This document provides an overview of value addition products that can be made from groundnuts (peanuts). It begins with an introduction to groundnuts, including their nutritional value, production levels in India, and potential for value-added products. It then describes various groundnut products such as roasted nuts, chikki (jaggery candy), oil, meal, powder, milk and butter. Processing methods for these products are outlined in flow charts. The document also discusses uses of groundnut parts like hull, and issues like aflatoxin contamination. In conclusion, groundnuts are noted as a good source of protein and oil that can help fight malnutrition when used in value-added forms.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This presentation covers the production technology of the arhar crop. It also includes the latest data with respect to the area and production in India and a little about its origin and botany of the plant.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This presentation covers the production technology of the arhar crop. It also includes the latest data with respect to the area and production in India and a little about its origin and botany of the plant.
importance of production of cashew. it includes about botany, all varities. cotains all cimatic and soil requirement of the crop. also contais different methods of propogation, cultivation ascpects and processig aspects.
Introduction-
Popularly known as peanut, monkey nut, goober nut, manila nut, earth nut, wonder legume and mung phali
pea :a leguminous plant
nut :because of its high nutritional value
It is crop of the world.
An seasonal annual herbaceous legume, self pollinated, autotetraploid with amphidiploid condition (2n = 4x = 40) the13th most important food crop and 4th most important oilseed
nutritional qualities-
Oil content -44-55%
Protein content- 22-32%
Soluble sugars- 8-14%
Rich in Ca, Fe, Vit. B & E
Cake : 45-50% protein- rich in all amino acids except Leucine & Methionine
Antinutritional factors- Trypsin inhibitor & Phytic acid (inactivated by boiling & roasting)
Aflatoxin (mycotoxin):
Produced by Aspergillus flavus & A. parasiticus (Facultative saprophytes)
Invades G.nut before or after harvest, during storage & transit.
Cause liver cirrosis, cancer in animals(also to human)
Upper limit of aflatoxin for human use- 30μg/kg
Origin and disribution-
The groundnut or peanut was probably first domesticated and cultivated in the valleys of Paraguay.
Cultivated groundnut originates from South America (Wiess 2000).
Grown in nearly 100 countries. Major producers are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan.
Its cultivation is mostly confined to the tropical countries ranging from 40º N to 40º S.
Seasonal requirements:
Mainly grown mainly in rainy season (Kharif; June-September: about 80% of the total production)
In the Southern and Southeastern regions: grown in rice fallows during post-rainy season (Rabi; October to March)
If irrigation facilities are available, it can be grown during January to May as a spring or summer crop.
Monsoon variations cause major fluctuations in groundnut production.
Cropping systems : sequential, multiple and intercropping (Basu and Ghosh 1995).
Wild Proginators -
Probable ancestors of A.hypogaea are
A. duranensis (A genome)
A. ipaensis (B genome) (Smalt Itle,1978)
According to centromeric bands & RFLP data
A. villosa & A.ipaensis are diploid proginators of A. hypogaea & A. monticola
Arachis genus has more than 70 wild species existing in nature.
Ginger is obtained from the rhizomes of the plant Zingiber officinale Roso. It originated in
South East Asia and is valued for the dried ginger spice and preserved crystallised ginger.
Oilseeds crop is one of the most important cash crops grown in Nepal. Oilseeds are the crops grown for oil extraction from their seeds.
They are a very important component of semi- tropical and tropical agriculture, providing easily available and highly nutritious human and animal food.
These slides discuss our recent cultivation of groundnut and its oil extraction. We have organically cultivated groundnut and its yield was better than an average non-organic farming. The procedures are presented in the slides.
importance of production of cashew. it includes about botany, all varities. cotains all cimatic and soil requirement of the crop. also contais different methods of propogation, cultivation ascpects and processig aspects.
Introduction-
Popularly known as peanut, monkey nut, goober nut, manila nut, earth nut, wonder legume and mung phali
pea :a leguminous plant
nut :because of its high nutritional value
It is crop of the world.
An seasonal annual herbaceous legume, self pollinated, autotetraploid with amphidiploid condition (2n = 4x = 40) the13th most important food crop and 4th most important oilseed
nutritional qualities-
Oil content -44-55%
Protein content- 22-32%
Soluble sugars- 8-14%
Rich in Ca, Fe, Vit. B & E
Cake : 45-50% protein- rich in all amino acids except Leucine & Methionine
Antinutritional factors- Trypsin inhibitor & Phytic acid (inactivated by boiling & roasting)
Aflatoxin (mycotoxin):
Produced by Aspergillus flavus & A. parasiticus (Facultative saprophytes)
Invades G.nut before or after harvest, during storage & transit.
