Modern agriculture has been largely successful in meeting the food needs for ever increasing population in developing countries. On the contrary, malnutrition, especially Fe and Zn continue to pose a very serious constraint not only to human health as well economic development of nation that might formerly have got unnoticed. Besides, the micronutrient deficiencies are becoming increasingly common in agriculture as a result of higher levels of removal by ever-more-productive crops combined with breeding for higher yields, at the expense of micronutrient acquisition efficiency (Havlinet al., 2014).Therefore, agriculture must now focus on a new paradigm that will not only produce more food, but deliver better quality food as well.
“Bio-fortification options/success story - wheat”, presented by Arun Kumar Joshi, CIMMYT at the ReSAKSS-Asia Conference, Nov 14-16, 2011, in Kathmandu, Nepal.
“Bio-fortification options/success story - wheat”, presented by Arun Kumar Joshi, CIMMYT at the ReSAKSS-Asia Conference, Nov 14-16, 2011, in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is major staple food in the world (especially in South and South East Asian countries).
Important staple foods for more than half of the world’s population (IRRI, 2006)
Source of livelihoods and economies of several billion people.
On a global basis, rice varieties provide 21% and 15% per capita of dietary energy and protein, respectively.
About 50% world’s populations depends on rice as their main source of nutrition.
However, rice is a poor source of micronutrients.
Micronutrients deficiency is a global problem contributing to world’s malnutrition and a major public health problem in many countries, especially in regions where people rely on monotonous diets of cereal-based food, as the Zn level or content in the grains of staple crops, such as cereals and legumes, is generally low.
Increasing the Zn content in the grains of these crops is considered a sustainable way to alleviate human Zn deficiency.
Zn deficiency being an important nutrient constraint, any approach to improve Zn uptake and its transport to grains has significant practical relevance.
The concentration and bioavailability of Zn in rice is very low and its consumption alone cannot meet the recommended daily allowance.
To address this problem, a agronomic and genetic approach called Biofortification which aims at enrichment of foodstuffs with vital micronutrients have been evolved and pursed as a potent strategy, internationally.
Its provides information about nutrition situation in India and its solution. Bio-fortification in the context of horticultural crops and its methods . Global initiatives and Future Challenges associated with bio-fortification.
Biofortification, the process of increasing the bioavailable concentrations of essential elements in edible portions of crop plants through agronomic intervention or genetic selection, may be the solution to malnutrition or hidden hunger mitigation.
Biofortification, the process of breeding nutrients into food crops, provides a comparatively costeffective, sustainable, and long-term means of delivering more micronutrients.
This approach not only will lower the number of severely malnourished people who require treatment by complementary interventions but also will help them maintain improved nutritional status.
M.S. Swaminathan presents: Achieving the Zero Hunger Challenge & the Role of ...Harvest Plus
Professor M.S. Swaminathan presents "Achieving the Zero Hunger Challenge & the Role of Biofortification" at The 2nd Global Conference on Biofortification: Getting Nutritious Foods to People in Kigali, Rwanda. April 1, 2014
Significance of agronomic biofortification with zinc in maize.pptxrangaswamyranga8341
Fortification is a cost-effective and sustainable approach, which is highly effective and has large coverage, especially in the poorer regions of the world.
Fortification with the help of fertilizers would be a very rapid and practical approach to maximize mineral uptake and grain mineral accumulation in food crops immediately.
Most of the Indian soils are deficient in micro, macronutrients, and organic matter, by following the fortification approach we can reduce Nutrient deficiency in soils. Organic matter is the best source for the enrichment of micronutrients, and biofertilizers and also releases nutrients slowly into soil for a long period during crop growth.
About 75% of exogenous applications of Zn sources like ZnSO4 get fixed in the soil.
Fixation of Zn in soils with pH > 7.0 increases with increasing concentration of carbonates, thus becoming unavailable and can be reverted to available form with Zn solubilizing bacteria through the production of organic acids viz., gluconic acid which is designated as a strong acid among the mono carboxylic group of acid and are found to be easily biodegradable. Gluconic acid has the major anion which may be an important agent that helps in the solubilization of insoluble Zn compounds and makes it available to plant roots.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is major staple food in the world (especially in South and South East Asian countries).
Important staple foods for more than half of the world’s population (IRRI, 2006)
Source of livelihoods and economies of several billion people.
On a global basis, rice varieties provide 21% and 15% per capita of dietary energy and protein, respectively.
About 50% world’s populations depends on rice as their main source of nutrition.
However, rice is a poor source of micronutrients.
Micronutrients deficiency is a global problem contributing to world’s malnutrition and a major public health problem in many countries, especially in regions where people rely on monotonous diets of cereal-based food, as the Zn level or content in the grains of staple crops, such as cereals and legumes, is generally low.
Increasing the Zn content in the grains of these crops is considered a sustainable way to alleviate human Zn deficiency.
Zn deficiency being an important nutrient constraint, any approach to improve Zn uptake and its transport to grains has significant practical relevance.
