“Bio-fortification options/success story - wheat”, presented by Arun Kumar Joshi, CIMMYT at the ReSAKSS-Asia Conference, Nov 14-16, 2011, in Kathmandu, Nepal.
BIOFORTIFICATION OF STAPLE CROPS: PROVITAMIN A CASSAVA AS A CASE STUDYCosmos Onyiba
Biofortification refers to micronutrient enrichment of staple crops through plant breeding, to address the negative economic and health consequences of vitamin and mineral deficiencies in humans. It is the process of increasing the bioavailable micronutrient density of staple crops through conventional plant breeding and modern biotechnology to achieve a measurable and positive impact on human health.. Currently, agronomic, conventional, and transgenic biofortification are three common approaches. Progress has been made in breeding orange sweetpotato, provitamin A maize, provitamin A cassava, high zinc rice and high zinc wheat, and high iron beans and high iron pearl millet via conventional breeding. Transgenic biofortification is used when genetic variability for vitamin and mineral targets is too low to meet the desired target levels, or for crops that are very difficult to breed, such as banana. The biofortification of cassava with Provitamin A (beta-carotene) was achieved through pure line and hybrid seed technology as well as genetic engineering. The provitamin A carotenoid in biofortified cassava is primarily β-carotene. In white cassava, there may be trace amounts of β-carotene, which may be present in concentrations as low as 1 mg/g fresh weigh or 3 mg/g dry weigh. Due to the instability of beta-carotene, cooking and processing methods can affect the retention of β-carotene in cassava leading to decrease bioavailability and bioefficacy.
Bio fortification through Genetic EngineeringBalaji Rathod
Crop Bio-fortification is the idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value.
Bio-fortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed.
This is an improvement on ordinary fortification when it comes to providing nutrients for the rural poor, who rarely have access to commercially fortified foods.
Biofortification, the process of increasing the bioavailable concentrations of essential elements in edible portions of crop plants through agronomic intervention or genetic selection, may be the solution to malnutrition or hidden hunger mitigation.
Biofortification, the process of breeding nutrients into food crops, provides a comparatively costeffective, sustainable, and long-term means of delivering more micronutrients.
This approach not only will lower the number of severely malnourished people who require treatment by complementary interventions but also will help them maintain improved nutritional status.
BIOFORTIFICATION OF STAPLE CROPS: PROVITAMIN A CASSAVA AS A CASE STUDYCosmos Onyiba
Biofortification refers to micronutrient enrichment of staple crops through plant breeding, to address the negative economic and health consequences of vitamin and mineral deficiencies in humans. It is the process of increasing the bioavailable micronutrient density of staple crops through conventional plant breeding and modern biotechnology to achieve a measurable and positive impact on human health.. Currently, agronomic, conventional, and transgenic biofortification are three common approaches. Progress has been made in breeding orange sweetpotato, provitamin A maize, provitamin A cassava, high zinc rice and high zinc wheat, and high iron beans and high iron pearl millet via conventional breeding. Transgenic biofortification is used when genetic variability for vitamin and mineral targets is too low to meet the desired target levels, or for crops that are very difficult to breed, such as banana. The biofortification of cassava with Provitamin A (beta-carotene) was achieved through pure line and hybrid seed technology as well as genetic engineering. The provitamin A carotenoid in biofortified cassava is primarily β-carotene. In white cassava, there may be trace amounts of β-carotene, which may be present in concentrations as low as 1 mg/g fresh weigh or 3 mg/g dry weigh. Due to the instability of beta-carotene, cooking and processing methods can affect the retention of β-carotene in cassava leading to decrease bioavailability and bioefficacy.
Bio fortification through Genetic EngineeringBalaji Rathod
Crop Bio-fortification is the idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value.
Bio-fortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed.
This is an improvement on ordinary fortification when it comes to providing nutrients for the rural poor, who rarely have access to commercially fortified foods.
Biofortification, the process of increasing the bioavailable concentrations of essential elements in edible portions of crop plants through agronomic intervention or genetic selection, may be the solution to malnutrition or hidden hunger mitigation.
Biofortification, the process of breeding nutrients into food crops, provides a comparatively costeffective, sustainable, and long-term means of delivering more micronutrients.
This approach not only will lower the number of severely malnourished people who require treatment by complementary interventions but also will help them maintain improved nutritional status.