Cause liver cirrosis, cancer in animals(also to human)
Upper limit of aflatoxin for human use- 30μg/kg
Origin and disribution-
The groundnut or peanut was probably first domesticated and cultivated in the valleys of Paraguay.
Cultivated groundnut originates from South America (Wiess 2000).
Grown in nearly 100 countries. Major producers are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan.
Its cultivation is mostly confined to the tropical countries ranging from 40º N to 40º S.
Seasonal requirements:
Mainly grown mainly in rainy season (Kharif; June-September: about 80% of the total production)
In the Southern and Southeastern regions: grown in rice fallows during post-rainy season (Rabi; October to March)
If irrigation facilities are available, it can be grown during January to May as a spring or summer crop.
Monsoon variations cause major fluctuations in groundnut production.
Cropping systems : sequential, multiple and intercropping (Basu and Ghosh 1995).
Wild Proginators -
Probable ancestors of A.hypogaea are
A. duranensis (A genome)
A. ipaensis (B genome) (Smalt Itle,1978)
According to centromeric bands & RFLP data
A. villosa & A.ipaensis are diploid proginators of A. hypogaea & A. monticola
Arachis genus has more than 70 wild species existing in nature.
Ginger is obtained from the rhizomes of the plant Zingiber officinale Roso. It originated in
South East Asia and is valued for the dried ginger spice and preserved crystallised ginger.
Oilseeds crop is one of the most important cash crops grown in Nepal. Oilseeds are the crops grown for oil extraction from their seeds.
They are a very important component of semi- tropical and tropical agriculture, providing easily available and highly nutritious human and animal food.
These slides discuss our recent cultivation of groundnut and its oil extraction. We have organically cultivated groundnut and its yield was better than an average non-organic farming. The procedures are presented in the slides.
Before you start a business you need capital to ensure the sufficient requirements. Therefore, you can raise capital from a number of parties such as bankers, investors and customers. Before you send your proposal, you need to explain more about the purpose, budget, target and the amount you want to borrow. So this is an example of the best presentation slide.
I just know its what is needed. how will I do it? When will it be completed? where it will be done? what species will be planted? which partners will come together? I have no Idea/plan/strategy/resources/knowhow/ etc....But I know its what is needed....
The food industry is highly diverse and covers many industrial activities, such as production,
processing, packaging, distribution, preparation, preservation, and food service. Traditionally, the
food industry is considered to be low-tech, but it has become more technology intensive in recent
years, as measured by its R&D to sales ratio (Traill and Meulenberg, 2002). Due to an aging society
and labor shortages in countries such as Japan, automation in the food industry is in high demand to
maintain profit margins. In particular, upon the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, automation is
strongly advocated at all stages in food production systems considering food safety and ensuring food
supply (Henry, 2020).
In food factories, some operations such as food production, processing, and packaging require
direct contact with food products. For operations of production and processing, dedicated machines,
for example rice making machine, dumpling maker machine, and automatic chocolate molding
machine, are usually preferable because the operations are constantly required without frequent
change and update
Processing waste management and food safety standardsankit gawri
Food processing wastes are those end products of various food processing industries that have not been recycled or used for other purposes.
They are the non-product flows of raw materials whose economic values are less than the cost of collection and recovery for reuse; and therefore discarded as wastes.
These wastes could be considered valuable by-products if there were appropriate technical means and if the value of the subsequent products were to exceed the cost of reprocessing.
when animal feed is considered, plant protein supplements play an important role. this ppt contains several plant protein supplements that are commonly used in sri lanka.;compositions and inclusion rates are included.
Brief description about spectrophotometry and designs of spectrophotometers. This presentation might be useful for UG, PG and research scholars.
#spectrophotometry
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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4. Introduction
• High nutritional value.
• Each part of plant is valuable.
• High production in country.
• Undergoes to huge losses.
• High susceptibility for value addition.
• Great demand for value added products.
5. • It is major commercial and cash crop of the country.
• It contributes 40% of the area and 30% of the production of
oilseed crop in India and ranks first in area and second in
production in the world.
• Gujarat stands first with total area of 18.4 Lakh hectare with
productivity of 1355 kg/ ha.
• Groundnut seed contains about 46% edible oil, 21.4-36.4%
protein, 6.0- 24.09% carbohydrates.
• It supplies about 5.6 calories per grain when consumed raw and
5.8 calories per grain when consumed roasted.
• It is a rich source of essential amino acids, minerals, and
vitamins.