The concentration and bioavailability of Zn in rice is very low and its consumption alone cannot meet the recommended daily allowance.
To address this problem, a agronomic and genetic approach called Biofortification which aims at enrichment of foodstuffs with vital micronutrients have been evolved and pursed as a potent strategy, internationally.
Its provides information about nutrition situation in India and its solution. Bio-fortification in the context of horticultural crops and its methods . Global initiatives and Future Challenges associated with bio-fortification.
Biofortification, the process of increasing the bioavailable concentrations of essential elements in edible portions of crop plants through agronomic intervention or genetic selection, may be the solution to malnutrition or hidden hunger mitigation.
Biofortification, the process of breeding nutrients into food crops, provides a comparatively costeffective, sustainable, and long-term means of delivering more micronutrients.
This approach not only will lower the number of severely malnourished people who require treatment by complementary interventions but also will help them maintain improved nutritional status.
M.S. Swaminathan presents: Achieving the Zero Hunger Challenge & the Role of ...Harvest Plus
Professor M.S. Swaminathan presents "Achieving the Zero Hunger Challenge & the Role of Biofortification" at The 2nd Global Conference on Biofortification: Getting Nutritious Foods to People in Kigali, Rwanda. April 1, 2014
Significance of agronomic biofortification with zinc in maize.pptxrangaswamyranga8341
Fortification is a cost-effective and sustainable approach, which is highly effective and has large coverage, especially in the poorer regions of the world.
Fortification with the help of fertilizers would be a very rapid and practical approach to maximize mineral uptake and grain mineral accumulation in food crops immediately.
Most of the Indian soils are deficient in micro, macronutrients, and organic matter, by following the fortification approach we can reduce Nutrient deficiency in soils. Organic matter is the best source for the enrichment of micronutrients, and biofertilizers and also releases nutrients slowly into soil for a long period during crop growth.
About 75% of exogenous applications of Zn sources like ZnSO4 get fixed in the soil.
Fixation of Zn in soils with pH > 7.0 increases with increasing concentration of carbonates, thus becoming unavailable and can be reverted to available form with Zn solubilizing bacteria through the production of organic acids viz., gluconic acid which is designated as a strong acid among the mono carboxylic group of acid and are found to be easily biodegradable. Gluconic acid has the major anion which may be an important agent that helps in the solubilization of insoluble Zn compounds and makes it available to plant roots.
Mineral and vitamin deficiencies affect over one-half of the world’s population and contribute to a number of human chronic disease conditions. Economic, social and food technological processing factors can contribute to lower nutrient intake. Progress has been made to overcome those nutritional deficiencies in human body mainly through supplementation and food fortification.
Another option to commercially marketed products is biofortification: a strategy aimed at developing nutrient- and vitamin-dense crops through conventional breeding or biotechnological engineering.
Determining how plants regulate mineral nutrient uptake from the rhizophere, as well as transport and allocate nutrients to organs can have significant implications for human health. With the knowledge of genes governing mineral homeostasis and pathways of nutritional importance, it is possible to develop biofortification strategies. This requires a multidisciplinary research approach with funding strategies to support such research and to ultimately disseminate crop varieties with improved nutritional characteristics. One of Christian Hermans’ research theme is on magnesium, which is a disregarded element both in human and crop nutrition (a paradox in view of the essential roles it plays in every cell of every organism). He is aiming at identifying key genetic controls, which could ameliorate magnesium content of plant tissues.
Which are the approaches in basic research? When will biofortified crops be available? Will be a change in consumer habits?
Saskia Osendarp
POLICY SEMINAR
The changing challenges of hidden hunger: Micronutrients within the nutrition and development landscapes
Co-Organized by the Micronutrient Forum and IFPRI
Adding Fruit in our Diet: The Only Solution to Hidden HungerReetika Sharma
In present times forty four nations have "severe" or "alarming" levels of hunger. The fight against hunger has mostly stagnated internationally in recent years. The cumulated effect of war, climate change, economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the crisis in Ukraine, have driven up the price of food, gasoline and fertilizer around the world. According to the Global Hunger Index 2022, India is ranked at 107 out of 121 nations and is classified as "severe" with a score of 29.1. At 19.3%, India has the highest child wasting rate in the world, which is worse than the levels seen in 2014 (15.1%) and because of India's large population, this rate raises the average for the region. Insufficient dietary intake and absorption of vitamins and minerals (such as zinc, iodine, folate, vitamin A, vitamin B12, and vitamin D, among others) hinders the growth and development of an individual. Thus, increasing the problem of hidden hunger, a type of undernutrition. Micronutrient deficiencies are caused by a poor diet, increased micronutrient requirements during particular life phases, such as pregnancy and lactation and health issues like illnesses and infections or parasites. According to the Food and Agriculture Report, 2018, India is home to 195.9 million of the 821 million malnourished people worldwide and has a 14.8% prevalence of undernutrition, which is greater than the average for Asia and the rest of the world. According to the National Health Survey, about 19 crore individuals in the country were estimated to be forced to sleep on an empty stomach every night in 2017.