Modern agriculture has been largely successful in meeting the food needs for ever increasing population in developing countries. On the contrary, malnutrition, especially Fe and Zn continue to pose a very serious constraint not only to human health as well economic development of nation that might formerly have got unnoticed. Besides, the micronutrient deficiencies are becoming increasingly common in agriculture as a result of higher levels of removal by ever-more-productive crops combined with breeding for higher yields, at the expense of micronutrient acquisition efficiency (Havlinet al., 2014).Therefore, agriculture must now focus on a new paradigm that will not only produce more food, but deliver better quality food as well.
Bio fortification for Enhanced Nutrition in Rice by Conventional and Molecula...Sathisha TN
Micronutrient malnutrition is widespread, especially in poor populations across the globe where daily caloric intake is confined mainly to staple cereals. Rice, which is a staple food for over half of the world's population, is low in bioavailable micronutrients required for the daily diet. Improvements of the plant-based diets are therefore critical and of high economic value in order to achieve a healthy nutrition of a large segment of the human population. Rice grain biofortification has emerged as a strategic priority for alleviation of micronutrient malnutrition
the third world countries are having the issue of hidden hunger or micronutrient deficiency. harvest plus is a CGIAR initiative with a mission of eradication of hidden hunger by 2020. the biofortification programmes are gaining their pace due to this organization.
Quality protein maize biofortification for nutritional securitynirupma_2008
Maize is a versatile crop, used as human food, livestock feed and raw material in industries. Being robust and extremely adaptable in various agro-climatic conditions, it is a favourite crop of farmers throughout the world. For majority of the population, especially rural poor maize constitutes the main bulk of the daily diet. But, the concern lies in the insufficient protein quality and quantity in maize grain leading to malnutrition. Its nutritional value is limited by the low levels of essential amino acids, particularly lysine and tryptophan. In maize endosperm, zein constitutes 50 to 70% of storage protein which is abundant in glutamine, leucine and proline but devoid of the essential amino acids viz., lysine and tryptophan (Prasanna 2001 ; Gibbon and Larkins, 2005; Wu et al., 2010). The discovery of a natural mutation called opaque2 (o2) in 1960’s, caused reduction of zein and increase in non-zein proteins in maize grain doubling the level of lysine (Mertz et al., 1964; Krivanek et al., 2007; Wu et al.,2010). However, the o2 mutation had negative pleiotropic effects that resulted in soft, chalky and dull endosperm, (Babu et al., 2005) leading to decrease in grain den¬sity, increase in susceptibility to attacks by pests and diseases and decrease in productivity. These defects were ameoliarated by the efforts of plant breeders by selecting o2 lines with hard, translucent (vitreous) kernels that retained high lysine content. These modified opaque lines had loci called “modifiers” and such genotypes were called “Quality Protein Maize” (--1,--3,--6, Ortega and Bates, 1983; Villegas et al., 1992; Toro, 2001).
Breeding strategies for nutritional quality in major cereal cropsHeresh Puren
The presentation describes about the nutritional deficiency symptoms, deficiency status at both national and global scenario which signifies the need for breeding strategies for nutritional improvement as well as the various strategies for improvement of nutritional quality in major cereal crops.
M.S. Swaminathan presents: Achieving the Zero Hunger Challenge & the Role of ...Harvest Plus
Professor M.S. Swaminathan presents "Achieving the Zero Hunger Challenge & the Role of Biofortification" at The 2nd Global Conference on Biofortification: Getting Nutritious Foods to People in Kigali, Rwanda. April 1, 2014
Developing and Delivering Zinc Wheat: The Role of Wheat in Reducing Hidden Hu...CIMMYT
Presentation delivered by Dr. Wolfgang Pfeiffer (HarvestPlus, Colombia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
I hope you will find this presentation valuable in better management of your precious crops during chilling cold weather.
Please do ask foe any farm advisory or farm consultancy.
Best wishes.
Dr. Mohammad Sajjad Chaudhry
Modern agriculture has been largely successful in meeting the food needs for ever increasing population in developing countries. On the contrary, malnutrition, especially Fe and Zn continue to pose a very serious constraint not only to human health as well economic development of nation that might formerly have got unnoticed. Besides, the micronutrient deficiencies are becoming increasingly common in agriculture as a result of higher levels of removal by ever-more-productive crops combined with breeding for higher yields, at the expense of micronutrient acquisition efficiency (Havlinet al., 2014).Therefore, agriculture must now focus on a new paradigm that will not only produce more food, but deliver better quality food as well.
