This document presents a seminar on the synthesis of nanoparticles using solution combustion. It describes the solution combustion synthesis process, which involves selecting an oxidizer and fuel, balancing the chemical equation, mixing the chemicals in solution and heating to initiate combustion. This self-sustaining combustion reaction produces nanoparticles that are then calcined at high temperatures. The method allows for rapid, low-cost synthesis of nanoparticles less than 50 nm in size, such as copper oxide and zinc oxide, without needing specialized equipment.

1. A Seminar On
Synthesis Of Nano Particles By
Solution Combustion
Presented
By
K. GANAPATHI RAO
(13031D6003)

2. CONTENT
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•
•
•
•
•
Introduction.
Preparation Method.
Flowchart.
Procedure.
Calcination.
Advantages.
Precaution.
Applications.

3. Nano particles
• A material or structure has at least one dimension in the
Nano range, which is called as Nanomaterial or
Nanostructure.
• Nano is the scale range between in (1-100)nm.
• cm = 10-2m, mm = 10-3m, μm = 10-6m, nm = 10-9m, pm=10-12m
• Atom ≈ 0.1 nm , DNA (width) 2 nm , Protein 5 –50 nm.
Virus 75 -100nm , Materials internalized by cells < 100 nm

4. Nano particles
 Nanoparticles of a defined material, e.g. gold or silicon, may
exhibit completely different optical, electronic and chemical
behaviour compared to bulk gold or silicon.
 Nanoparticles often have unexpected visible properties
because they are small enough to scatter visible light rather
than absorb it.
Gold particles in glass
25 nm — red reflected
50 nm — green reflected
100 nm —orange reflected

5. What is Synthesis ?
• Synthesis refers to a combination of two or more
entities that together form something new.
Synthesis mainly classified into two approaches.
1. Bottom-up approach
2. Top-down approach

6. Bottom-up Top-down
Material
Grains
Micro Structured
Unit Cell
Nano Structured
Molecules
Atoms

7. Nano particles
Solution
Combustion

8. SOLUTION COMBUSTION
SYNTHESIS
• Solution combustion (SC) is an effective method for synthesis
of nano-size materials and it has been used for the production
of a variety more than 1000.
• It is a traditional method.
• EX: ZnO, CuO, Fe2O3 Nano particles can synthesized.

9. FLOW CHART FOR THE SOLUTION
COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS
START
START
SELECT THE OXIDIZER & FUEL
SELECT THE OXIDIZER & FUEL
SOLVE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION
SOLVE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION
TAKE PROPORTIONAL QUANTITY OF CHEMICAL AND PUT
TAKE PROPORTIONAL QUANTITY OF CHEMICAL AND PUT
ON HEATER
ON HEATER

10. OBSERVE THE PROCESS WHILE HEATING THE MIXER
OBSERVE THE PROCESS WHILE HEATING THE MIXER
AFTER COMPLETED PROCESS, TAKE THE MATERIAL
AFTER COMPLETED PROCESS, TAKE THE MATERIAL
COMPLETELY
COMPLETELY
GO FOR THE CALCINATION
GO FOR THE CALCINATION
STOP
STOP

11. Select the chemical
• Choose the chemical such that from which we can get the
resultant component.
• Ex: Oxidizer
– For CuO  Cu(NO3)2 Copper Nitrate
– For ZnO  Zn(NO3)2-
Zinc Nitrate.
• Choose the fuel such as containing
carbon and hydrogen main components
• Ex:
• C2H5NO2  Glycine
• C6H8O6  Ascorbic acid

12. CHEMICAL EQUATION
• Cu(NO3)2 + C2H5NO2  CuO + H20 + N2↑ + CO2↑
• Cu(NO3)2 + C6H8O6
CuO + H20 + N2↑ + CO2↑
• Zn(NO3)2 + C2H5NO2 ZnO + H20 + N2↑ + CO2↑
• Zn(NO3)2 + C6H8O6 ZnO + H20 + N2↑ + CO2↑
• From Rocket Fuel Chemistry
the oxidation states of
H=+1, N=0, O=-2, C=+4, Zn=+2, Cu=+2.

14. EQUATION BALANCING
ᵠ=




FUEL OXIDATION STATE
=1
9 Cu(NO3)2 + 10 C2H5NOSTATE CuO + 25 H20 + 14 N2↑ + 20 CO2↑
OXIDIZER OXIDATION 2  9
20 Cu(NO3)2 + 10 C6H8O6 20 CuO + 40 H20 + 20 N2↑ + 60CO2↑
9 Zn(NO3)2 + 10C2H5NO2 9 ZnO + 25 H20 + 14 N2↑ + 20 CO2↑
20 Zn(NO3)2 + 10 C6H8O6 20 ZnO + 40 H20 +20 N2↑ + 60 CO2↑

15. QUANTITY
• Choose the oxidizer and fuel by
calculating the (molecular
weight * balancing constant).
• Take the ratio of fuel/ oxidizer.
• By using the electrical balance
take the chemicals into butter
worth paper.

16. PROCEDURE
• Dissolve the oxidizer into distilled water and mix up
with magnetic stirrer.

17. PROCEDURE
• Dissolve the oxidizer into distilled water
and mix up with magnetic stirrer.
• Add fuel, again stirrer it.

18. PROCEDURE
• Put the container on electrical
heater.

19. PROCEDURE
• Following steps will takes place
– Boiling & frothing
– Smoldering
– Flaming
– Fumes

20. PROCEDURE
• After cooling the container, collect the material
from the container.
• And send for the calcination.

21. CALCINATION
•
Thermal decomposition, phase transition, or removal of a
volatile fraction.
• The calcination process normally takes place at temperatures
below the melting point of the product materials.
• For CuO, the desired temperature
is 6000c and calcined the sample
for atleast half an hour so that
carbon will reduce to carbon dioxide.

23. SEM picture of CuO nanoparticles
TEM picture of CuO nanoparticles

24. ADVANTAGE OF SCS
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•
•
•
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20-50 nm size nanoparticles can synthesis.
Less time is required.
No Inert gas in required.
No need of vacuum.
Less cost.

25. PRECAUTIONS
• Wear masks, gloves,
glasses, apron & shoes.

27. Videos
1
2
3
4

28. REFRENCE
• http://whynano.wordpress.com/materialsynthesis-and-characterization/
• http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/ca
ct/c123/oxidstat.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oxidation
_states_of_the_elements
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=u3IDWm3XZxI