists of first algorithm
computes an optimal routing tree. The second, we integrate the energy consumption due to both mobility and
wireless transmissions .The second algorithm improves the topology of the routing tree by greedily adding new
nodes. The third algorithm improves the routing tree by relocating its nodes without changing its topology.
Frequently forming a network topology without the use of any existing network infrastructure. We compare the
performance of the three prominent routing protocols for the mobile relay is Adhoc on Demand Distance Vector
(ADVO), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Temporally Ordered Routing Protocols (TORA).
We have chosen four performance metrics such as Average Delay, Packet Delivery Fraction, Routing load and
varying Mobility nodes, simulation for the popular routing protocols AODV, DSDV, and TORA. The
simulation is carried out on NS-2. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying network size and
simulations times. The simulation results confirm that ADVO performs well in terms of Average Delay, Packet
Delivery Fraction. As far as routing load concers TORA performs well.
Performance evaluation of dynamic source routing protocol with variation in t...IJECEIAES
This document evaluates the performance of the dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) by simulating variations in transmission power and node speed using the OPNET simulator. The simulation analyzes how average throughput and end-to-end delay are affected when the transmission power is varied from 1-4 mW at node speeds of 10-40 m/s for network sizes of 40 and 80 nodes. The results show that throughput initially increases with transmission power up to a certain value, after which it decreases, and the network performs optimally at a specific transmission power that depends on node speed. Delay also initially decreases with transmission power up to a point, then increases significantly at higher powers.
This document summarizes a research paper on improving vehicle-to-roadside unit communication using WiMAX technology. The researchers implemented a VANET simulation scenario in Qualnet to test connectivity between vehicles and roadside units. They found that using WiMAX instead of DSRC reduced packet loss from 58% to 8% at 72 km/h and lowered latency times. The appropriate routing protocol for the WiMAX scenario was determined to be AODV, as it had lower latency than DSR. The simulation showed that WiMAX increased the network range tremendously from 1.8km to 50km compared to DSRC. The study aims to enhance safety and reduce traffic accidents by improving connectivity between vehicles and roadside infrastructure.
IRJET- Efficient and Secure Communication In Vehicular AD HOC NetworkIRJET Journal
The document discusses efficient and secure communication in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It proposes a Cluster based reliable routing (CRR) protocol. Vehicles are clustered based on their velocity, and a Cluster Controller (CC) is elected based on transmitter heights and position to manage communication among cluster members. The CRR protocol aims to address the challenging routing issues posed by the highly dynamic topology of VANETs.
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks formed without any preexisting infrastructure. Nodes in a MANET are mobile and communicate in a multi-hop fashion through wireless connections. Routing is challenging in MANETs due to their dynamic topology. There are several routing protocols for MANETs including proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. Common protocols discussed are AODV, DSDV, and DSR. Simulation tools like NS-2 are often used to study and compare MANET routing protocols. MANETs have applications in areas like disaster recovery, mesh networks, opportunistic networking, and vehicular networks.
1. K V Dinesh Kumar, B Swathi, K Suresh, M Suneetha Rani / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1800-1805
Efficient Data Transmission with Priority in Heterogeneous
Networks
K V DINESH KUMAR,M-Tech(DECS) B SWATHI,M-TECH(DECS)
Chaitanya Engineerin Colege, Vizag Chaitanya Engineerin Colege,Vizag
K SURESH, M-Tech M SUNEETHA RANI M-Tech(DECS)
Chaitanya Engineerin Colege, Vizag Chaitanya Engineerin Colege, Vizag
ABSTRACT
In wireless networking domain, diverse supports services such as car collision avoidance
wireless technologies are utilized for sharing data and road safety by exchanging warning messages
and providing data services. The protocols used across vehicles [5].Internetworking over VANETs
in VANETs are DYMO and AODV+. Both of has been gaining a great deal of momentum over the
them can provide internet by communicating past few years. Its increasing importance has been
with Road Side Units (RSUs) which are static. recognized by major car manufacturers,
This application has performed well, still leaving governmental organizations and the academic
some challenges for the designers to be met in community. The Federal Communications
advancements. In this work, a novel architecture Commission has allocated spectrum for Inter-
3G/UMTS networks are integrated with VANET Vehicle Communications (IVC) and similar
networks in which a minimum number of applications (e.g., wireless access in vehicle
gateways, per time instance are selected to environment).