Groundnut (Archis Hypogaea L.)
7. Groundnut facts
• The botanical name for groundnut, Arachis hypogaea Linn., is
derived from two Greek words, Arachis meaning a legume and
hypogaea meaning below ground, referring to the formation of pods
in the soil.
• Groundnut is known as “King of edible oil seed”.
• It is agreed that it is a very misleading name, considering the peanut
isn't really a nut. It's actually a legume.
• Did you know part of the peanut is used as an ingredient in
explosives?
• Although many know it as the peanut, it also has many other
common names. Among the English ones are goober, groundnut,
pinder, earthnut, monkeynut and ground pea.
11. Groundnut parts
• The testa is composed of carbohydrates,
cellulose, protein, and phenolic
compounds,
• cotyledons have mainly oil and protein.
• The germ contain high proportion of
protein, reducing sugar and disaccharides
(Nagaraj 1988).
Husk
Fig. Groundnut parts
Part Content (%)
Cotyledon 92-94% of the seed
Germ 3-4% of the seed
Testa 4-5% of the seed
Hull or husk ~25% of the pod mass
12. Groundnut Kernel
• Untreated- consumed directly.
• Roasted-Groundnut seeds are roasted
using vegetable oil with or without salt
(1-4%) by applying dry heat, or on sand
for an even distribution of heat.
Mechanical roasters are also available in
market.
• Parboiled nut- The freshly harvested
groundnut pods are boiled in 6% salt
solution (brine) for about 20 min and
shelled, before the seeds are consumed.
Fig- Paraboiled nut
Fig- Roasted nut
13. Shelled &
Cleaned
groundnut
Nuts in
1st roaster
2nd Roaster
Cooler
Coater
Salter
Packaging
Nut fryer
Cooler
Salter
Salted
nuts
Sorter
Fig- Flow chart for roasting of nuts
14. Typical equipment for roasting of groundnut-
Fig - Gas heated roaster Fig - Electric roaster
15. PEANUT CHIKKI
(JAGGERY GROUNDNUT CHIKKI)
• Chikki is a simple combination of
nutritious components like
Groundnuts / Millet / Puffed Rice/
Til (Sesame) bound together with
other components like Jaggery
• It is prepared by mixing roasted and
decorticated groundnut seeds in a
hot slurry of sugar.
• It is highly nutritive and possesses
long life.
• It is hygroscopic in nature so
required dry and moisture
impermeable packaging.
16. Groundnut Kernel
Roasting of Nut
Preparation of syrup of
jaggery
Mixing of nut in syrup
Cooling & Cutting
Packing
Fig- flow chart for preparation of CHIKKI
17. Groundnut Oil
• Raw groundnut oil is yellow and has a nutty
odor and taste.
• It contains mucilage, albuminous material, and
free fatty acids.
• To obtain a pale-yellow color, the oil is
neutralized and refined (Nagaraj 1988).
• Groundnut oil is extracted by three methods;
hydraulic pressing, screw pressing, and
solvent extraction. The solvent extraction
process gives a higher oil yield (Kadam and
Chavan 1991).
• The groundnut oil is mostly used as a cooking
medium, and it may be processed into a varity
of products.
22. Groundnut Meal
• A typical content sheet is
given below.
Fig- Groundnut Meal
Particular Content
Moisture 12%
Protein 45%
Oil 1%
Sand & silica 2.5%
Fiber 14%
Aflatoxin 100 PPB
23. Groundnut Powder (VERUSENAGA PODI)
• Groundnut powder is prepared
by crushing and grinding the
dried shelled and cleaned
groundnuts seeds.
• It may be natural or defatted
powder.
• Groundnut powder can be used
for direct consumption,
preparation milk, or ingradient
for other recepies.
25. Groundnut chutney
• Groundnut chutney is very simple
and easy to prepare.
• It possesses same nutritional values
as groundnut.
• It is prepared of different
composition to be served with
different recepies.
• Mostly groundnut chutney is liked
with Dosha and Edli.
26. Groundnut milk
• Peanut milk is a imitated beverage
prepared by peanuts and water.
• Recipe variations include salt,
sweeteners, and grains.
• It does not contain any lactose and is
therefore suitable for people
with lactose intolerance.
• It can be substituted up to 20% for
whole milk in preparation of ice-
cream.
28. Groundnut Butter
• Groundnut butter is prepared by grinding roasted and blanched
groundnut seeds.
• Seeds are heated at 160°C for 40-60 min, then cooled,
blanched, and fine milled to a paste.
