A Klystron is a vacuum tube that can be used either as a generator or as an amplifier or as an oscillator, at microwave frequencies.The Klystron is a linear beam device; that is, the electron flow is in a straight line focused by an axial magnetic field.
An electron gun generates an electron beam that is interacting with a slow-wave structure.
It sustains the oscillations by propagating a traveling wave backwards against the beam
. The generated electromagnetic wave power has its group velocity directed oppositely to the direction of motion of the electrons.
The output power is coupled out near the electron gun.
Current Electricity- Dr. Diksha Gondkar, MPT (Neuro)DikshaGondkar
Content:-
1. EMF
2. Resistance: Combination of resistance in series and parallel
Ohms Law
3. D.C., A.C.
4. Devices for regulating current: Identification, functioning & Uses- Rheostat, Potentiometer, Ammeters,
5. Thermal effects of electric current
A Klystron is a vacuum tube that can be used either as a generator or as an amplifier or as an oscillator, at microwave frequencies.The Klystron is a linear beam device; that is, the electron flow is in a straight line focused by an axial magnetic field.
An electron gun generates an electron beam that is interacting with a slow-wave structure.
It sustains the oscillations by propagating a traveling wave backwards against the beam
. The generated electromagnetic wave power has its group velocity directed oppositely to the direction of motion of the electrons.
The output power is coupled out near the electron gun.
Current Electricity- Dr. Diksha Gondkar, MPT (Neuro)DikshaGondkar
Content:-
1. EMF
2. Resistance: Combination of resistance in series and parallel
Ohms Law
3. D.C., A.C.
4. Devices for regulating current: Identification, functioning & Uses- Rheostat, Potentiometer, Ammeters,
5. Thermal effects of electric current
A short homework regarding the science terms of electromagnetism, such as: magnet, electroscope, circuit breaker, transformer, motor, magnetic flux, left-hand rule, and many others.
A short homework regarding the science terms of electromagnetism, such as: magnet, electroscope, circuit breaker, transformer, motor, magnetic flux, left-hand rule, and many others.
Azzolina intervento Terziario Donna Lab, giov20 ott16Michela Moriggi
Intervento di Laura Azzolina, Università di Palermo, durante l'evento Terziario Donna Lab tenutosi a Palermo il 20-21-22Ottobre
Argomento trattato:
"Le opportunità della cooperazione nelle reti di Impresa"
Will cover Ultrasonic Definition, its properties in nature and its 2 methods of production i.e. Piezoelectric and magnetostriction methods with their definitions, principle and working of their respective generators. And lastly, applications of Ultrasonic waves.
Chapter 1a: Fluxtrol Basics of Induction Techniques Part 1Fluxtrol Inc.
http://fluxtrol.com
Chapter 1a Fluxtrol Basics of Induction Techniques Part 1
Includes:
Principles of Induction Heating,
Process Control and Layout, Theory, and more.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Introduction to Ultrasonics
-The word ultrasonic combines the Latin roots ultra,
meaning ‘beyond’ and sonic, or sound.
-The sound waves having frequencies above the
audible range i.e. above 20000Hz are called
ultrasonic waves.
-Generally these waves are called as high frequency
waves.
-The field of ultrasonics have applications for
imaging, detection and navigation.
-The broad sectors of society that regularly apply
ultrasonic technology are the medical community,
industry, the military and private citizens.
3. Properties of ultrasonic waves
(1) They have a high energy content.
(2) Just like ordinary sound waves, ultrasonic waves
get reflected, refracted and absorbed.
(3) They can be transmitted over large distances with
no appreciable loss of energy.
(4) If an arrangement is made to form stationary
waves of ultrasonics in a liquid, it serves as a
diffraction grating. It is called an acoustic
grating.
(5) They produce intense heating effect when
passed through a substance.
4. Ultrasonics Production
Ultrasonic waves are produced by the
following methods.