connect ordinary vehicles with the UMTS
network. In this paper, the enhanced version of IEEE
In the proposed architecture, AODV is 802.11networks, which is IEEE 802.11p, forms the
used in forming a VANET and a radio link to standards for Wireless Access for Vehicular
connect a VANET to 3G/UMTS base station Environments (WAVE). It operates at a frequency
through a gateway. There is an instance, where a of 5.9 GHz, divided into 7 channels, each operating
node must be given priority. The gateway must at a frequency of 10 MHz. It provides a high data
give highest priority in serving priority needed rate, ranging from 6 Mbps to 27 Mbps and a
node by broadcasting about the arrival of vehicle shortrange radio communication of approximately
and requesting the remaining nodes in a VANET 300 meters.
to clear the road for a while. Simulation is By integrating VANET with UMTS, high
carried out for priority node and priority-less data rate can be coupled with wide-range of
node and better results are obtained. communication. In the envisioned VANET/3G
network, if one vehicle is connected to the UMTS
Index Terms--VANET, 3G, UMTS, AODV, network using its 3G UTRAN interface, it can serve
AODV+, DYMO, RSU. as a relay node (i.e., mobile gateway) for other
vehicles in its vicinity to access the UMTS network,
I. INTRODUCTION by receiving data from them (using its IEEE
In today’s wireless networking domain, 802.11p interface) and relaying the data to the
diverse wireless technologies are utilized for sharing UMTS network. With such an integration, dead
data and providing data services. Among the spots in UMTS can be minimized to a significant
available technologies, the leading examples are the extent.
widely-deployed 3G cellular networks and IEEE
802.11-based Vehicular Ad hoc Networks II. REVIEW OF EXISTING SYTEMS
(VANETs). 3G cellular networks, such as Universal As already given in the abstract three
Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS), are important protocols are used in forming a VANET.
pre-dominantly used for wide-area wireless data and They are DYMO, AODV+ and AODV. Let’s see a
Node B. On the other hand, VANETs are used for brief discussion about the three protocols.
shortrange, high-speed communication among
nearby A. DYMO (Dynamic MANET On demand
vehicles, and between vehicles and roadside routing protocol)
infrastructure units [1]. voice services via access to a The Dynamic MANET On-demand routing
Base Station Transceiver (BST), also referred to as protocol (DYMO) is a newly proposed protocol
UMTS Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication currently defined in an IETF Internet-Draft [9] in its
1800 | P a g e
2. K V Dinesh Kumar, B Swathi, K Suresh, M Suneetha Rani / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1800-1805
twenty-first revision and is still work in progress. Hybrid gateway discovery. In pro-active gateway
DYMO is a successor of the AODV routing discovery, gateway periodically broadcast a gateway
protocol. It operates similarly to AODV. DYMO advertisement (GWADV)message to all the mobile
does not add extra features or extend the AODV nodes. The mobile node that receives the
protocol, but rather simplifies it, while retaining the advertisement creates a route entry for the gateway
basic mode of operation. As is the case with all and then sends the acknowledgment back to
reactive ad hoc routing protocols, DYMO consists gateway. To avoid duplication of advertisement
of two protocol operations: route discovery and GWADV ID Field is used with message .In reactive
route maintenance. Routes are discovered on gateway discovery process is initiated by mobile
demand when a node needs to send a packet to a nodes. This mobile node broadcast RREQ message
destination currently not in its routing table. A route to all nearby gateway. Intermediate mobile nodes
request message is flooded in the network using are not allowed to process RREQ message. When
broadcast and if the packet reaches its destination, a RREQ message is received by gateway it uni-casts
reply message is sent back containing the the RREP to mobile nodes.
discovered, accumulated path. Each entry in the
routing table consists of the following fields: III. Clustering based Multi-metric mobile
Destination Address, Sequence Number, Hop Gateway Management mechanism
Count, Next Hop Address, Next Hop Interface, Is The proposed priority concept can be
Gateway, Prefix, Valid Timeout, and Delete understood from the following figure.