2-3 million die every year because of Vitamin A deficiency, 500.000 people get blind, most of them children. With Golden Rice, a lot of these people could be saved. Learn how and why.
Biofortification is one solution among many that are needed to solve the complex problem of micronutrient deficiency, and it complements existing interventions.
Bio fortification through Genetic EngineeringBalaji Rathod
Crop Bio-fortification is the idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value.
Bio-fortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed.
This is an improvement on ordinary fortification when it comes to providing nutrients for the rural poor, who rarely have access to commercially fortified foods.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
1. Agronomic biofortification –A way for alleviating
micronutrient deficiency and malnutrition
Bornali Borah
Ph. D. Scholar
(Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry)
Anand Agricultural University, Anand,
Gujarat
2. INTRODUCTION
FUTURE THRUST
CONCLUSION
REVIEW OF LITERATURE & CASE STUDY
MAJOR REASONS OF MALNUTRITION
PRESENT SCENARIO
1. MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY IN SOILS
2. MALNUTRITION
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MICRONUTRIENT
DEFICIENCY IN SOIL
AGRONOMIC BIOFORTIFICATION
CONTENTS
APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE MICRONUTRIENT
DEFICIENCY
MAJOR CAUSES OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES
IN HUMANS OF INDIA
3. Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a
person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients.
The term malnutrition covers 2 broad groups of conditions.
One is ‘undernutrition’—which includes stunting (low height for
age), wasting (low weight for height), underweight (low weight for
age) and micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies.
The other is overweight, obesity and diet-related noncommunicable
diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes).(WHO, 2012)
WHAT IS MALNUTRITION?
6 3
4. Modern agriculture has been largely successful in meeting the food
needs for ever increasing population in developing countries.
On the contrary, malnutrition, especially Fe and Zn continue to pose a
very serious constraint not only to human health but also economic
development of nation that might formerly have got unnoticed (Havlin
et al., 2014).
Intensification of agriculture leads to greater nutrient mining pressure
on the finite soil resources causing deficiency of micronutrients to soil,
as traditional fertilizer practices designed to meet the needs for only
major nutrients.
Discontinuation of micronutrients application may results loss of 30
MT in current level of food grain production ( Shukla et al., 2014).
Therefore, agriculture must now focus on a new paradigm that
will not only produce more food, but deliver better quality food as
well.
4
MAJOR REASONS OF MALNUTRITION
5. • Among them Fe, I, Zn and vitamin A
deficiencies are most prevalent (Kennedy
et al., 2003, UN SCN, 2004).
• Zinc deficiency in human nutrition is the
most wide spread nutritional disorder,
next only to iron, vitamin A and iodine.
(WHO, 2012)
• About 20% of deaths in children under
five can be attributed to vitamin A, Zn,
Fe, and I deficiency (Prentice et al, 2008)
• Over 60% of the world’s population are
iron (Fe) deficient, over 30% are zinc (Zn)
deficient (White and Broadley, 2009)
Two billion people across the world suffering from another type of
hunger known as “hidden hunger” which is caused by an inadequate
intake of essential micronutrients in the daily diet ...
5
FSSAI, Global nutrition report, 20165
184M
7. Water and
energy
Protein
(amino acid)
Lipids
(Fatty acid)
Macro
minerals
Micro
elements
Vitamins
2 9 2 7 17 13
Water Histidine Linolenic
acid
Na Fe D
Carbohydrates Isoleucine Linoleic acid K Zn E
Leucine Ca Cu K
Lysine Mg Mn C
Methionine S I, F, B1
Phenylalanine P As, Li, Sn, V B2
Threonine Cl Co B3
Tryptophan Se B6
Valine Mo Folic acid
Ni Biotin
Cr Niacin
B12
Table 1:Essential nutrients for sustaining human life
Singh (2009)7
10. Fig. 3: Worldwide prevalence of Anemia by severity
Harvest Plus (2014)
http://www.harvestplus.org/content/iron
10
11. 11
Fig 4: Spatial Variation in Available Zinc Deficiency Status in Soils of
Different States of India
12. 12
Fig 5: Iron Deficiency Status in Soils of Different State of India
13. 13
Fig 6: Spatial Variation in Available Zinc Deficiency Status in Soils of
