KIRCHHOFFS LAWS
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Kirchhoff's circuit laws are two equalities that deal with current and potential difference (voltage) in electrical circuits. The first law states that the algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero, and the second law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed loop is zero. Both laws can be understood as corollaries of Maxwell's equations for low-frequency circuits and are accurate for analyzing DC and low-frequency AC circuits. The document provides an introduction to Kirchhoff's laws along with an example of their application.
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Presentation1
André-Marie Ampère was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of classical electromagnetism. He established that electric currents produce magnetic fields and magnetic fields can produce electric currents. This laid the foundation for understanding the relationship between electricity and magnetism. The SI unit of electric current, the ampere, is named after Ampère in recognition of his contributions to establishing electromagnetism as a field of science.
Ohm and kirchoff;s law
Another way of interpreting Ohm's Law is that the resistance R is the voltage across the component divided by the current through it: R = V / I. ... Kirchhoff's current law: the sum of all currents into a circuit node must equal zero.
Data and Power Flow in Circuits and the Origin of Electromagnetic Interference
This document discusses electromagnetic modeling of circuits. It begins by noting that circuit analysis typically assumes lumped parameters and uses voltage/current models, which is sufficient for low frequencies but breaks down at RF/microwave frequencies. It then presents electromagnetic finite element analysis simulations that provide a more accurate picture of signal flow as electromagnetic field disturbances propagating through dielectrics like circuit traces, rather than as electron flow. This helps explain phenomena like electromagnetic interference that arise from field effects between components. The document aims to give engineers a more nuanced and complete understanding of power and signal flow beyond typical circuit models.
physics ip cbse class 12
The document discusses Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. It begins by outlining the aim, apparatus, and introduction. It then provides details on the theory behind electromagnetic induction, including magnetic flux, Faraday's law, and Maxwell's equations. The document concludes by summarizing that Faraday's law describes how a changing magnetic field generates an induced electromotive force. It has many applications, from power generation to mobile devices.
518901864-Physics-Project-Class-XII-2021-22-Investigatory-Project.pdf
This document is a project report by Samuel Kumar on electromagnetic induction. It includes an introduction discussing Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic induction and its importance. The aim is to determine Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction using a copper wire coil and magnet. The theory section discusses magnetic flux and Faraday's law, which states that the induced EMF is equal to the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit. The required apparatus and Maxwell's equation are also described. The conclusion reinforces the significance of Faraday's law and its applications.
Dielectric Dilemma 1901.10805 v2 feb 4 2019
A dielectric dilemma faces scientists because Maxwell's equations are poor approximations as usually written, with a single dielectric constant. Maxwell's equations are then not accurate enough to be useful in many applications. The dilemma can be partially resolved by a rederivation of conservation of current, where current is defined now to include the epolarization of the vacuumf ..0 .......... Conserveration of current becomes Kirchoff's current law with this definition, in the one dimensional circuits of our electronic technology. With this definition, Kirchoff's laws are valid whenever Maxwell's equations are valid, explaining why those laws reliably describe circuits that switch in nanoseconds.
Maximum power transfer theorem
The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is transferred from a source to a load when their resistances are equal. It results in maximum power transfer, not maximum efficiency. The theorem can be extended to AC circuits using impedance.
Ohm's law describes the direct proportional relationship between current and voltage in a circuit, where resistance is the constant of proportionality. R=V/I.
A Zener diode allows current to flow in the reverse direction above a certain breakdown voltage, known as the Zener or knee voltage. It is used to generate reference voltages or stabilize voltages in low current applications.
AIP Project Physics 1.pptx
Physics Class 12 Art-integration project on Electromagnetic Induction... Some problem in font arises due to font supporting issues.
Basic Law related to Electrical Engineering
The topic contains some electrical basic law and terminology Ohm's Law, KVL & KCL, Voltage and Current Division Rule, Faraday Laws of electromagnetic Induction and Lenz Law
Kirchhoff's Laws
Kirchhoff's laws describe two principles of electrical circuits: 1) Kirchhoff's current law states that the total current entering any node in a circuit must equal the total current leaving it, based on conservation of electric charge. 2) Kirchhoff's voltage law states that the sum of the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero, based on the conservation of energy. The document then provides further details on each law.
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lec34.ppt
1. The document discusses analytic functions of complex variables through examples. It defines analytic functions as those whose derivatives of all orders exist in the region of analyticity.
2. The Cauchy-Riemann equations are derived and their implications are explored, including that they imply the Laplace equation and orthogonality of level curves.