Bio fortification for Enhanced Nutrition in Rice by Conventional and Molecula...Sathisha TN
Micronutrient malnutrition is widespread, especially in poor populations across the globe where daily caloric intake is confined mainly to staple cereals. Rice, which is a staple food for over half of the world's population, is low in bioavailable micronutrients required for the daily diet. Improvements of the plant-based diets are therefore critical and of high economic value in order to achieve a healthy nutrition of a large segment of the human population. Rice grain biofortification has emerged as a strategic priority for alleviation of micronutrient malnutrition
the third world countries are having the issue of hidden hunger or micronutrient deficiency. harvest plus is a CGIAR initiative with a mission of eradication of hidden hunger by 2020. the biofortification programmes are gaining their pace due to this organization.
Quality protein maize biofortification for nutritional securitynirupma_2008
Maize is a versatile crop, used as human food, livestock feed and raw material in industries. Being robust and extremely adaptable in various agro-climatic conditions, it is a favourite crop of farmers throughout the world. For majority of the population, especially rural poor maize constitutes the main bulk of the daily diet. But, the concern lies in the insufficient protein quality and quantity in maize grain leading to malnutrition. Its nutritional value is limited by the low levels of essential amino acids, particularly lysine and tryptophan. In maize endosperm, zein constitutes 50 to 70% of storage protein which is abundant in glutamine, leucine and proline but devoid of the essential amino acids viz., lysine and tryptophan (Prasanna 2001 ; Gibbon and Larkins, 2005; Wu et al., 2010). The discovery of a natural mutation called opaque2 (o2) in 1960’s, caused reduction of zein and increase in non-zein proteins in maize grain doubling the level of lysine (Mertz et al., 1964; Krivanek et al., 2007; Wu et al.,2010). However, the o2 mutation had negative pleiotropic effects that resulted in soft, chalky and dull endosperm, (Babu et al., 2005) leading to decrease in grain den¬sity, increase in susceptibility to attacks by pests and diseases and decrease in productivity. These defects were ameoliarated by the efforts of plant breeders by selecting o2 lines with hard, translucent (vitreous) kernels that retained high lysine content. These modified opaque lines had loci called “modifiers” and such genotypes were called “Quality Protein Maize” (--1,--3,--6, Ortega and Bates, 1983; Villegas et al., 1992; Toro, 2001).
Breeding strategies for nutritional quality in major cereal cropsHeresh Puren
The presentation describes about the nutritional deficiency symptoms, deficiency status at both national and global scenario which signifies the need for breeding strategies for nutritional improvement as well as the various strategies for improvement of nutritional quality in major cereal crops.
M.S. Swaminathan presents: Achieving the Zero Hunger Challenge & the Role of ...Harvest Plus
Professor M.S. Swaminathan presents "Achieving the Zero Hunger Challenge & the Role of Biofortification" at The 2nd Global Conference on Biofortification: Getting Nutritious Foods to People in Kigali, Rwanda. April 1, 2014
Developing and Delivering Zinc Wheat: The Role of Wheat in Reducing Hidden Hu...CIMMYT
Presentation delivered by Dr. Wolfgang Pfeiffer (HarvestPlus, Colombia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
I hope you will find this presentation valuable in better management of your precious crops during chilling cold weather.
Please do ask foe any farm advisory or farm consultancy.
Best wishes.
Dr. Mohammad Sajjad Chaudhry
Foliar feeding can provide the nutrients required for normal development of crops in cases where absorption of nutrients by the roots system is disturbed.
Learn more here: http://www.haifa-group.com/knowledge_center/fertilization_methods/foliar_nutrition/
Breeding high iron pearl millet cultivars: present status and future prospectsICRISAT
Micronutrient malnutrition, widespread in resource poor families in the developing world where large populations rely on cereals as staple food, has emerged as a major health challenge. Over 60% and 30% of the world’s populations are deficient in iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), respectively. About 80% of pregnant women and 70% children are reported to suffer from Fe deficiency, while 52% children (<5 years) have stunted growth in India2,3. Biofortification is a cost-effective and sustainable agricultural approach to deliver essential micronutrients through staple foods. Pearl millet is an important staple food in the arid and semi-arid regions of Asia and Africa. The primary focus of HarvestPlus-supported pearl millet biofortification research at ICRISAT is on improving Fe density with Zn density as an associated trait.