• Canadian chemist Marcellus Gilmore Edson was the first to
patent peanut butter, in 1884.
Nutritional value per 100 g of butter.
Energy 2,462 kJ (588 kcal)
Carbohydrates 20 g
Starch 4.8 g
Sugars 9.2 g
Dietary fiber 6 g
Fat 50 g
Protein 25 g
29. Heated in a
air roaster
at 177°C
Blanching
in a rotary
cylinder
First grinding
(coarse) to
produce butter
at 71 um
Add Ingredients:
1.5% stabilizer
1.0% salt
1.5% dextrose
1.5% sucrose
Second Grinding
Fine
Mixing,
Degassing, and
Cooling
Processing
And Storage
Groundnut
Fig- Flow chart for Groundnut Butter
30. Groundnut protein isolate (cheese)
•Protein isolates are white, and are free
from nutty flavors.
•Groundnut protein consists of two
globulins namely arachin (93% of
defatted seed protein) and conarachin.
•Replacement levels of 40% and 50%
were found to be optimal in producing
cheese analogs.
•These isolates can replace about 80%
of milk solids without changing the
texture, and about 60% without loss of
flavor, color, or overall acceptability in
the preparation of frozen desserts .
31. Table -The chemical composition and essential amino acids of
groundnut.
Content Percentage Content g/(100 g of
protein)
Protein 25.2 Lysine 4.0
Oil 48.2 Threonine 3.12
Starch 11.5 Valine 4.59
Soluble sugar 4.5 Methionine+cystei
n
2.56
Crude fibre 2.1 Isoleucine 3.69
Moisture 6.0 Leucine 6.95
Phenylalanine+
Tyrosine
10.12
32. Table 1. Proximate and energy composition of raw peanut
(fresh weight basis)
Ash (%)
Crude fibre (%)
Moisture (%)
Carbohydrate (%)
Crude protein (%)
Crude fat (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Ash (%)
Crude fibre (%)
Moisture (%)
Carbohydrate (%)
Crude protein (%)
Crude fat (%)
33. Fermented Products
1. Curd (Tofu)
2. Onkom
1. Curd (Tofu)- The groundnut curd is a popular dish in China
and Japan. To prepare the curd, groundnut seeds are soaked
overnight and ground to an emulsion. This fine emulsion is
boiled or steamed and filtered through a fine cloth. A small
quantity of calcium or magnesium sulfate is added to
precipitate and the material is allowed to settle.
Now transfer the material into boxes, lined with cloth
filters or is spread on trays. The curd is served as a soup or
can be deep fried in oil for table purpose.
34. 2. Oncom- It is, popular in Indonesia, generally prepared from
groundnut pressed cake.
• There are two types of oncom, when fermentation is carried
out by Neurospora sp it is red oncom and when fermentation
is carried out using Rhizopus oligosporus it is called black
oncom.
• Oncom is rich in vitamin B12.
Fig- Red Oncom Fig- Black Oncom
35. Groundnut Hull
• Groundnut hull forms about 25% of the total
pod mass produced. The majority of
groundnut hull are either burned, dumped, or
left to deteriorate naturally.
• Hull contains more than 60% fiber, and
therefore, has low digestibility.
• It is utilised in briquetting and cattle feed.
• Ground husk ash can be used substitute for
ordinary Portland cement to some extent.
• Husk is also used for making of Charcoal
and activated carbon.
36.
37. Aflatoxin
• Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by certain fungi in/on
foods and feeds. They are probably the best known and most
intensively researched mycotoxins in the world. Aflatoxins have
been associated with various diseases, such as aflatoxicosis, in
livestock, domestic animals and humans throughout the world.
•Production of aflatoxin due to
the invasion of the fungus
Aspergillus flavus to groundnut
pod/kernel is a serious problem in
the trade of groundnuts.
42. Conclusion
• The study has established the nutritive value of the peanut seeds
which could be considered as good sources of protein and oil.
• They can therefore be used to fight against malnutrition, especially
protein energy malnutrition.
• For soap-making, it will be beneficial to use the oil from Sinkarzie
because of its high saponification number.
• When products which require high protein contents are to be
developed, JL 24 will be useful because of its high protein content.
• The presence of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus is good
indication that the peanut varieties studied are rich in the minerals
for bone formation.
• The oils are non-drying and this qualifies them to be used in the
paint industry.
43. • The large saponification values obtained indicate that the oils
will be useful in the soap industries and in the manufacture of
lather shave creams.
• Groundnut milk can be used as substitute for natural milk to
some extent.
• Afloxine is very harmful for human health so take when
consuming groundnut products.