Different District of Gujarat
14. 14
Fig 7: Spatial Variation in Available Iron Deficiency Status in Soils of
Different State of India
15. Major causes of micronutrient deficiency in soil
Continuous use of high analysis fertilizers
Low inherent level of micronutrients in the soil
Use of high – yielding cultivars
Over liming in acidic soils
Interactions among macro and micronutrients
Sandy and calcareous soils
Decreased use of manures, composts and crop
residues
15
16. Nearly 50% of Indian soils Zn- deficient which is expected to
increase to 63% by 2025 if the trend continues
Table 2 : Micronutrients deficiency status of available (DTPA extractable
in %) in soils of different zones of India
Source: AICRP-MSPE database
16
Zones No. of
samples
2009-2014
Zn Fe Cu Mn
East 17675 29.4 5.3 2.1 3.5
North 15859 19.3 11.4 4.5 7.9
South 42602 54.3 12.3 9.8 6.5
West 21328 48.8 17.9 0.2 3.6
All India 97464 43.0 12.1 7.0 5.5
17. Major Causes of Micronutrient Deficiencies in Humans
of India
Intake of nutritious food - Inadequate
Bioavailability of minerals and vitamins - Poor
Intestinal parasitic infestation - Frequent
Commonly consumed foods and beverages - high in
antinutrients and low in enhancers of micronutrient
absorption
Favorable nutritional characteristics - Primitive cultivars
better than high yielding varieties
Dietary diversity - Reduced
Refined and processed foods - Increasing consumption
17
18. High Consumption of Cereal Based Foods with Low Zn
and Fe Concentrations
In the rural areas of India, rice and wheat contributes nearly
75 % of the daily calorie intake. (Calmak, 2012)
A diet of 300-400 g cereals day-1 will supply only
4-6 mg Zn/day from rice and 11-18 mg –Zn day-1 –from wheat
For a better Zn nutrition of human beings cereal grains should
contain around 40-60 mg Zn kg-1
Current Situation:
10-40 mg kg-1
Zn content (mg Zn kg-1 grain)
Un-hulled rice -27-42, polished rice- 13-15, wheat grains- 38-47
18
19. Group RDA (mg day-1 )
Zinc Iron
Adult man 12 21
Adult woman Pregnant 12 35
Lactating 0-6 month 12 25
Lactating 6-12 month 12 5
Children 1-3y 5 9
4-6y 7 13
7-9y 8 16
Adolescents Boys (10-18y) 11-12 21-28
Girls(10-18y) 9-12 26-27
Average daily requirement
Zn- 15-20 mg day-1
Fe- 20 mg day-1
Recommended daily allowance (RDA) for Indians
ICMR (2010)
19
20. APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE MINERAL
DEFICIENCY
1. Dietary Diversification 2.Food Fortification
3. Supplementation 4.Biofortification
20
20
21. WHAT IS BIOFORTIFICATION?
• “Biofortification” or “biological fortification” refers to
nutritionally enhanced food crops with increased bioavailability to
the human population that are developed and grown using modern
biotechnology techniques, conventional plant breeding, and
agronomic practices. (WHO, 2002)
Agronomic biofortification or ferti-
fortification is the application of
micronutrient-containing mineral
fertilizer to the soil and/or plant
leaves (foliar),
OR
Improvement of the solubilization
and mobilization of mineral elements
in the soil to increase micronutrient
contents of the edible part of food
crops.
21
22. SHORT TERM APPROACHES LONG TERM APPROACHES
Agronomical Biofortification
Physiological Interventions
Microbiological Interventions
Conventional Breeding
Transgenic Approaches
BIOFORTIFICATION
22
23. Challenges of genetic biofortification
Requires sufficient amount of plant bio-available Zn in
soil
---- Soil depletion of Zn
Stability of the trait across different environments
---- High soil pH, low moisture and organic matter
content of the soil can reduce uptake of Zn in grains
The trait has to transferred to all or many cultivars
---- Time consuming, requires huge resources
Acceptance of biofortified crops by producers
---- How it profits the farmer, yield penalties
1723
24. Intervention Scope Economics
Supplementation: giving
mineral drugs as clinical
treatment
Recommended during
pregnancy /severe Zn
deficiency for a shorter
period
It is costly and only
recommended when a very
quick response is required
Fortification: addition of
an ingredient to food to
increase the concentration
of a particular element
It is effective but limited to
urban areas.
It is very uneconomical if
carried out for longer
period of times
Food Diversification/
modification
Applicable only where
alternative food products are
available with high
adoptability
It is economically feasible
and sustainable
intervention
Biofortification It is targeted and
reachable
It is cost effective and
sustainable approach.