Breeding high-iron pearl millet cultivars: present status and future prospectsICRISAT
Micronutrient malnutrition, widespread in resource poor families in the developing world where large populations rely on cereals as staple food, has emerged as a major health challenge. Over 60% and 30% of the world’s populations are deficient in iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), respectively1. About 80% of pregnant women and 70% children are reported to suffer from Fe deficiency, while 52% children (<5 years) have stunted growth in India2,3. Biofortification is a cost-effective and sustainable agricultural approach to deliver essential micronutrients through staple foods. Pearl millet is an important staple food in the arid and semi-arid regions of Asia and Africa. The primary focus of HarvestPlus-supported pearl millet biofortification research at ICRISAT is on improving Fe density with Zn density as an associated trait.
Abstract
Biofortification is a well-known strategy for breeding to increase the nutritional value of staple crops in essential micronutrients such as vitamin A, Fe, and Zn. Biofortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are processed. The World Health Organisation estimated that biofortification could help cure the 2 billion people worldwide suffering from Fe deficiency-induced anaemia. Potato biofortification to increase Fe and Zn concentrations was initiated at the International Potato Center (CIP) in 2004, from a base population of Andean landraces selected for both their outstanding culinary attributes and Fe and Zn concentrations above mean levels found in extensive germplasm evaluation. After three cycles of recurrent selection, the concentrations of Fe and Zn exceeded twice those of the base population (28–40 mg/kg dry weight basis and 27–35 mg/kg dry weight basis for Fe and Zn, respectively). These are the first-ever genetic gains reported for mineral content of potato. Considering the high potato consumption (300–500 g/day) of our target populations of the African highlands, consumption of these potatoes can cover 30–75% of the Estimated Average Requirement of Fe and Zn for women of childbearing age. CIP is carrying out strategic interploid crossing with top tetraploid parental lines leading to higher yielding, disease-resistant populations of biofortified potatoes. The programme has introduced significant amounts of enhanced germplasm to Africa and built capacity for potato tuber sampling and sample preparation for mineral evaluation through on-the-job training in Ethiopia and Rwanda. It has developed an African quality evaluation network for potato using X-ray fluorescent and near-infrared spectrometry technologies. Statutory and participatory evaluation of novel potato populations have assessed user preferences for new potato types and identified elite clones for variety release. Collection of gender-disaggregated preference data is supported by CIP’s ontology-based data dictionary for technical and preference/sensory traits. CIP and partners recently demonstrated the high bioaccessibility of Fe from potato with respect to that of other staple crops. Some 63–79% of the Fe in potato is released from the food matrix during in-vitro gastro-intestinal digestion and is therefore available at the intestinal level. This compares favourably with, for example, pearl millet which is considered a success among biofortified crops, and for which the in-vitro bioaccessibility of Fe varies 10–24%, whereas it is only 5% for wheat.
Merideth Bonierbale
The History of Cooking Oil Fortification in Indonesia: Government Support for the Program and Challenges by Idrus Jus’at, Senior Lecturer, Esa Unggul University, Indonesia. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
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Institutional and Governance Innovation in Thailand’s Food System: The Role of the Private Sector in Food Safety by Kamphol Pantakua and Natthida Wiwatwicha, TDRI. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Compliance of Producers and Adoption of Consumers in the Case of Food Safety Practices: Cases from South Asia by Devesh Roy, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Current Status of Agricultural Biotechnology in Thailand by Orachos Napasintuwong, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Kasetsart University. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
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Soybean Value Chains for Rural Development by Nimish Jhaveri, Winrock Myanmar. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Findings from the Study on Nutrition-Sensitive Value Chains in the Feed the Future Zone of Influence in Tajikistan by Abduaziz Kasymov, Tajikistan. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Farm Production, Market Access and Dietary Diversity in China’s Poor Rural Households: Evidence from a Panel Data by Kevin Chen, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI- Beijing.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
The Livestock Sector in India: Progress and Challenges by Vijay Sardana, Poultry Federation of India.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Production Diversity and Market Access for Predicting Animal-source Food Consumption by Jytoi Felix, Catholic Relief Services. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
The Quiet Revolution in Myanmar’s Aquaculture Value Chain by Ben Belton, Michigan State University. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Does e-commerce Increase Food Consumption in Rural Areas? Evidence from China by Xiaobo Zhang, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Impacting at Scale: From .5% to + 40% by Grahame Dixie, Executive Director, Grow Asia.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Regulatory Cooperation in ASEAN Good Agricultural Practices by Catherine Frances J. Corpuz, Senior Program Officer, ASEAN-Australia Development Cooperation Program.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Traditional Versus Modern Milk Marketing Chains in India: Implications for Smallholder Dairy Farmers by Anjani Kumar, Research Fellow, IFPRI- Delhi.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Pakistan’s Multi-Sectoral Nutrition Strategy by Amna Ejaz, Research Analyst, IFPRI-Pakistan.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
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Bio-fortification options/success story - wheat
1. Arun K. Joshi, Ravi P. Singh & Govindan Velu
CIMMYT
Zn and Fe rich wheat in developing
countries of Asia; where we are!