(1) Magneto-striction generator or oscillator
(2) Piezo-electric generator or oscillator
6. -The change in length (increase or decrease)
produced in the rod depends upon the
strength of the magnetic field, the nature of
the materials and is independent of the
direction of the magnetic field applied.
8. -XY is a rod of ferromagnetic materials like iron or
nickel. The rod is clamped in the middle.
-The alternating magnetic field is generated by
electronic oscillator.
-The coil L1 wound on the right hand portion of the
rod along with a variable capacitor C.
-This forms the resonant circuit of the collector tuned
oscillator. The frequency of oscillator is controlled by
the variable capacitor.
-The coil L2 wound on the left hand portion of the rod
is connected to the base circuit. The coil L2 acts as
feed –back loop.
9. Working
-When High Tension (H.T) battery is switched on, the
collector circuit oscillates with a frequency,
f =
-This alternating current flowing through the coil L1
produces an alternating magnetic field along the
length of the rod. The result is that the rod starts
vibrating due to magnetostrictive effect.
1
1
2 L C
10. The frequency of vibration of the rod is given by
n =
where l = length of the rod
Y = Young’s modulus of the rod material and
=density of rod material
Y
l2
1
•The capacitor C is adjusted so that the frequency of the
oscillatory circuit is equal to natural frequency of the rod and thus
resonance takes plate.
•Now the rod vibrates longitudinally with maximum amplitude
and generates ultrasonic waves of high frequency from its ends.
11. Advantages
1. The design of this oscillator is very simple and its production
cost is low
2. At low ultrasonic frequencies, the large power output can be
produced without the risk of damage of the oscillatory circuit.
Disadvantages
1. It has low upper frequency limit and cannot generate
ultrasonic frequency above 3000 kHz (ie. 3MHz).
2. The frequency of oscillations depends on
temperature.
3. There will be losses of energy due to hysteresis and
eddy current.
12. Piezo Electric Generator or Oscillator
Principle : Inverse piezo electric effect
- If mechanical pressure is applied to one pair of
opposite faces of certain crystals like quartz, equal
and opposite electrical charges appear across its
other faces.This is called as piezo-electric effect.
-The converse of piezo electric effect is also true.
-If an electric field is applied to one pair of faces, the
corresponding changes in the dimensions of the
other pair of faces of the crystal are produced.This is
known as inverse piezo electric effect or
electrostriction.
14. -The quartz crystal is placed between two metal
plates A and B.
-The plates are connected to the primary (L3) of a
transformer which is inductively coupled to the
electronics oscillator.
-The electronic oscillator circuit is a base tuned
oscillator circuit.
-The coils L1 and L2 of oscillator circuit are taken
from the secondary of a transformer T.
-The collector coil L2 is inductively coupled to base
coil L1.
-The coil L1 and variable capacitor C1 form the tank
circuit of the oscillator.
15. Working
When H.T. battery is switched on, the oscillator produces high
frequency alternating voltages with a frequency.
Due to the transformer action, an oscillatory e.m.f. is induced in
the coil L3. This high frequency alternating voltages are fed on the
plates A and B.
Inverse piezo-electric effect takes place and the crystal contracts
and expands alternatively.The crystal is set into mechanical
vibrations.
The frequency of the vibration is given by
n =
112
1
CL
f
Y
l
P
2
where P = 1,2,3,4 … etc. for
fundamental, first over tone, second over
tone etc.,
Y = Young’s modulus of the crystal and
ρ = density of the crystal.
16. -The variable condenser C1 is adjusted
such that the frequency of the applied AC
voltage is equal to the natural frequency
of the quartz crystal, and thus resonance
takes place.
-The vibrating crystal produces
longitudinal ultrasonic waves of large
amplitude.
17. Advantages
-Ultrasonic frequencies as high as 5 x 108Hz or 500
MHz can be obtained with this arrangement.
-The output of this oscillator is very high.
It is not affected by temperature and humidity.
Disadvantages
-The cost of piezo electric quartz is very high.
-The cutting and shaping of quartz crystal are very
complex.