Timeout.
B. AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance-
Vector Routing Protocol)
The AODV Routing Protocol [8] provides
on-demand route discovery in mobile ad hoc
networks. Like most reactive routing protocols,
route finding is based on a route discovery cycle
involving a broadcast network search and a uni-cast
reply containing discovered paths. AODV relies on
per-node sequence numbers for loop freedom and
for ensuring selection of the most recent routing
path. AODV nodes maintain a route table in which
next-hop routing information for destination nodes Figure 2: Proposed Architecture
is stored. Each routing table entry has an associated CMGM protocol works depending on three
lifetime value. If a route is not utilized within the main metrics for clustering and two algorithms for
lifetime period, the route is expired otherwise, each gateway management. The three metrics are:
time the route is used, the lifetime period is updated a. Direction of Movement
so that the route is not prematurely deleted. b. UMTS Signal Strength
c. IEEE 802.11p wireless transmission
range.
A. Multi-metric Mobile Gateway Selection
Mechanism (algorithm 1)
It is employed upon the available CHs of
the GWC sub-cluster. The algorithm is based on the
Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) technique. The
considered metrics of the CH are the mobility speed,
the UMTS RSS, and the link stability. The link
stability is defined by the LET and RET metrics
Figure 1: path establishment in AODV and DYMO between the source and the CH. At a certain time
instance, let (xi, yi, zi) and (xj, yj, zj) denote the
Cartesian coordinates of two neighboring vehicles i
C. AODV+ Protocol and j, moving at speeds vi and vj , along two roads
AODV is modified to support mobile inclined at θi and θj (0 < θi, θj < 2π) with respect to
devices in network to communicate with fixed the x-axis, respectively. Let R denote the maximum
devices in Internet. This modified addition if AODV wireless transmission range of the IEEE 802.11p
is known as AODV+. For the Internet access interface of the two vehicles. LETij can
AODV+ has to discovery gateway. This gateway be then computed as in Equation (5).
discovery is classified into three types: Pro-active
gateway discovery, Reactive gateway discovery and
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3. K V Dinesh Kumar, B Swathi, K Suresh, M Suneetha Rani / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1800-1805
− a𝑏 +𝑐𝑑 + a 2 +c 2 𝑅 2 −(𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐 )2 during handoff, by letting only a minimum number
LETij= 𝑎 2 +𝑐 2 of gateways communicate with the UMTS BST at
where, an instance. It should be noted that, according to the
a = vicosθi – vjcosθj ; b = xi – xj above discussed multi-metric gateway selection
c = vi sinθi – vjsinθj ; d = yi –yj algorithm, the RET value is the maximum for
a source with its nearest CH. This is because if
Intuitively the larger the value of the LET, there exists any sub-cluster beyond the reachable
the higher is the stability of the link. Let a route sub-clusters from the vehicular source, the RET
between a source and the gateway consist of (n - 1) between the source and the CH of that sub-cluster
links between n vehicles. RET of the route can be will be null as there will be no common neighbor
then expressed as follows: GWC between any two sub-clusters.
RETn−1 = min{LETi,i+1}, i = 1. . .n − 1 B. Multi-metric Adaptive Mobile Gateway
Handover Mechanism(algorithm 2)
The scaling, weighting of priority factors The pseudo-code of the gateway handover
and normalization of the metric values follow the mechanism is shown in Algorithm 2. The main
method described to obtain the scaled metric value concept behind the gateway handover approach is as
Yi and weight (WCH) of any CHi. In Algorithm 1, follows. If the UMTS RSS of the gateway goes
the UMTS RSS and RET are metrics with positive below the signal strength threshold and/or if the
criterion (i.e., more optimality with increase in RET of the gateway with the source vehicle goes
value). As far as the mobility speed metric is below its predetermined threshold, migration from
concerned, if the direction of movement is towards the serving gateway to one or more gateways,
the BST, the criterion is positive whereas if the selected by MMGSA, should take place for that
movement is away from the BST, the criterion is vehicle. It should be stated that the mobility speed
negative (i.e., less optimality with increase in value). metric is not considered in the gateway handover
However, in this paper, the first vehicular source decision due to the extremely inconsistent and
broadcasts a Gateway Solicitation (GWSOL) dynamic variation in the velocity of vehicles, which
message within the VANET, using the TTL value as makes it difficult to use a threshold value for speed.
