Scleral contact lenses , types, uses in various ocular conditions.
An in-depth and unbiased details of these lenses as a therapeutic and also as a drug - delivery system in modern ophthalmology.
A must read for all Ophthalmologists and Optometrists.
Contact lens for congenital aphakia and other eye conditions for infants and toddlers. The slide presentation encompasses indications for CL fitting in paediatric, contact lens options, fitting techniques, challenges and contact lens as myopia control.
Detailed instumentaion and use of manual Lensometer and just a outline of automated lensometer.
I have used the picture of manual lensometer with out the parts describtion because i have explained orally by showing the picture..
Hope u all like it and may help you in learning better. :)
The presentation I have made and uploaded provides you with an in-depth insight into the patterns the strabismus may take following anomalies of extraocular muscles, deformities of the orbital structures,innnervational disturbances.
The author does not assume responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work.
No copyright infringement, or plagiarism intended.
Amrit Pokharel
Scleral contact lenses , types, uses in various ocular conditions.
An in-depth and unbiased details of these lenses as a therapeutic and also as a drug - delivery system in modern ophthalmology.
A must read for all Ophthalmologists and Optometrists.
Contact lens for congenital aphakia and other eye conditions for infants and toddlers. The slide presentation encompasses indications for CL fitting in paediatric, contact lens options, fitting techniques, challenges and contact lens as myopia control.
Detailed instumentaion and use of manual Lensometer and just a outline of automated lensometer.
I have used the picture of manual lensometer with out the parts describtion because i have explained orally by showing the picture..
Hope u all like it and may help you in learning better. :)
The presentation I have made and uploaded provides you with an in-depth insight into the patterns the strabismus may take following anomalies of extraocular muscles, deformities of the orbital structures,innnervational disturbances.
The author does not assume responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work.
No copyright infringement, or plagiarism intended.
Amrit Pokharel
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Def.:
-Technique to study the shape of corneal surfaces
-Based on the fact that anterior surface of cornea acts as a
convex mirror and size of image varies with curvature
-It is a reflection based technique
3. CORNEAL OPTICS AND DIMENSIONS:
Hor-11.5mm
-Anterior corneal surface-elliptical
Ver-10.6mm
-Posterior corneal surface-circular-11.5mm
centre-0.52mm
-Thickness peripheral-0.8mm
limbus-1.2mm
ant-7.8mm
-Radius of curvature of central optic zone
post-6.70mm
-Refractive power-43D
4.
5. KERATOMETRY:PRINCIPLE:
- Anterior surface of cornea is a convex mirror
image formed radius of curvature
(1st purkinje image)
- Radius = 2 * image size
* distance of the object
object size
6. -As living eye is mobile image size is not accurate
-Overcome by principle of visible doubling
TYPES OF KERATOMETRES:
1. HELMHOLTZ
2. BAUSCH AND LOMB
3. JAVAL AND SCHIOTZ KERATOMETER
7. HELMHOLTZ:
- Fixed object size
-Image size is adjusted to measure corneal curvature
-Doubling of image is present
8. BOSCH AND LAMB(REICHERT):
-Fixed object size and variable image size
-Object is a circular mire with four points 3mm apart
-It strikes patient’s cornea and becomes object for
remaining instrument
9.
10.
11. Procedure of keratometry:
1. Instrument adjustment:
-The instrument is calibrated before use
-A white paper with a black line is put infront of objective
piece and focused
- A steel ball of known curvature is held infront of
keratometer and its value is set on the scale
- The mires are focused and accuracy is checked
2. Patient adjustment:
-Patient is seated infront of instrument
against chin and head rest and eye not being examine is
covered with an occluder
12. 3.Focusing of mire:
-The mire is focused in the centre of cornea
-The doubling of central mire indicates that the instrument
is not correctly focused on corneal image of mire
13. 4.Measurement of corneal curvature:
-The instrument is correctly focused on corneal image
-For curvature in horizontal meridian plus signs of central
and left images are superimposed
-For curvature in vertical meridian minus signs of central
and upper mires are superimposed
-In oblique astigmatism the horizontal mires will not be
aligned then the instrument is rotated till the lus signs are
aligned. The corneal radius of power is measured in this
meridian and meridian 90 degrees to it
14.
15. INTERPRETING THE FINDINGS
Spherical cornea:
-No difference in power between two principle meridians
-Mires are perfect spheres
Astigmatism:
-Difference between powers
-Horizontally oval mires in with the rule astigmatism
-Vertically oval mires in against the rule astigmatism
-In oblique astigmatism principle meridians are between
30-60 and120-150 degrees.
Irregular corneal surface:
-Irregular and doubling of mires
16. Keratoconus:
-Inclination and jumping of mires while adjusting-pulsating
mires
-Advanced Keratoconus has minimification of mires due to
increased myopia
-Irregular, wavy and distorted mires are also seen
20. Surgical / Operating keratometer:
-It is attached to the operating microscope
-Helps in monitoring astigmatism during corneal or limbus
surgery
LIMITATIONS:
-Difficulty in aligning
-Air in AC may result in second target reflection
-External pressure on globe may result in change in corneal
curvature
21.
22. AUTOMATED KERATOMETER:
-The reflected image of target is focused on a photodetector
which measures image size and radius of curvature
-Target mires are illuminated with infrared light and
infrared photodetector is used
ADVANTAGES:
-Compact device
-Very less time consuming
-Comparatively easy to operate
-High precision
-Available as autokeratorefractometers
Also available in-IOL Master
Pentacam
Orbscan
Corneal topographer
25. RELATION BETWEEN RADIUS OF CURVATURE AND
DIOPTERIC POWER OF CORNEA
D = n-1
r
-Range is 36- 52 D (6.5-9.38mm)
-Lower limit can be extended upto 30D(5.6mm)
-Upper limit upto 61D(10.9mm)
26. CLINICAL USES:
-Measurement of corneal astigmatism
-In contact lens fitting
-Monitor shape of cornea in Keratoconus and keratoglobus
-To assess refractive error in hazy media
-IOL power calculation
-To measure pre and postsurgical astigmatism
-DD between axial vs. curvatural astigmatism
-To detect rigid gas permeable lens flexure
27. LIMITATIONS:
-Takes cornea as a sphere but it is aspheric
-measures refractive status of central zone only
-less accuracy with very flat(<40D) or very steep cornea(>50D)
-Refractive index of cornea is assumed one
-One position instruments assume regular astigmatism
-Cannot describe corneal asphericity
28. SOURCES OF ERRORS:
-Improper calibration
-Faulty position or improper fixation by patient
-Accommodative fluctuation by examiner
-Localized corneal distortion or excessive tearing
-Abnormal lid position
-Improper focusing of corneal image