Increase yields on
micronutrient deficient
soils
Seems permanentBouis and Welch, 2010
Comparison of Biofortification over other Approaches
24
25. How biofortified Crops Improve Food and
Nutrition Security
Compared with conventional (non-biofortified crops),
biofortified crops have
Increase foods
available in homes
Better agronomic
characteristics
• Greater : yields,
resistance to pests,
tolerance to stresses
Higher nutritional
concentration
• More: iron, zinc, beta-
carotene and/or tryptophan
and lysine
Increase the
intake of these
nutrients
Improve
nutrition
security
Improve food
security
25
31. Table 4: Effect of Zn fertilization on Zn concentration of aromatic hybrid
rice
Zn fertilization Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Biological
yield
(t/ha)
Grain Zn
concentration
(mg/kg)
Straw Zn
concentration
(mg/kg)
Absolute Control (no N & no Zn) 5.03 13.33 15.0 125.2
Control (only N) 6.74 17.63 17.0 144.0
2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O) 7.53 19.22 23.0 177.7
2.0% ZEU (ZnO) 7.30 18.64 20.0 164.6
5.0kg Zn/ha (ZnSO4.7H2O) 7.17 18.31 21.1 161.3
5.0kg Zn/ha (ZnO) 7.04 17.96 19.2 151.8
CMCU 6.80 17.76 17.0 143.1
SEm± 0.12 0.19 0.08 0.56
CD (P=0.05) 0.33 0.55 0.24 1.60
ICAR, New Delhi
ZEU: Zinc enriched urea, CMCU: Coating material coated urea
Jat et al., (2009)
29
32. Fig.8: Grain Zn concentration in rice and wheat due to degree of Zn
enrichment of urea
•Solid lines for Zn sulphate (ZnSEU) and dotted lines for Zn oxide enriched urea (ZnOEU)
•Zn enrichment of urea @ 2 % Zn as zinc sulphate
Prasad (2013)IARI, NewDelhi
30
33. Table 5: Effect of Zn fertilizer sources on the Zn concentration in grain
and straw of durum wheat under rice – wheat cropping system
Treatment Zn concentration in
grain (mg/kg grain )
Zn concentration in
straw (mg/kg straw)
2009-2010 2010-2011 2009-2010 2010-2011
Control (no Zn) 34.0 32.6 104.4 104.7
ZnSO4.7H2O (21% Zn) 41.5 41.6 123.8 125.7
ZnSO4.H2O (33% Zn) 40.3 40.2 120.9 122.2
ZnO (82% Zn) 37.2 37.3 111.7 111.8
ZnSO4.7H2O + ZnO (50%+ 50%) 39.0 39.3 117.4 117.1
EDTA- Chelated Zn (12% Zn) 45.2 45.4 133.9 133.1
SEm± 0.26 0.27 1.10 0.84
CD (P= 0.05) 0.73 0.77 3.14 2.40
Soil type: sandy clay , pH: 7.5, OC: 053%, Zn: 0.67 mg/kg, N: 135.75 kg/ha, P: 16.04 kg/ha,
K: 292.10 kg/ha
IARI, New Delhi
In all the Zn treatment, 5 kg Zn/ ha was applied
Singh and Shivay (2013)
31
36. Table 7: Effect of ferti-fortification with Fe on grain Fe concentration
and uptake in different maize cultivars
Cultivers Fe content (mg/kg) Fe uptake (g/ha)
Control Fe
spray
Mean Control Fe spray Mean
PMH1 23.53 38.23 30.88 1008 1743 1375
JH 3459 32.57 39.90 36.24 1404 1760 1582
30V92 31.23 38.53 34.88 1447 3814 2631
Prabhat 25.80 36.23 31.02 999 1461 1230
Navjot 28.37 39.57 33.97 1188 1724 1456
Mean 28.30 38.49 33.40 1209 2101 1655
CD (0.5%) - 3.84 - - 56 -
Three sprays of 1.0% Fe ( FeSO4.7H2O)
Ludhiana, Punjab Dhaliwal et al., (2013)
33
37. Treatment
Rice cultivars
PR113 PR116 PR118 PR120 PAU201 PR113 PR116 PR118 PR120 PAU201
Fe concentration (mg kg-1) in grains Fe uptake (g ha-1) in grains
Control 15.2 14.8 13.0 17.8 12.5 394.9 356.5 357.1 274.3 319.6
0.5 %
FeSO4.7H2O
18.8 20.5 19.7 20.2 19.8 603.5 518.3 568.7 531.2 537.4
% increase
over control
23.6 38.5 51.5 13.4 58.4 52.8 45.3 59.2 93.6 68.1
1%
FeSO4.7H2O
26.4 25.8 26.5 28.2 28.8 794.1 693.9 671.4 721.9 746.8
% increase
over control
73.6 74.3 103.8 58.4 130.4 101.0 94.6 88.0 163.1 133.6
CD (P=0.05) NS 3.1 1.1 6.2 5.7 45.2 61.0 27.0 47.3 43.9
Soil type: loamy sand, pH: 7.9, EC: 0.14 dS/m, Fe: 5.28 mg/kg
Ludhiana, Punjab Singh et al., (2013)
Table 8: Effect of foliar spray of FeSO4.7H2O on Fe concentration