discussed in Section V-C. Given the fact that a The serving gateway forms a list of Gateway-Elects
hybrid gateway discovery mechanism is employed, by selecting one or more CHs having the maximum
every GWC belonging to a cluster knows weight with respect to each of its sources. All new
information about its CH. Hence, it is sufficient for incoming transactions are forwarded to the new
the GWSOL to reach any GWC of a cluster to get Gateway- Elects. The serving gateway GW informs
information about its CH; instead of reaching the current active vehicular sources in VANET
directly the CH. The metric information of each CH about the Gateway-Elects using a hybrid gateway
lies with the GWCs of the cluster. When the discovery and advertisement mechanism.
GWSOL message reaches any GWC, this
information is notified to the source. An optimal During the gateway selection, the gateway
gateway is then selected by the source vehicle using may correspond with one of the CHs. However, at a
the MMGSA mechanism. The source vehicle then different instance, the same gateway may not serve
notifies the vehicles of the newly selected gateway. as a CH, due to the dynamic clustering mechanism,
By the time the next set of vehicular sources stated above. It may also instantaneously lose all
emerge, at least one gateway would have been its neighbors which it had while being elected. It
elected as a result of the GWSOL initiated by the subsequently forms or joins a new cluster, while still
first source. maintaining its role as gateway in case its optimality
is not affected, and gets new neighbors during the
Each metric of the CH has its own communication course. There is also no guarantee
threshold value. After a time interval _t, if another that it will be the CH of the new cluster. Prior to
vehicle becomes an active source for losing its optimality, a serving gateway selects
communicating with the UMTS BST, that source Gateway-Elects (one or more), with respect to each
checks if the UMTS RSS of the serving gateway and of its active sources.
its RET with the gateway are greater than the
respective threshold values SSTh and RETTh. If yes, Additionally CMGM also performs gateway
the active source uses the same advertisement at the time of handover, determines
gateway for communicating with the UMTS BST. cluster head and also TTL(Time-To-Live)of a
Otherwise, the source selects another gateway from cluster.
the remaining CHs of the other clusters, by applying
the MMGSA approach. Thus, MMGSA selects only
a minimum number of optimal gateways, saves
the UTRAN access network resources, especially
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4. K V Dinesh Kumar, B Swathi, K Suresh, M Suneetha Rani / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1800-1805
IV. PRIORITY IN HETEROGENEOUS Table 1: NS2 simulation parameters for VANET
NETWORKS Parameters Value
In priority resolving, the operation is Uplink Frequency 1.95GHz
carried in three phases. They are: Downlink Frequency 2.115GHz
a) Identification of vehicle, Peak UTRAN Uplink 384 Kbps
b) Gateway resolving its priorities Channel Bit Rate
c) Serving vehicle by broadcasting its arrival. Peak UTRAN 2 Mbps
Downlink Channel
In the normal environment the gateway Bit Rate
serves all its nodes equally without any priority. Transmission Range 7 km
There is an instance where a vehicle has to be given of UMTS Node B
priority. In the process of giving priority, first Node B Interface 20 packets
vehicle is identified by the gateway. For the gateway Queue length
to identify vehicle, vehicle is given fixed IP address UMTS Node B – 622 Mbps(Transmission
irrespective to the location and care is taken such RNC Data Rate Time Interval (TTI): 1 ms)
that normal nodes will not have the same IP address. RNC – SGSN Data 622 Mbps(TTI: 1 ms )
Then gateway receives the request packets from the Rate
vehicle with IP address given to it. SGSN – GGSN Data 622 Mbps(TTI: 10 ms)
On receiving request packets from vehicle Rate
the gateway has to check its table of IP addresses, GGSN – External IP 10 Mbps (TTI: 15 ms)
which it is serving now. Then it uses priority network data rate
resolving method which is static, in allocating Routing Protocol 3G Pro-active routing
priority to vehicle IP address. This kind of priority Table 2: NS2 simulation parameters for UMTS
method is known as fixed priority method.