2. • Micronutrients are
important (many; Zn, Fe)
• But only few can afford
healthy diet in many
countries – south Asia!
• Around 1 billion suffer
from Zn and Fe
deficiency (globally); a
vast number is in south
Asia
Photo: Livestrong.com
3. Metal-containing & metal-binding proteins in 2 species identified by proteomic techniques.
Gladyshev et al., 2004
Central Role of Zinc in Life on Earth
Source: Hans J. Braun, 2010
4. Source: Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio
• Wheat means - a 5th of humanity’s food, and is first as
a source of protein.
• It is an especially critical “staff of life” for the
approximately 1.2 billion “wheat dependent” to 2.5
billion “wheat consuming” poor—men, women and
children who live on less than USD 2 per day—and
approximately 30 million poor wheat producers and
their families.
• Demand for wheat in the developing world is projected
to increase 60% by 2050.
Source: WHEAT, CIMMYT, 2011
Wheat is important
6. Target Areas for Zn/Fe dense Wheat
Baseline
Micronutrient Level in
Commercial Crop 25
µgg-1
Target Increment to
be added
8 µgg-1
Wolfgang H PFEIFFER
ME1: Temperate Irrigated High
Production NWPZ
ME5: Irrigated High
Temperature Stress EGPZ
Expected
release -
2013
7. • South Asia
continue to be
“plow to plate”
• Nutrient rich,
agronomically
superior mega
wheat varieties
may ensure
reaching the
masses
8. 2004-2009
Discover genes and
sources of variation
2009-13
Develop varieties
2014+
Deliver to clients
Frequently asked
questions
Will it be possible
to breed nutrient
rich varieties?
Will these be
bioavailable?
Will such varieties
will meet farmers
expectations?
HarvestPlus initiative of IFPRI
9.
10. Zn and Fe grain
concentrations
are internal
traits; agronomic
or external
advantages are
most appealing
to farmers
14. Wheat
30 μgg-1
best Zn sources crossed to elite
wheat adapted to target areas
X
baseline
25 μgg-1
Cd. Obregon, March 2009
Zn Content
Zn Concentration
Best deployed to India & Pakistan for
GxE Performance Testing on-station &
on-farm
15. N = >1200
N =
>800
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
<20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 >55
Grain Zn concentration (mg/kg)
%entries
Zn conc in 2009-10
Zn conc in 2008-09
Progress in Zn and Fe concentration
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
<20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50
Fe concentration (mg/kg)
%entries
Fe conc 2009-10
Fe conc 2008-09
N = >1200
N = >800
CIMMYT trials;
more lines with
more nutrition
20. Zinc deficiency in Wheat
Example from Turkey – Chakmak et al., 2009
Minor things can give major impact
21. “Drought Stress” Zn Foliar Spray
Source: Hans J. Braun, 2009
Zn spray may give more yield as well as more
Zn in the grain
22. Breeding for Bioavailability
InulinPhytic acid
++
O
OO P
O
H O
OO P
O
O
OO P
O
O
O OP
O
O
OHO P
O
O
OO P
O H
H
H H
H
1
2
34
5
6
++
++
Mg
++
Fe
Ca
Ca
Zn
++
O
OO P
O
H O
OO P
O
O
OO P
O
O
O OPP
O
O
OHO PP
O
O
OOO P
O H
H
H H
H
1
2
34
5
6
++
++
Mg
++
Fe
Ca
Ca
Zn
++
Bioavailability
amount of a nutrient in a food that is
absorbable from a typical diet and utilizable
whithin body to perform metabolic functions
Anti-nutrients Promoters
Wolfgang H PFEIFFER
Dissect ‘Bioavailability’ into Components
which can be translated into breeding targets
Direct Micronutrient
Enhancement
23.
24. Delivery
Two channels
Normal (public sector)
Fast track (private
sector) – speed, twice of
public sector
Farmers participatory
selection – to speed
up dissemination
26. The way forward
• Continue research in strong
linkage mode with NARS
colleagues
• Combine with core traits to
make it sustainable
• New issues; new science
• Bring more budget for major
breeding programs in each
country
• Encourage private sector
• Think of premium price for
nutrient rich varieties