and uptake of Fe in brown rice of different rice cultivars
34
38. Table 9: Effect of Zn and Fe sprays on content of Zn and Fe in grains of
different wheat cultivars
Treatment PBW
343
PBW
550
PBW
17
PDW
233
PDW
274
PDW
291
Average
Concentration of Zn (mg/kg) in wheat grains with foliar Zn
No spray 21.42 20.56 21.86 20.35 23.89 23.36 21.91
+Zn(4 foliar sprays @
0.5 % Zn) ) through
ZnSO4
24.18 26.14 26.39 21.60 25.56 24.56 24.74
% Increase 12.62 27.15 20.81 6.16 7.07 5.15 13.16
Concentration of Fe (mg/kg) in wheat grain with foliar Fe
No spray 37.42 39.14 40.47 38.90 39.14 41.99 39.51
+Fe(4 foliar sprays @
0.5 % Fe) through
FeSO4
47.70 45.27 48.90 44.27 46.65 45.89 46.45
% Increase 16.45 15.66 20.99 13.76 19.17 9.27 17.81
Soil type: loamy sand, pH(1:2) 7.6, EC: 0.14 (dS/ m), Organic Carban: 0.38(%),
Available Zn: 0.74 (mg/kg), available Fe: 4.76 (mg/kg)
PAU, Ludhiana Dhaliwal et al.,(2014)
35
39. Fig.9 : Zn uptake by grain of maize as influenced by different foliar Zn
treatments
T1 : Control
T2 : Foliar spray of ZnONPs suspension at 500 ppm
T3 : Foliar spray of ZnONPs suspension at 1000 ppm
T4 : Foliar spray of ZnONPs suspension at 2000 ppm
T5 : Foliar spray of Bulk ZnOsuspension at 500 ppm
T6 : Foliar spray of Bulk ZnO suspension at 1000 ppm
T7 : Foliar spray of Bulk ZnOsuspension at 2000 ppm
T8 : 0.5% foliar spray of ZnSO4
•· Schedule of foliar spray : 30 and 45 days after sowing (DAS)
Tiwari, (2017)AAU, Anand, Gujarat
36
42. Treatment Micronutrients uptake (g ha-1) Yield and Yield Attributes
Zn Fe Mn Cu
Test weight
(g)
Grain Yield
(q ha-1)
T1: Zn25 SA (Control) 78.1 119.9 66.3 9.1 37.14 36.4
T2: Zn20 SA+0.5% FS at CRI & H 119.0 123.9 63.5 10.0 37.52 34.3
T3: Zn20 SA+0.5% FS at CRI & M 123.7 116.3 66.6 11.6 39.11 36.4
T4: Zn20 SA+0.5% FS at CRI & D 95.9 139.3 75.5 12.9 38.43 39.4
T5: Zn20 SA+0.5% FS at H & M 145.2 121.2 78.0 10.8 37.74 38.3
•T6: Zn20 SA+0.5% FS at H & D 152.2 165.5 76.3 12.5 38.18 42.7
T7: Zn20 SA+0.5% FS at M & D 99.0 142.2 75.1 10.1 38.05 37.1
T8: 0.5 % FS at CRI, H, M & D 134.3 163.1 72.9 10.3 37.85 41.2
Mean Rest Zn (T2-T8) 124.2 138.8 72.6 11.2 38.13 38.5
CD (0.05) 23.08 32.85 N.S. N.S. N.S. 2.59
Table 11: Effect on Zn application (ZnSO4) at different growth stages on
micronutrient uptake by grains, test weight and grain yield of wheat
Tiwari, (2011)AAU, Anand, Gujarat
Soil type: loamy sand, pH: 8.12, EC: 0.15 dS/ m, DTPA-Fe: 5.61 mg/kg , DTPA-Zn:0.67 mg/kg
Organic C: 0.39%
38
CRI- Crown root initiation, H-heading , M- milking stage, D- Dough stage
43. Table 12: Effect of Fe nutrition on N, P, K and Fe uptake in grain, straw and
total by aerobic rice
Treatment N uptake (kg/ha) P uptake (kg/ha) K uptake (kg/ha) Fe uptake (g/ha)
Grain Straw Total Grai
n
Straw Total Grain Straw Total Grain Straw Total
Control 56.2 31.0 87.2 9.1 6.8 15.8 21.3 85.4 106.7 416.0 2551 2967
FeSO4 at 50 kg
/ha
61.8 34.6 97.4 10.7 7.5 18.1 22.7 88.8 111.5 456.6 2773 3229
FeSO4 at 100
kg/ha
65.2 37.4 103 11.9 8.3 20.2 24.7 92.9 117.0 478.3 2914 3392
FeSO4 50 kg/ha
+ two foliar
sprays of 2%
FeSO4
65.1 36.6 102 11.6 7.8 19.4 23.6 92.4 116.5 531.8 3071 3603
Three foliar
sprays of 2%
FeSO4.7H2O
60.0 32.8 92.8 10.0 7.4 17.3 22.6 89.6 112.2 522.8 3004 3526
SEm± 1.24 0.47 1.63 0.40 0.29 0.66 0.70 1.33 1.94 11.27 46.34 56.61
CD (P=0.05) 3.57 1.36 4.69 1.16 0.83 1.90 2.00 3.83 5.59 32.45 133.4 163.0
6
Soil type: sandy clay loam, pH: 8.1, initial Fe: 5mg/kg, N: 79.2mg/kg, P: 6.2 mg/kg, K: 74.8 mg/kg
organic C: 4.9 g/kg
IARI, New Delhi Yadav et al., (2013)
39
44. Control T1 :Control (NP without Fe)
Fe1 T2:NP+20 kg Fe ha-1 soil application through FeSO4
Fe2 T3:NP + 3 foliar sprays of 0.5% FeSO4
Fig.10 : Effect of Fe treatments on grain Fe content of different gram