Actually gateway acts as a Wi-Fi access
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
point. So it can serve all the nodes at a time. But the
The proposed Grouping-based Poly-
drawback is delay. Because gateway has to transmit
functional mobile Gateway Management
the information to all its nodes at the same time.
mechanism (CMGM) is implemented in the
This causes communication delay and results in
Network Simulator NS2.34. For creating a mobile
traffic jam journey for vehicle. This is solved by
terminal with dual interfaces, the IEEE 802.11 and
giving priority to information coming from node in
the UMTS libraries of NS-Miracle were used. The
need of priority. Hence the information from
scenario consists of a VEHICLE GROUP connected
priority node is sent to base station for broadcasting
to the 3G network via the UTRAN interface. Tables
purpose by the gateway prior to the information
I and II list the simulation parameters of the
coming from remaining nodes[6].
VEHICLE GROUP and 3G network s, respectively.
The performance of the integrated network is
Parameters Value evaluated in terms of Data Packet Delivery
Area 8000 x 1000(m2) Function, Control Packet Overhead, throughput. The
Channel Channel/ Wireless channel simulated results are given below:
Propagation Model Propagation/nakagami
Network Interface Phy/WirelessPhyExt
MAC Interface Mac/802_11Ext
Peak Wireless 300m
Transmission Range
Interface Queue Type Queue/DropTail/PriQueue
Interface Queue 20 packets
length
Antenna Type Antenna/OmniAntenna
Routing Protocol AODV
Total number of 11
VANET vehicles
Peak Mobility speed 30ms-1
Mobility Model Manhattan Mobility Model Graph 1: data packet delivery
UMTS RSS -94dBM ratio versus number of nodes
Threshold
Transport-Layer TCP/Newreno The graph 1, demonstrates the good
protocol performance of the proposed CMGM in terms of
Application FTP higher DPDR, compared to the other two protocols,
Packet size 1 KB and that is for different numbers of vehicular
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5. K V Dinesh Kumar, B Swathi, K Suresh, M Suneetha Rani / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1800-1805
sources in the VANET. The graph indicates that required optimal number), the selected gateways
regardless of the underlying protocol, DPDR will be overloaded with data packets; some of which
generally tends to decrease along with increase in will be discarded, ultimately impacting the
the number of sources. The curves show a negative throughput. Hence, the first set of readings in the
trend. Indeed, the number of sources increases, the figure does not show a big difference in the
packet drops subsequently increase, especially when throughput achieved by the three protocols.
the gateway is on the verge of losing its optimality.
The simulation is carried out by giving
priority to vehicle and the graph is plotted for the
data packet delivery ratio versus the number of
nodes, for priority node and a node without priority
then the graph resulted as follows:
Graph 2: overhead versus number of nodes
The above graph 2 shows increase in CPO
against the number of sources generating data.
Though this is generally the trend, CMGM over
AODV shows less CPO compared to the other
protocols. This is due to the fact that only minimum
numbers of adequate gateways are elected for
carrying on the transaction, which significantly
reduces CPO due to multiple gateways, as in the
case of MGSA. However, a small amount of
Graph 4: data packet delivery ratio versus number of
overhead is involved during handover. One of the
nodes for priority and priority-less vehicles.
main differences between MGSA and our proposed
CMGM mechanisms consists in the fact that
mobility is considered as a highly important metric VI. CONCLUSION
in CMGM whilst it is overlooked in MGSA. In this paper, we describe a network
architecture that integrates VANET with UMTS and
WIMAX. To enable such an integrated architecture,
vehicles are clustered according to different metrics.
A minimum number of adequate vehicles are
selected to connect VANET and UMTS. Gateway
management and selection is also performed in a
dynamic manner using different metrics and in any
emergency situation emergency nodes must be
given priority such that they can be driven obstacle-
free by broadcasting the messages within inter-
VANET and intra-VANET. Hence this application
can help vehicle to reach the place in-time. The
result of data packet delivery ratio for priority and
priority-less vehicles is presented in the paper. So in
Graph 3: throughput versus number of clusters future work, we will present the simulation results
for overhead and throughput also.
In this graph, the achieved average
individual throughput by using three different VII. REFERENCES
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Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1800-1805
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