3. Several examples are worked through to determine if functions are analytic by checking if they satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations. The Cauchy-Riemann equations are also derived in polar coordinates.
lec33.ppt
The Cauchy Riemann (CR) conditions provide a necessary and sufficient condition for a function f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) to be analytic in a region. The CR conditions require that the partial derivatives of u and v satisfy ∂u/∂x = ∂v/∂y and ∂u/∂y = -∂v/∂x. If a function satisfies these conditions at all points in a region, then it is analytic in that region. The document proves this using cases where ∆y = 0 and ∆x = 0, showing the derivatives must be equal. Examples are provided to demonstrate checking functions for analytic
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Complex numbers allow solutions to equations like x2 + 1 = 0 by extending real numbers to include imaginary numbers. A complex number z is defined as z = x + iy, where x and y are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit equal to √-1. Complex numbers can be added and multiplied following specific rules, such as z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2) + i(y1 + y2) for addition and z1z2 = (x1x2 - y1y2) + i(y1x2 + x1y2) for multiplication. The inverse of a complex number z is calculated as z-1 = (x/(x2+y
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The document discusses properties of complex numbers including:
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1) The document discusses examples of calculating the Jacobian of transformations. It defines the Jacobian as the determinant of the partial derivatives of the transformed coordinates.
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This document discusses conformal mapping, which maps curves and regions in such a way that preserves angles and their directions. It provides examples of conformal mappings:
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2) The mapping ω = eiθ0(z-z0)/(z-z0) maps an area in the upper half z-plane to the interior of a unit circle in the ω-plane. Points on the x-axis in z are mapped to the boundary of the circle.
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The document discusses Taylor and Laurent series expansions. It provides examples of using these expansions to represent functions around points.
Taylor series provides a power series representation of an analytic function around a point. Laurent series allows representing functions in annular regions, including points where the function is not analytic, using both positive and negative powers of (z - z0). Examples show deducing Laurent series expansions for simple functions like z4 and 1/z4 around various points, and evaluating coefficients via contour integrals and the residue theorem. The document also gives an example of using a contour integral to compute a Greens function in many-particle physics.
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lec37.ppt
1) The document discusses evaluating contour integrals using the residue theorem. It provides examples of calculating residues and evaluating integrals where the contour encloses poles.
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1) The document discusses representation of the Dirac delta function in cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. It shows that δ(r - r') = δ(ρ - ρ')δ(φ - φ')δ(z - z')/ρ in cylindrical coordinates and δ(r - r') = δ(r - r')δ(θ - θ')δ(φ - φ')/r^2 in spherical coordinates.
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1. The Dirac delta function is an important concept in quantum mechanics and electrodynamics that describes an impulse or large force acting over a very short time interval.
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This document discusses solving a mass-spring system as an eigenvalue problem. It:
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2) Transforms the coupled differential equations into a matrix eigenvalue equation.
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4) Combines the eigenvectors with complex exponential functions to obtain general solutions for the displacements of each mass over time.
lec17.ppt
This document discusses linear transformations and matrices. It introduces how linear transformations on physical quantities are usually described by matrices, where a column vector u representing a physical quantity is transformed into another column vector Au by a transformation matrix A. As an example, it discusses orthogonal transformations, where the transformation matrix A is orthogonal. It proves that for an orthogonal transformation, the inner product of two vectors remains invariant. It also discusses properties of other types of matrices like Hermitian, skew-Hermitian and unitary matrices.
lec16.ppt
This document discusses properties of symmetric, skew-symmetric, and orthogonal matrices. It defines each type of matrix and provides examples. Key points include:
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lec30.ppt
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lec28.ppt
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lec27.ppt
1) The document discusses tensors with multiple indices and the cross product of two vectors A and B. The components of the cross product vector C are given by Ai Bj - Aj Bi.
2) It describes how tensor components transform between coordinate systems using transformations of partial derivatives. The transformation property for cross products is derived.
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lec26.ppt
1) There are two types of vectors - contravariant vectors whose components transform according to Equation 1, and covariant vectors whose components transform according to Equation 2.
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KIRCHHOFFS LAWS
- 2. Presented BY NAME : PURVA TIWARI CLASS: BSC IV SEM (C.S) COLLEGE: RAI SAHEB BHANWAR SINGH COLLEGE NASRULLAGANJ SUBMITTED TO: GYANRAO DHOTE SIR
- 3. WEL COME
- 4. Kirchhoff's circuit laws Kirchhoff's circuit laws are two equalities that deal with the current and potential difference (commonly known as voltage) in the lumped element model of electrical circuits. They were first described in 1845 by German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff.[1] This generalized the work of Georg Ohm and preceded the work of Maxwell. Widely used in electrical engineering, they are also called Kirchhoff's rules or simply Kirchhoff's laws. Both of Kirchhoff's laws can be understood as corollaries of the Maxwell equations in the low-frequency limit. They are accurate for DC circuits, and for AC circuits at frequencies where the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are very large compared to the circuits.
- 13. Example