varieties
Anonymous, (2014)Micronutrient project (ICAR), AAU, Gujarat
Gram varieties
Fe- efficient
Varieties
GG-1 (V1)
GAG-735 (V2)
Fe- inefficient
Varieties
ICCC-4 (V3)
GJG-305 (V4)
40
45. Table 13: Effect of N, Z and Fe application on Zn content in grain,
husk and brown rice
Treatment Grain
(mg kg-1)
Husk
(mg kg-1)
Brown rice
(mg kg-1)
2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014
Zn method of application and level
Zn1- no Zn 19.5 19.6 20.6 20.8 30.9 31.1
Zn2- soil Zn @ 50 kg ZnSO4 /ha 22.6 22.7 23.7 23.9 33.8 34.0
Zn3- foliar Zn @0.5% ZnSO4 25.3 25.7 26.5 26.7 41.6 41.8
Zn4-Zn2+Zn3 26.5 26.6 27.6 27.8 43.0 43.2
CD (P= 0.05) 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.3
Fe levels
Fe1-no Fe 23.4 23.5 24.5 24.7 37.2 37.4
Fe2-Foliar Fe @ 0.5 % 23.6 23.7 24.7 24.9 37.4 37.6
CD (P= 0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS
41
Soil type: loamy, pH: 7.3, EC: 0.25 dS/m, Zn:0.62 mg/kg, Fe: 4.48 mg/kg
All interaction are NS
Ludhiana, Punjab Kumar et al ., (2016)
46. Treatments
Yield (kg ha-1)
Zn uptake
(g ha-1)
Grain Straw Grain Straw
T1
Control(no fertilizers were applied) 2604 3324 29.3 63.2
T2
Recommended dose of N:P205:K2O @120:60:40 kg ha-1
3768 4621 64.8 90.6
T3
RDF+ Soil application of ZnSO4 @25 kg ha-1 at transplanting 4807 5855 107.5 169.1
T4
RDF+ Soil application of nano zinc as impregnated granules@10 kg ha-1
at transplanting
3942 4806 68.2 102.2
T5
RDF+ Soil application of nano zinc as impregnated granules@15 kg ha-1
at transplanting
4043 4963 79.0 111.9
T6
RDF+ Soil application of bio zinc @15 kg ha-1 at transplanting 4623 5531 88.3 124.8
T7
RDF+ Soil application of bio zinc @ 30 kg ha-1 at transplanting 5355 6347 170.4 238.8
T8
RDF+ Foliar spray of 0.2% as ZnSO4 5268 6258 160.1 216.3
T9
RDF+ Foliar spray of 1 ml l-1 as nano zinc 5247 6189 152.7 185.0
T10
RDF+ Foliar spray of 2 ml l-1 as nano zinc 4370 5306 76.4 116.5
T11
RDF+ Foliar spray of 1.5 ml l-1 as bio zinc 4740 5740 95.3 143.0
T12
RDF+ Foliar spray of 3 ml l-1 as bio zinc 4625 5603 91.1 135.7
CD (p=0.05) 209.7 207.8 21.5 31.6
Table 14: Effect of zinc on yield, nutrient content in grain and
straw of rice
Apoorva et al., (2017)Hyderabad pH (8.24), EC (0.74 dS m-1), low in OC (0.42%), DTPA zinc 0.3 mg kg-1
42
Nano Zinc - Zn(40 mg kg-1 ), Bio Zinc- 3% Zn, 16% OM
47. Fe uptake (g ha-1) Zn uptake (g ha-1)
Treatments Grain Straw Total Grain Straw Total
T1 : Control 82.35 390.50 472.85 48.47 72.66 121.13
T2 : Grade- I (FS) 86.11 435.76 521.87 52.36 69.00 121.36
T3 : Grade- II (FS) 101.28 479.35 580.63 63.61 94.41 158.02
T4 : Grade- III(FS) 110.42 489.94 600.36 59.89 91.65 151.54
T5 : Grade- IV(FS) 104.81 478.39 583.21 64.38 96.61 160.98
T6 : Grade- V (SA) 100.95 493.85 594.80 60.79 69.69 130.48
T7 : STV 98.70 494.07 592.77 51.98 67.33 119.31
SEm± 4.71 18.71 19.34 2.31 5.52 6.39
CD @ 5% 14.00 55.60 57.47 6.87 16.39 18.98
Table 15: Effect of multi micronutrient mixture on Fe and Zn uptake (g ha-1)
by grain and straw of pearl millet
Grade Content (%)
Fe Mn Zn Cu B
LF Grade I General 2 0.5 4.0 0.3 0.5
LF Grade II For Zn deficiency 2 0.5 8.0 0.5 0.5
LF Grade III For Fe deficiency 6 1.0 4.0 0.3 0.5
LF Grade IV For Zn & Fe deficiency 4 1.0 6.0 0.5 0.5
LF Grade V Soil application 2 0.5 5.0 0.2 0.5
STV- 50 kg FeSO4.5H2O ha-1 and 40 kg MnSO4.3 H2O ha-1 , Foliar spray 1 % (15, 30, 45 DAT)
Kadivala et al., (2018)Micronutrient project, AAU, Gujarat
Soil type-Loamy sand, pH-7.96, EC-0.44 dS m-1 , OC- 3.65 g kg-1 ), Fe- 4.20 (mg kg-1 ), Zn-1.20 (mg kg-1 )
43
49. Fig.11: Zn uptake by grain of maize as influenced by different Zn seed
treatments
T1 : Pure water (Control)
T2 : ZnONPs suspension at 500 ppm
T3 : ZnONPs suspension at 1000 ppm
T4 : ZnONPs suspension at 2000 ppm
T5 : Bulk ZnO suspension at 500 ppm
T6 : Bulk ZnO suspension at 1000 ppm
T7 : Bulk ZnO suspension at 2000 ppm
T8 : Seed treatment with ZnO slurry @10 mL bulk ZnO /kg seeds
Tiwari, (2017)AAU, Anand, Gujarat
45
50. SEED ENRICHED
WITH ZINC
Increasing
Resistance to
Diseases
Higher yield
under Zn
deficiency
Improving
Abiotic Stress
tolerance
Better Seed
Viability and
Seedling Vigour Improving
Human
Nutrition
Decreasing
Seedling Rate
Fig. 12: Agronomic and human nutritional benefits resulting from use of
Zn enriched seeds
Calmak (2008)
47
61. Diet
Iron
intake
Iron
excretion
Absorption
Fe through standard
source
752±39 336a±20 416b±26
Fe through enriched
Pigeon pea grain
(Efficient)
748±30 401ab±36 347ab±29
Fe through enriched
Pigeon pea grain
(Inefficient)
795±46 494b±19 300a±31
abMeans with different superscripts in columns for a parameter differ
significantly (P<0.05)
Table 22: Apparent absorption (µg/day) of Fe in rats fed with
pigeon pea based diets
Anonymous (2014)
56
Micronutrient Research Project, AAU, Anand,
62. Diet
Fe content (µg/g)
Liver Kidney Femur
Fe through standard source 57.6b±1.1 34.5b±1.3 99.9b±1.8
Fe through enriched Pigeon
pea grain (Efficient)
57.6b±0.9 29.8a±1.1 92.6a±0.9
Fe through enriched Pigeon
pea grain (Inefficient) 49a±1.0 28.1a±0.2 88.8a±1.3
Table 23: Fe content in organs of rats fed with pigeon pea based diets
ab Means with different superscripts in columns for a parameter differ significantly (P<0.05)
62
57
64. Zinc in Soil-Plant-Animal- continuum
28th NATIONAL WORKSHOP –– AICRP on Micronutrients
0.00
0.30
0.60
0.90
1.20
1.50
1.80
Pre-study Stabilization 7 days 14 days 21 days 28 days 35 days
ZncontentinBloodSerumofmilchcow
(µg/mL)
Days after feeding
Regular maize fodder Zn enriched maize fodder
59
Bhopal Shukla, et al., (2016)
65. Biofortification will shift the population into a more Mineral
sufficient range due to shift in distribution
Cut-off
POPULATIONDISTRIBUTION
DEFICIENCY SUFFICIENCY
BIOFORTIFICATION
60
66. Agronomic biofortification with the help of fertilizers would be very
rapid and practical approach to maximize mineral uptake and grain
mineral accumulation in food crops immediately.
Application of micronutrients containing fertilizers to soil i.e. Zinc
Enriched Urea (ZEU) @ 2% Zn as ZnSO4.7H2O, EDTA-Chelated Zinc
(12% Zn), foliar application @ 1% (Fe as FeSO4 and Zn as ZnSO4), 20
kg ha-1 (SA)+ 0.5% (FA) and multi-micronutrient mixture (1%), seed
treatment i.eZnO NPs (1000ppm) would be of greater importance to
enhance micronutrients density in food grains.
Enrichment of micronutrients food grains could be also be achieved by
application of organic manures i.e. FYM or cow dung @ 200 kg and
vermicompost @ 500 kg ha-1 enriched with Zn and Fe, soil amendments
like gypsum, ferro-gypsum, treated sewage- sludge etc.
The bioavailability of Fe in rat from pigeon pea efficient variety was
comparable with standard diet comprising of FeSO4 as Fe source.
CONCLUSION
61
67. Future thrust
Need to undertake more extensive research for increasing bio
availability of micronutrient in food grain.
Precise information on extent of micronutrient deficiencies in
each agro-ecological region need to be created for correcting it
through reliable soil testing advisory services.
Development of new fertilizer strategies to deliver the required
nutrients in food system sustainably, are need to address the
micronutrients problem in soil-plant- animal/ human
continuum.
Programs/ Govt. policies for agronomic biofortification of
cereal food grains with Zn and Fe needs to be launched in a
mission mode to combat their deficiency in humans.
62